Name: Rohit Yadav

Roll No: CS19206702

IOT ASSIGNMENT MODULE 1
1) Explain SOC / Short note on SOC
Solution: A system on chip (SOC) is an integrated circuit (also known as an
“IC”) that integrates all components of a computer or any other electronic
systems. On a single substrate it contains digital, analog, mixed-signal, as well as
radio-frequency functions. System on Chips consumes low power and therefore
they are mostly available. In the area of embedded systems SOCS are widely
used. SOCS not only integrates Microprocessor/Microcontroller but also
integrates many advanced peripherals like coprocessor, GPU (Graphics Processing
Unit), Wi-Fi module, etc. SOC does not necessarily contain built-in memory.
There can be three categories of SOCS:
1. SOC built around a microcontroller

2. SOC built around a microprocessor

3. SOC built for specific application A system on chip (SOC) is a microchip with all
parts of electronic circuits for a particular system such as wearable computer,
smartphone on a single chip. Examples of SOC for a specific application is like
sound detecting device which includes ADC (An analog-to-digital converter), an
audio receiver, microprocessor, memory and input/output logic controller which is
on single chip. These types of systems are much more powerful.
2) Describe GPU with diagram
Solution: A Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit
designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of
images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display device. The term GPU
was popularized by NVIDIA in 1999, who marketed the GeForce 256 as “the
world’s first GPU”, or Graphics Processing Unit. It was presented as a “single-chip
processor with integrated transform, lightning, triangle setup/clipping, and
rendering engines.” Rival ATI Technologies framed the term “visual processing
unit” or VPU with the release of the Radeon 9700 in 2002. GPUs are very
efficient at manipulating computer graphics and are generally more effective than
general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is
done in parallel. Modern smart phones are equipped with advanced embedded
chipsets that can do many different tasks depending on their programming. GPUs
are an essential part of those chipsets and as mobile games are pushing the
boundaries of their capabilities, the GPU performance is becoming increasingly
important.
3) Shot note on – Compute Unit
Solution: A compute unit is a stream multiprocessor in a NVidia who is
a GPU vendor or a SIMD (Single instruction, multiple data) engine in
an AMD GPU. Each compute unit has several processing elements
(ALU/stream processor). The Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) is a
dedicated, super-threaded, massively data parallel co- processor.
Unlike the CPU, GPUs are designed to be highly parallel, have a high
computational throughput, and have high memory throughput. CPUs
are designed to perform well for single and multi-threaded
applications. A number of programming APIs have been introduced to
allow programmers to harness the power of the GPU to perform
parallel tasks. Two such architectures are OpenCL and Compute
Unified Device Architecture (CUDA). Compute unit has several
processing elements. Many compute units are stored in one compute
device. And all these compute devices are stored in one Host. The
meaning of a compute unit depends on who manufactured a particular
GPU but as we know the top two GPU vendors are NVIDIA and AMD:
A compute unit is a stream multiprocessor in a NVidia GPU or a SIMD
engine in an AMD GPU. Each compute unit has several processing
elements (ALU/stream processor). For example, A compute unit of a
HD 5000 series GPU has 80 processing elements (16 processing cores
with 5 ALUs per processing core)
4).Difference between GPU and APU

Graphic Processing Unit Accelerated Processing Unit

GPU stands for Graphics APU stands for Accelerated

Processing Unit Processing Unit

It is designed to manipulate It is a 64-bit microprocessor

and alter memory of images to act like a CPU as well as
in a frame buffer rapidly. graphics accelerator (GPU) on a
single chip.

It has higher graphics It has medium graphics

capabilities. capabilities.

Does not reduce available Reduces available memory on

memory on computer. computer.

5) Arm 8 Architecture
Solution: The first ARM processor was developed at Acorn Computers
Limited, of Cambridge, England, between October 1983 and April 1985.
At that time, and until the formation of Advanced RISC Machines
Limited (which later was renamed simply ARM Limited) in 1990, ARM
stood for Acorn RISC Machine. Acorn had developed a strong position
in the UK personal computer market due to the success of the BBC
(British Broadcasting Corporation) microcomputer. The BBC micro was a
machine powered by the 8 bit 6502 microprocessor and rapidly became
established as the dominant machine in UK schools following its
introduction in January 1982 in support of a series of television
programmes broadcast by the BBC. It also enjoyed enthusiastic support
in the hobbyist

