Matrices

Lesson 2 – Part B
Contents
1. The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix
2. The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
3. The determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix
4. The inverse or reciprocal of a 3 by 3 matrix
The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix
𝑎 𝑏
• The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix is defined as 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
• The elements of the determinant of a matrix are written between
vertical lines.
3 −4 3 −4
• Thus, the determinant of is written as and is equal
1 6 1 6
to
3 × 6 − −4 × 1 = 18 − −4 = 22
• Hence the determinant of a matrix can be expressed as a single
numerical value, i.e.
3 −4
= 22
1 6
 3 −2
Example 1. Determine the value of
7 4
Solution:
3 −2
= 3 4 − −2 7 = 26
7 4
 (1 + 𝑖) 2𝑖
Example 2. Evaluate
−3𝑖 (1 − 4𝑖)
= 1 + 𝑖 1 − 4𝑖 − 2𝑖 −3𝑖
= 1 − 4𝑖 + 𝑖 − 4𝑖 2 − −6𝑖 2
= 1 − 3𝑖 − 4 −1 − −6 −1
= 1 − 3𝑖 + 4 − 6
= 5 − 3𝑖 − 6
= −1 − 3𝑖
 5∠30° 2∠ − 60°
Example 3. Evaluate
3∠60° 4∠ − 90°
= 5∠30° 4∠ − 90° − 2∠ − 60° 3∠60°

= 20∠ − 60° − 6∠0°

= 10 − 17.3𝑖 − 6 + 0𝑖

= 4 − 17.3𝑖 or ~17.8∠ − 77°

Contents
1. The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix
2. The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
3. The determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix
4. The inverse or reciprocal of a 3 by 3 matrix
The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
• The inverse of matrix 𝐴 is 𝑨−𝟏 such that 𝑨 × 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑰, the unit
matrix.

1 2 −𝟏 𝑎 𝑏
• Let matrix 𝐴 be and let the inverse matrix, 𝑨 be
3 4 𝑐 𝑑

• Then, since 𝑨 × 𝑨−𝟏 = 𝑰,

1 2 𝑎 𝑏 1 0
× =
3 4 𝑐 𝑑 0 1
The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
• Multiplying the matrices on the left-hand side, gives
𝑎 + 2𝑐 𝑏 + 2𝑑 1 0
=
3𝑎 + 4𝑐 3𝑏 + 4𝑑 0 1

• Equating corresponding elements, gives

𝑎 + 2𝑐 = 1
𝑏 + 2𝑑 = 0 ∴ 𝑏 = −2𝑑
4
3𝑎 + 4𝑐 = 0 ∴ 𝑎 = − 𝑐
3
3𝑏 + 4𝑑 = 1
The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
• Substituting for 𝑎 and 𝑏, gives
4
− 𝑐 + 2𝑐 −2𝑑 + 2𝑑
3 1 0
=
4 0 1
3 − 𝑐 + 4𝑐 3(−2𝑑) + 4𝑑
3 2 𝟑
𝑐=1∴𝒄=
3 𝟐
• Simplified: 𝟏
−2𝑑 = 1 ∴ 𝒅 = −
2 𝟐
𝑐 0 1 0 1
3 = 𝒃 = −2𝑑 = −2 − =𝟏
0 1 2
0 −2𝑑
4 4 3
𝒂=− 𝑐=− = −𝟐
3 3 2
The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
1 2 𝑎 𝑏 −2 1
• Thus, the inverse of matrix is , which is 3 −
1
3 4 𝑐 𝑑 2 2
The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix:
Quicker Method
𝑝 𝑞
• For any matrix , the inverse may be obtained by
𝑟 𝑠
𝑠 𝑞
i. Interchanging the positions of 𝑝 and 𝑠, 𝑟 𝑝

