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Polynomial in one variable

An algebraic expression of the form p(x) = anxn + an–1 xn–1 + an–2xn–2 + .... + a1x1 +
a0x0, where

(i) an ≠ 0

(ii) power of x is whole number, is called a polynomial in one variable.

Hence, an, an–1, an–2, ....., a0 are coefficients of xn, xn–1, ...., x0 respectively and anxn,
an–1xn–1, an–2xn–2, ...... are terms of the polynomial. Here the term anxn is called the
Leading term and its coefficient an, the leading coefficient.
Polynomial in one variable

Numerical Numerical
Coefficients Coefficients
Zero Polynomial and Constant Polynomial

Constants 2, −2, and a can be written as 2𝑥 , −2𝑥 , 𝑥 and ax0 respectively.

Therefore, these Constants are expressed as polynomials which contain single
term in variable x and the exponent of the variable is 0. Thus, we can define a
constant as a constant polynomial. In particular, the constant number 0 as the zero
polynomial.
Degree of Polynomials
Degree of the polynomial in one variable is the largest exponent of the variable.
For example, the degree of the polynomial 3x7 – 4x6 + x + 9 is 7 and the degree of
the polynomial 5x6 – 4x2 – 6 is 6. Polynomials classified by degree are as follows:
Degree Name General Form Example

(Undefined) Zero Polynomial 0 0

(Non-zero) constant
0 𝛼; (𝛼 ≠ 0) 1
Polynomial
1 Linear Polynomial 𝛼𝑥 + 𝑏; (𝛼 ≠ 0) 𝑥+1
𝛼𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; (𝛼
2 Quadratic Polynomial 𝑥 +1
≠ 0)
𝛼𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐x
3 Cubic Polynomial 𝑥 +1
+ 𝑑; (a ≠ 0)
Usually, a polynomial of degree n, for n greater than 3, is called a polynomial of
degree n, although the phrases quartic polynomial and quintic polynomial are
sometimes used for 4th and 5th degree respectively.
Some Special Types of Polynomials

Monomials : Polynomials having only one term are called monomials.

E.g. 2, 2x, 7y5, 12t7etc.
Binomials : Polynomials having exactly two dissimilar terms are called binomials.
E.g. p(x) = 2x + 1, r(y) = 2y7 + 5y6 etc.
Trinomials : Polynomials having exactly three distinct terms are called trinomials.
E.g. p(x) = 2x2 + x + 6, q(y) = 9y6 + 4y2 + 1 etc.
Zeros/roots of a polynomial /Equation

Consider a polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2. If we replace x by 3 everywhere in the

above expression, we get f(3) = 3 × (3)2 – 4 × 3 + 2 = 27 – 12 + 2 = 17. We can say
that the value of the polynomial f(x) at x = 3 is 17.

Similarly, the value of polynomial

f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2 at x = – 2 is f(–2) = 3(–2)2 – 4 × (–2) + 2 = 12 + 8 + 2 = 22 at x = 0 is

f(0) = 3(0)2 – 4(0) + 2 = 0 – 0 + 2 = 2 at 𝑥 = is 𝑓 = 3× −4× +2=

−2+2=
Zeros/roots of a polynomial /Equation
In general, we can say f() is the value of the polynomial f(x) at x = , where  is a
real number. A real number  is zero of a polynomial f(x) if the value of the
polynomial f(x) is zero at x =  i.e. f() = 0.