market and found its way into a number of research laboratories and
higher education establishments. ARM makes 32 bit and 64 bit RISC
multi-core processors. RISC processors are designed to perform a
smaller number of types of computer instructions so that they can
operate at a higher speed, performing more Millions of Instructions Per
Second (MIPS). ARM processors are extensively used in consumer
electronic devices such as smart phones, tablets, multimedia players
and other mobile devices, such as wearable. Because of their reduced
instruction set, they require fewer transistors, which enables a smaller
die size for the Integrated Circuitry (IC). The ARM processor’s smaller
size, reduced complexity and lower power consumption makes them
suitable for increasingly miniaturized devices. The ARMv8 architecture
introduces 64 bit support to the ARM architecture with a focus on
power-efficient implementation while maintaining compatibility with
existing 32 bit software. ARM has 3 different product tiers supporting
the ARMv8-A architecture: High Performance, High Efficiency, and
Ultra-High Efficiency. Processors that have a RISC architecture
typically require fewer transistors than those with a Complex
Instruction Set Computing (CISC) architecture (such as the x86
processors found in most personal computers), which improves cost,
power consumption, and heat dissipation. These characteristics are
desirable for light, portable, battery-powered devices— including smart
phones, laptops and tablet computers, and other embedded systems.
For supercomputers, which consume large amounts of electricity, ARM
could also be a power-efficient solution.Enhancements to a basic RISC
architecture enable Arm processors to achieve a good balance of high
performance, small code size, low power consumption and small silicon
area. The Arm architecture has evolved over time, introducing several
architecture extensions throughout its history.

These include:

-Security Extensions (Trust Zone technology)

-Advanced SIMD (NEON technology)

-Virtualization Extensions, introduced in Armv7-A.

-Cryptographic Extensions, introduced in Armv8-A.

6) Raspberry Pi-Different types of Rpi
Solution: A Raspberry Pi is a credit card-sized computer
originally designed for education, inspired by the 1981 BBC
Micro. The Raspberry Pi is slower than a modern laptop or
desktop but is still a complete Linux computer and can provide
all the expected abilities that implies, at a low-power
consumption level. The Raspberry Pi is open hardware, with the
exception of the primary chip on the Raspberry Pi, the
Broadcomm SoC (System on a Chip), which runs There are a two
Raspberry Pi models, the A and the B, named after the
aforementioned BBC Micro, which was also released in a Model
A and a Model B. The A comes with 256MB of RAM and one
USB port. It is cheaper and uses less power than the B. The
current model B comes with a second USB port, an ethernet
port for connection to a network, and 512MB of RAM. The
Raspberry Pi A and B boards been upgraded to the A+ and B+
respectively. These upgrades make minor improvements, such as
an increased number of USB ports and improved power
consumption, particularly in the B+. The Raspberry Pi was
designed for the Linux operating system, and many Linux
distributions now have a version optimized for the Raspberry Pi.
Regular people can use the Raspberry Pi in a wide variety of
tasks. It’s perfect for projects where you need a computer but
don’t require much processing power, want to save on space, and
keep the costs low. Here’s a brief list of some ideal uses of the
Pi:
1.Teach kids (or yourself) how to code
2.Use it as a desktop Pc
3.Easily make a media center with Rasplex or an always-on
downloading machine
4.Build a motion capture security camera or a DIY pan and tilt
camera with Raspberry Pi
5.Make your own retro gaming console
6. You can make a world clock or an FM radio with the Pi Zero
7.Put together a low-cost time-lapse photography camera with
the camera module
7) Raspberry Pi Hardware
Solution: Memory capacity and peripheral-devices support. This
block diagram depicts models A, B, A+ and B+. Model A, A+, and
the Pi Zero lack the Ethernet and USB hub components.

The Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an additional

USB port. The Ethernet adapter is internally connected to an
additional USB port. In Model A, A+, and the Pi Zero, the USB
port is connected directly to the system on a chip (SoC). The
Zero features a single mini HDMI port, which is a reduction
from the full HDMI port on previous Raspberry Pi devices.
Finally, you get an unpopulated 40-pin GPIO header (as you do
on all Raspberry Pi models) and an unpopulated composite video
header. On the Pi 1 Model B+ and later models the
USB/Ethernet chip contains five-point USB hub, of which four
ports are available, while the Pi 1 Model B only provides two. On
the Pi Zero, the USB port is also connected directly to the SoC,
but it uses a micro USB(OTG) port. The CPU chips of the first
and second generation Raspberry Pi board did not require
cooling, such as a heat sink, unless the chip was overclocked, but
the Raspberry Pi 2 SoC may heat more than usual under
overclocking. Most Raspberry Pi chips could be overclocked to
800MHz, and some to 1000 MHz. There are reports the
Raspberry Pi 2 can be similarly overclocked, in extreme cases,
even to 1500 MHz (discarding all safety features and over-
voltage limitations). In the Raspbian Linux distro the
overclocking options on boot can be done by a software
command running “sudo respi-config” without voiding the
warranty. In those cases the Pi automatically shuts the
overclocking down if the chip reaches 85 oC (185 oF), but it is
possible to override automatic over-voltage and overclocking
settings (voiding the warranty); an appropriate sized heatsink is
needed to protect the chip from serious overheating.
The following parts are present on Raspberry Pi board:
1. 10/100 Ethernet Socket
2. HDMI Socket
3. USB 2.0 Socket
4. RCA Video Socket
5. SD Card socket
6. Powered from micro-USB socket
7. 3.5mm Audio out Jack
8. Header footprint for camera connection