𝑠 −𝑞
ii. Changing the signs of 𝑞 and 𝑟, −𝑟 𝑝 , and

iii. Multiplying this new matrix by the reciprocal of the determinant of

𝑝 𝑞 𝑝 𝑞 −1
, which is
𝑟 𝑠 𝑟 𝑠
The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix:
Quicker Method
1 2
• Thus, the inverse of matrix is
3 4
4 −2 1
−3 1 1 × 4 − (2 × 3)
4 −2 1 4 −2 1
= =
−3 1 4−6 −3 1 −2
−2 1
= 3 1
−
2 2
 3 −2
Example 4. Determine the inverse of
7 4
−1
4 +2 3 −2
×
−7 3 7 4
4 +2 4 +2 4 +2 4 +2
= −7 3 = −7 3 = −7 3 = −7 3
3 −2 3 4 − (−2)(7) 12 − (−14) 12 + 14
7 4
4 +2 4 2 2 1
= −7 3 = 26 26 = 13 13
26 7 3 7 3
− −
26 26 26 26
Contents
1. The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix
2. The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
3. The determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix
4. The inverse or reciprocal of a 3 by 3 matrix
The determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix: Rule 1
• The minor of an element of a 3 by 3 matrix is the value of the 2 by 2
determinant obtained by covering up the row and column containing
that element.
1 2 3
• Thus, for the matrix 4 5 6 , the minor of element 4 is obtained
7 8 9 1
by covering the row 4 5 6 and the column 4 , leaving the 2 by
2 3 7
2 determinant , i.e., the minor of element 4 is 2 × 9 −
8 9
3 × 8 = −6
The determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix: Rule 2
• The sign of a minor depends on its position within the matrix.
+ − +
• Sign pattern: − + −
+ − +
1 2 3
• Thus, the signed-minor of element 4 in the matrix 4 5 6 is
7 8 9
2 3
− = − −6 = 6
8 9
• The signed-minor of an element is called the cofactor of the element.
The determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix: Rule 3
• The value of a 3 by 3 determinant is the sum of the products of the
elements and their cofactors of any row or any column of the
corresponding 3 by 3 matrix.

• Thus, there are six different ways of evaluating a 3 × 3 determinant –

and all should give the same value.
 3 4 −1
Example 5. Find the value of 2 0 7
1 −3 −2
• The value of this determinant is the sum of the products of the
elements and their cofactors, of any row or of any column.
• If the second row or second column is selected, the element 0 will
make the product of the element and its cofactor zero and reduce the
amount of arithmetic to be done to a minimum.
• Supposing a second row expansion is selected.
• The minor of 2 is the value of the determinant remaining when the
row and column containing the 2 (i.e. the second row and the first
column), is covered up.
 3 4 −1 Consider element 2:
3 4 −1
Example 5. Find the value of 2 0 7 𝟐 0
1 −3 −2
7

1 −3 −2 +
−
− +
+ −
4 −1
• Thus the minor of element 2 is = −8 − 3 = −𝟏𝟏 + − +
−3 −2
• The sign of element 2 is minus, hence the cofactor of element 2 is
− −11 = +𝟏𝟏
3 4
• Similarly the minor of element 7 is = −9 − 4 = −13 and its
1 −3
cofactor is +𝟏𝟑.
• Hence the value of the sum of the products of the elements and their
cofactors is Consider element 7:
3 4 −1 3 4 −1
2 0 𝟕
2 0 7 = 2 × 11 + 0 + 7 × 13 = 113 1 −3 −2
1 −3 −2 + − +
− + −
+ − +
 3 4 −1 + − +
Example 5. Find the value of 2 0 7 −
+
+
−
−
+

1 −3 −2
• The same result will be obtained whichever row or column is
selected.
• For example, the third column expansion is
2 0 3 4 3 4
+ −1 − 7 + −2
1 −3 1 −3 2 0

