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    Notes 6.1

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    LEE LEE LAU
    The document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as those that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of strong acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while examples of weak acids include methanoic, ethanoic, and propanoic acids. Bases are classified as ionic, like sodium hydroxide, or covalent, like magnesium oxide. For acids and bases to exhibit their properties, water is needed for dissociation into ions. The roles of H+ ions in acids and OH- ions in bases in determining their behaviors are also explained through experiments with oxalic acid and sodium

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    Notes 6.1

    Uploaded by

    LEE LEE LAU
    18 views3 pages
    The document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as those that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of strong acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while examples of weak acids include methanoic, ethanoic, and propanoic acids. Bases are classified as ionic, like sodium hydroxide, or covalent, like magnesium oxide. For acids and bases to exhibit their properties, water is needed for dissociation into ions. The roles of H+ ions in acids and OH- ions in bases in determining their behaviors are also explained through experiments with oxalic acid and sodium

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    The document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as those that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of strong acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while examples of weak acids include methanoic, ethanoic, and propanoic acids. Bases are classified as ionic, like sodium hydroxide, or covalent, like magnesium oxide. For acids and bases to exhibit their properties, water is needed for dissociation into ions. The roles of H+ ions in acids and OH- ions in bases in determining their behaviors are also explained through experiments with oxalic acid and sodium

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    18 views3 pages

    Notes 6.1

    Uploaded by

    LEE LEE LAU
    The document discusses acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in water, and bases as those that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of strong acids include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, while examples of weak acids include methanoic, ethanoic, and propanoic acids. Bases are classified as ionic, like sodium hydroxide, or covalent, like magnesium oxide. For acids and bases to exhibit their properties, water is needed for dissociation into ions. The roles of H+ ions in acids and OH- ions in bases in determining their behaviors are also explained through experiments with oxalic acid and sodium

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    of 3

    Chapter 6: Acids and Bases

    6.1 The Role of Water in Showing Acidic and Alkaline Properties

    A. Acids:
    1.From Swedish chemist, Arrhenius:
    An acid is a substance which ionizes/ dissociates in water to produce hydrogen ion,H+
    Eg: HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq) or H3O+: hydroxonium ion
    HCl(aq) → H (aq) + Cl (aq)
    + -

    2.Monoprotic acid:____________, diprotic acid:___________, triprotic acid:__________

    3.Two groups of acid:


    Mineral acids: HCl,(Hydrochloric acid), HNO3,Nitric acid,
    H2SO4, sulphuric acid (Strong acids) H3PO4, Phosphoric acid(weak acid).

    Organic acids: HCOOH, methanoic acid, CH3COOH,ethanoic acid,


    C2H5COOH, propanoic acid(Weak acids)

    4.Physical properties of acids:


    a.sour b.corrode

    5.Acids need water to show acidic properties


    Test tube Observation of the blue litmus paper
    Glacial ethanoic acid
    Glacial ethanoic acid+distilled water
    Glacial ethanoic acid+propanone

    6.Experiment 6.1: To study the role of water in showing acidic properties.


    Contents Observations
    Solid oxalic acid, C2H2O2
    Solid oxalic acid, C2H2O2 + water
    1. Name the ion that is responsible for showing the acidic properties.
    Hydrogen ion, H+

    2. Solid oxalic acid, C2H2O2 had differences in observation compared to the solid
    oxalic acid, C2H2O2 that has been dissolved in water. Give a reason.

    Without water, solid oxalic acid, C2H2O2 exists in the form of . are
    not present. Thus, solid oxalic acid, C2H2O2 does not show properties. The
    colour of the blue litmus paper .
    When solid oxalic acid, C2H2O2 is dissolved in water, the oxalic acid molecules, C2H2O2
    ionise to produce . Hydrogen ions, H+ cause oxalic acid, C2H2O2 to exhibit
    properties. Hence the blue litmus paper changes to .

    7.Uses of acids
    No Acid Uses
    1 Sulphuric acid i)To make
    ii)
    iii)
    7.1
    iv)
    v)
    2 Nitric acid i)To make
    ii)
    iii)
    iv)
    3 Benzoic acid As a
    4 Ethanoic acid As a
    5 Methanoic acid To

    B. Bases:
    1.From Arrhenius:
    A base is a substance which ionises in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-.
    NaOH → Na+ + OH- or NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-

    2.Two type of the bases:


    a.Ionic bases:NH3, Na2O, NaOH, K2O, KOH [soluble in water to become(alkali)]
    b.Covalent bases:MgO, Mg(OH)2, Al2O3, Al(OH)3 [Insoluble in water]
    *Ionic and covalent can react with acid to produce salt and water.

    3.An alkali is defined:


    An alkali is a a substance which ionises in water to produce hydroxide ions, OH-.
    (base that is soluble in water and ionises to produce hydroxide ions, OH-)

    4.Physical properties of alkalis:


    a.bitter b.slippery c.corrode

    5.Bases need water to show basic properties:


    Test tube Observation of a piece dry red litmus paper
    NH3 in water
    NH3 in trichloromethane

    6. Experiment 6.2: To study the role of water in showing alkaline properties.


    1. Name the ion that is responsible to show alkaline properties.
    Hydrogen ion, OH–

    2. Explain the difference in observation between using a pellet of sodium hydroxide,


    NaOH and sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH

    Without water, the hydroxide ions, OH– in the sodium hydroxide pellets, NaOH cannot
    move freely as they are bonded in its lattice structure. Thus, it does not show
    properties. The colour of the red litmus paper .
    When sodium hydroxide pellets, NaOH are dissolved in water, it will ionise to produce
    . Hydroxide ions, OH– will move freely in water. The presence of
    mobile hydroxide ions, OH– causes the sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH to show
    properties. Hence the red litmus paper changes to .

    7.2
    7.Uses of bases/alkali
    No Base Uses
    1 Ammonia i)To make
    ii)
    iii)
    iv)
    2 Sodium hydroxide i)To make
    ii)
    iii)
    3 Calsium hydroxide i)To make
    ii)To neutralise
    4 Magnesium hydroxide To make
    5 Aluminium oxide To make

    7.3

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