OR
The value of the variable x, for which the polynomial f(x) becomes zero is called zero
of the polynomial.
E.g. : consider, a polynomial p(x) = x2 – 5x + 6; replace x by 2 and 3.
p(2) = (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0,
p(3) = (3)2 – 5 × 3 + 6 = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0
 2 and 3 are the zeros of the polynomial p(x).
Roots of a Polynomial Equation

An expression f(x) = 0 is called a polynomial equation if f(x) is a polynomial of

degree n  1. A real number  is a root of a polynomial f(x) = 0 if f() = 0 i.e.  is a
zero of the polynomial f(x).
E.g. consider the polynomial f(x) = 3x – 2, then 3x – 2 = 0 is the corresponding
polynomial equation.
Here, 𝑓 =3 −2=0
i.e. is a zero of the polynomial f(x) = 3x – 2 or is a root of the polynomial
equation 3x – 2 = 0
Operation on Polynomials
(1) Adding/Subtracting Polynomials We combine like terms to add/subtract.
Beware: minus signs and parentheses
(i) Find: (6x2 – 4x – 3) + (3x2 + 4)
= 9x2 – 4x + 1
(ii) Find: (5x3 + 3x – 2) – (6x2 – 4x + 2)
= 5x3 + 3x – 2 – 6x2 + 4x – 2
= 5x3 – 6x2 + 7x – 4

(2) Multiplying Polynomials By Monomials A monomial is a one-term polynomial.

Use the distributive property
Find: 6x3y (2xy – 7x + 8y2)
= (12x4 y2 – 42x4 y + 48x3y3)
Operation on Polynomials
(3) Multiplying Binomials
A binomial is a two-term polynomial.
Method 1: Distributive Property
If the problem is to expand (6x –4y) (x2 + 3y), we distribute the (6x – 4y) to the two
terms of the second binomial :
(6x –4y) (x2 + 3y) = (6x – 4y)x2 + (6x – 4y)3y
Now use the distributive property again to get (6x3 – 4x2 y + 18xy – 12y2)
A shortcut to the above method is called FOIL.
Operation on Polynomials
Method 2: FOIL
FOIL is an acronym for “First-Outer- Inner-Last” Consider the following example:
Find: (5x + 2y) (6x – y) using Foil
First: (5x)(6x) = 30x2
Outer: (5x)(– y) = – 5xy
Inner: (2y)(6x) = 12xy
Last: (2y)(– y) = – 2y2
Thus we get
30x2 – 5xy + 12xy –2y2
= 30x2 + 7xy – 2y2
Operation on Polynomials
(4) Multiplying Polynomials of Any Size
Method 1: Distributive Property
If the problem is to expand (3x2–4x + 4) (x2 + 2x – 3), we distribute the (3x2 –4x+4)
to the terms of the second polynomial:
(3x2 – 4x + 4)(x2 + 2x – 3) = (3x2 – 4x + 4)x2 + (3x2 – 4x + 4)2x + (3x2 – 4x + 4)(– 3)
Now use the distributive property again
3x4 – 4x3 + 4x2 + 6x3 – 8x2 +8x – 9x2 + 12x – 12
Thus, after combining like terms,
we get (3x4 + 2x3 – 13x2 + 20x – 12)

A shortcut to the above method is called the factor table

Operation on Polynomials
Method 2: Factor Table
You make a “tic-tac-toe” grid, and fill in the boxes with the products.
Consider (2x2 y – 4y2 + x2)(3xy + xy2 – 4)

Make factor table:

2x2 y -4y2 x2

3xy

+xy2

-4
Operation on Polynomials
Then fill in the table with the products:

2x2 y -4y2 x2

3xy +6x3 y2 -12xy3 +3x3 y

+xy2 +2x3 y3 -4xy4 +x3 y2

-4 -8x2 y +16y2 -4x2

Operation on Polynomials
Collecting like terms:

7x3 y2 – 12xy3 + 3x3 y + 2x3 y3 – 4xy4 – 8x2 y + 16y2 – 4x2

Division in Polynomials/Reduction in Polynomials
Division in Polynomials/Reduction in Polynomials
Division in Polynomials/Reduction in Polynomials
Division in Polynomials/Reduction in Polynomials
Division in Polynomials/Reduction in Polynomials
 Tagging :
Question Key Idea :

Q. What type of equation is the following ?

(y + 2) (y + 4) (y + 1) = z
(a) Constant (b) Cubic (c) quadratic (d) quartic
 Tagging :
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Q. Find the degree of the polynomial: 5x3 + x2y6 + 7y4

(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 15 (d) 8
 Tagging :
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Q. What is the degree of the following polynomial?