= 6 + 91 + 16 = 113
• as obtained previously
 1 4 −3
Example 6. Evaluate −5 2 6
−1 −4 2
Consider element 1: + − + 2 6 =+ 1 2 2 − 6 −4
1 4 −3 + 1
−5 2 6
− + − −4 2 − −5 4 2 − −3 −4
+ − +
−1 −4 2 + −1 4 6 − −3 2
Consider element -5: + − + 4 −3
1 4 −3
− + − − −5 = 4 − (−24) + 5 8 − 12
−5 2 6 −4 2
−1 −4 2
+ − + − 1 24 − −6
Consider element -1: + − +
1 4 −3 4 −3 = 4 + 24 + 5 −4
−5 2 6
− + − +(−1) − 24 + 6 = 28 − 20 − 30
−1 −4 2
+ − + 2 6
= −22
 2𝑖 1+𝑖 3
Example 7. Determine the value of 1−𝑖 1 𝑖
0 4𝑖 4
Consider element 2i: + − + 1 𝑖 = + 2𝑖 1 4 − 𝑖 4𝑖
2𝑖 1+𝑖 3 + 2𝑖 − 1 − 𝑖 1 + 𝑖 4 − 3 4𝑖
1−𝑖 1 𝑖
− + − 4𝑖 4
0 4𝑖 4
+ − + + 0 1+𝑖 𝑖 − 3 1
Consider element 1-i: +
2𝑖 1+𝑖 3
− +
1+𝑖 3 = +2𝑖 4 − 4𝑖 2
1−𝑖 1 𝑖
− + − − 1−𝑖 − 1 − 𝑖 4 + 4𝑖 − 12𝑖 + 0
0 4𝑖 4
+ − + 4𝑖 4
= 2𝑖 4 − 4(−1) − 1 − 𝑖 4 − 8𝑖
Consider element -1:
2𝑖 1+𝑖 3
+ − + = 2𝑖 4 + 4 − 4 − 8𝑖 − 4𝑖 + 8𝑖 2
− + − 1+𝑖 3 = 2𝑖 8 − 4 − 12𝑖 + 8 −1
1−𝑖 1 𝑖
+ − + +(0)
0 4𝑖 4 1 𝑖 = 16𝑖 − 4 − 12𝑖 − 8
= 16𝑖 − 4 + 12𝑖 + 8
= 4 + 28𝑖
Contents
1. The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix
2. The inverse or reciprocal of a 2 by 2 matrix
3. The determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix
4. The inverse or reciprocal of a 3 by 3 matrix
The inverse or reciprocal of a 3 by 3 matrix
• The adjoint of a matrix 𝐴 is obtained by:

i. forming a matrix 𝐵 of the cofactors of 𝐴, and

ii. transposing matrix 𝐵 to give 𝐵𝑇 , where 𝐵𝑇 is the matrix obtained

by writing the rows of 𝐵 as the columns of 𝐵𝑇 . Then 𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑻
The inverse or reciprocal of a 3 by 3 matrix
• The inverse of a matrix 𝐴, 𝑨−𝟏 , is given by

adj 𝐴
𝐴−1 =
𝐴

• where: 𝐚𝐝𝐣 𝑨 = the adjoint of matrix 𝐴

𝑨 = the determinant of matrix 𝐴
 3 4 −1
Example 8. Determine the inverse of 2 0 7
1 −3 −2
+ − +
• Step 1: Determine cofactors of each element in the matrix − + −
+ − +
Consider element 3: Consider element 4: Consider element -1:
3 4 −1 + 0 7 3 4 −1 2 7 3 4 −1 2 0
− +
−3 −2 1 −2 1 −3
2 0 7 = 0 −2 2 0 7 = −[ 7 1 2 0 7 = 2 −3
1 −3 −2 − 7 −3 = 21 1 −3 −2 − 2 −2 ] = 11 1 −3 −2 − 0 1 = −6

Consider element 2: Consider element 0: Consider element 7:

3 4 −1 − 4 −1 3 4 −1 +
3 −1 3 4 −1 −
3 4
2 0 7 −3 −2 2 0 7 1 −2 2 0 7 1 −3
= −[ 4 −2 = 3 −2 = −[ 3 −3
1 −3 −2 − −1 −3 ] = 11 1 −3 −2 − −1 1 = −5 1 −3 −2 − 4 1 ] = 13

Consider element 1: Consider element -3: Consider element -2:

3 4 −1 + 4 −1 3 4 −1 3 −1 3 4 −1 + 3 4
−
0 7 2 7 2 0
2 0 7 = 4 7 2 0 7 = −[ 3 7 2 0 7 = 3 0 − 4 2
1 −3 −2 − −1 0 = 28 1 −3 −2 − −1 2 ] = 23 1 −3 −2 = −8
 3 4 −1
Example 8. Determine the inverse of 2 0 7
1 −3 −2
21 11 −6
• Matrix of Cofactors: 11 −5 13
28 23 −8 21 11 28
• Step 2: Determine adjoint, adj 𝐴 ⇒ adj 𝐴 = 11 −5 23
• Adjoint = transposed Matrix of Cofactors −6 13 −8
• Transpose = interchange of rows and columns

• Step 3: Determine determinant 𝐴

3 4 −1 + − +
• Consider the second row expansion 2 0 7 − + −
1 −3 −2 + − +
4 −1 3 −1 3 4
− 2 + 0 − 7
−3 −2 1 −2 1 −3
= −2 4 −2 − −1 −3 + 0 − 7[ 3 −3 − (4)(1)]
= −2 −11 + 0 − 7 −13
𝐴 = 113
 3 4 −1
Example 8. Determine the inverse of 2 0 7
1 −3 −2
−1
• Step 4: Determine inverse 𝐴
21 11 28
11 −5 23
adj 𝐴
𝐴 −1
= = −6 13 −8
𝐴 113
21 11 28
113 113 113
−1 11 5 23
𝐴 = −
113 113 113
6 13 8
− −
113 113 113
 1 5 −2
Example 9. Determine the inverse of 3 −1 4
−3 6 −7
+ − +
• Step 1: Determine cofactors of each element in the matrix − + −
+ − +
Consider element 1: Consider element 5: Consider element -2:
1 5 −2 + −1 4 1 5 −2 3 4 1 5 −2 + 3 −1
−
6 −7 −3 −7 −3 6
3 −1 4 = −1 −7 3 −1 4 = −[ 3 −7 3 −1 4 = 3 6
−3 6 −7 − 4 6 = −17 −3 6 −7 − 4 −3 ] = 9 −3 6 −7 − −1 −3 = 15

Consider element 3: Consider element -1: Consider element 4:

1 5 −2 − 5 −2 1 5 −2 + 1 −2 1 5 −2 − 1 5
3 −1 4 6 −7 3 −1 4 −3 −7 3 −1 4 = −[ −3 6
= −[ 5 −7 = 1 −7 1 6
−3 6 −7 − −2 6 ] = 23 −3 6 −7 − −2 −3 = −13 −3 6 −7 − 5 −3 ] = −21

Consider element -3: Consider element 6: Consider element -7:

1 5 −2 + 5 −2 1 5 −2 − 1 −2 1 5 −2 + 1 5
−1 4 3 4 3 −1
3 −1 4 = 5 4 3 −1 4 = −[ 1 4 3 −1 4 = 1 −1
−3 6 −7 − −2 −1 = 18 −3 6 −7 − −2 3 ] = −10 −3 6 −7 − 5 3 = −16
 1 5 −2
Example 9. Determine the inverse of 3 −1 4
−3 6 −7
−17 9 15
• Matrix of Cofactors: 23 −13 −21
18 −10 −16 −17 23 18
• Step 2: Determine adjoint, adj 𝐴 ⇒ adj 𝐴 = 9 −13 −10
• Adjoint = transposed Matrix of Cofactors 15 −21 −16
• Transpose = interchange of rows and columns

• Step 3: Determine determinant 𝐴

1 5 −2 + − +
• Consider the first column expansion 3 −1 4 − + −
−3 6 −7 + − +
−1 4 5 −2 5 −2
+ 1 − 3 + −3
6 −7 6 −7 −1 4
= 1 −1 −7 − 4 6 − 3[ 5 −7 − (−2)(6)] − 3[ 5 4 − (−2)(−1)]
= −17 − 3(−23) − 3 18
𝐴 = −2
 1 5 −2
Example 9. Determine the inverse of 3 −1 4
−3 6 −7
−1
• Step 4: Determine inverse 𝐴
−17 23 18
9 −13 −10
adj 𝐴
𝐴 −1
= = 15 −21 −16
𝐴 −2
17 23
− −9
2 2
−1 9 13
𝐴 = − 5
2 2
15 21
− 8
2 2
end