2m3n + 7mn + 14
(a) 3 (b) 14 (c) 2 (d) 4
 Tagging :
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Q. What is equal to ?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
 Tagging :
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Q. Simplify :

(a) (b) (c) (d)

 Tagging :
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Q. Simplify the following division of polynomials:

(a) x + 2 + (b) 𝑏 + 3
(c) 𝑥 + (d) It cannot be simplified any further
 Tagging :
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Q. Expand:
(x2 + 5)(x2 + 2x + 5)
(a) x4 + 2x3 + 10x2 + 10x + 25 (b) 5x2 + 10x
(c) x4 + 2x3 + 5x2 + 25 (d) x4 + 2x3 + 10
 Tagging :
Question Key Idea :

Q. Two positive consecutive whole numbers that are even are both multiples of 6. The
product of the two numbers is 72.
What is the sum of the two integers ?
(a) 18 (b) 12 (c) – 18 (d) 6
 Tagging :
Question Key Idea :

Q. Multiply these polynomials out and expand. (5x2 + 2x + 5)(x+3)

(a) 5x3 + 17x2 + 11x + 15 (b) 15x3 + 6x2 + 15x
(c) 5x2 + 3x + 8 (d) 5x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 15
 Tagging :
Question Key Idea :

Q. Simplify:
(4x2 − 6x5 − 2) − (x5 + 3x3 − 4x2 − 2)
(a) − 7x5 + 3x3 − 4 (b) − 7x5 − 3x3 + 8x2 − 4
(c) – 7x5 - 3x3 + 8x2 (d) − 5x5 + 3x2 − 4
 Tagging :
Question Key Idea :

Q. Simplify:
3x2 + 5x + 10 − (10x2 − 15x − 3)
(a) −17x2 + 7 (b) 3x2 + 5x + 7
(c) −7x2 − 10x + 7 (d) −7x2 + 20x + 13
 Tagging :
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Q. If f(x) = 2x2 − 3, then what does f(x + a) equal ?

Possible Answers:
(a) 4x2 + 4ax + 4a2 − 3 (b) 4x2 + 8ax + 4a2 − 3
(c) 2x2 + 4ax + 2a2 − 3 (d) 2x2 − 4ax + 2a2 − 3
 Tagging :
Question Key Idea :

Q. The expression a[(b − c) + d] is equivalent to which of the following?

(a) ab + ac – ad (b) b – c + ad (c) ab + ac + ad (d) ab – ac + ad
 Tagging :
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Q. Solve the equation x2−25x=0

(a) 25 (b) – 5 (c) 5 (d) 10
 Tagging :
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Q. Simplify the following expression.

(2x3 + 6x2 − 3x + 1) + (x3 − 2x2 + 4x − 3)
(a) 3x4 − 4x2 + 7x − 2 (b) 3x3 + 4x2 + x – 2
(c) 2x3 + 6x2 + 2x + 2 (d) 3x3 + 2x2 + 2x +2
 Tagging :
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Q. What is the value of x when 5x − 5y = 5y − 5x

(a) 25x = y (b) 25y = x (c) x + y = 0 (d) x = y
 Tagging :
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Q. Add the following polynomials:

(5x3 + 31x2−17x−6)+(−2x3+9x2 +34x −12)
(a) 7x3 + 40x2 + 17x − 18 (b) 3x3 + 40x2 + 17x − 18
(c) 3x3 +22x2 + 10x − 18 (d) 3x3 + 40x2 −17x + 6
 Tagging :
Question Key Idea :

Q. A function of the form f(x) = ax2 + b passes through the points (0, 7) and (−2,19). What
is the value of a ?
(a) 3 (b) – 2 (c) 7 (d) 2
 Tagging :
Question Key Idea :

Q. 2x2⋅x3y2⋅3y is equivalent to which of the following?

(a) 6x6y2 (b) 6xy (c) 5x6y2 (d) 6x5y3