Scribd
Upload
71 views

Lesson 2. Matrices - Part A. Matrix Operations

This document discusses matrices and their operations. It begins by introducing matrices and their applications in fields like engineering. It then outlines the lesson objectives, which include understanding matrix notation and performing operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication of matrices. The document proceeds to explain matrix notation and the rules for performing the basic operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication on matrices. It provides examples for each type of operation. It also defines the unit matrix and its role in matrix multiplication.

Uploaded by

Paula Andrea Sirilan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
71 views

Lesson 2. Matrices - Part A. Matrix Operations

This document discusses matrices and their operations. It begins by introducing matrices and their applications in fields like engineering. It then outlines the lesson objectives, which include understanding matrix notation and performing operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication of matrices. The document proceeds to explain matrix notation and the rules for performing the basic operations of addition, subtraction, and multiplication on matrices. It provides examples for each type of operation. It also defines the unit matrix and its role in matrix multiplication.

Uploaded by

Paula Andrea Sirilan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 34

Matrices

Lesson 2

Part A. Matrix Operations


Introduction.
The Theory of Matrices and Determinants
• Matrices are used to solve problems in electronics, optics, quantum
mechanics, statics, robotics, linear programming, optimisation, genetics,
and much more.
• Matrix calculus is a mathematical tool used in connection with linear
equations, linear transformations, systems of differential equations, and so
on, and is vital for calculating forces, vectors, tensions, masses, loads and a
lot of other factors that must be accounted for in engineering to ensure
safe and resource-efficient structure.
• Engineers, chemists, biologists and scientists all need knowledge of
matrices to solve problems.
• In computer graphics, matrices are used to project a three-dimensional
image on to a two-dimensional screen, and to create realistic motion.
• Matrices are therefore very important in solving engineering problems.
Lesson Objectives
• understand matrix notation
• add, subtract and multiply 2 by 2 and 3 by 3 matrices
• recognize the unit matrix
• calculate the determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix
• determine the inverse (or reciprocal) of a 2 by 2 matrix
• calculate the determinant of a 3 by 3 matrix
• determine the inverse (or reciprocal) of a 3 by 3 matrix
Contents – Part A
1. Matrix notation
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices
3. The unit matrix
1. Matrix Notation
• Matrices and determinants are mainly used for the solution of linear
simultaneous equations.

• The coefficients of the variables for linear simultaneous equations


may be shown in matrix form.
1. Matrix Notation
• The coefficients of 𝑥 and 𝑦 in the simultaneous equations

𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3
4𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 6

1 2
become in matrix notation.
4 −5
1. Matrix Notation
• Similarly, the coefficients of 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 in the equations

1.3𝑝 − 2.0𝑞 + 𝑟 = 7
3.7𝑝 + 4.8𝑞 − 7𝑟 = 3
4.1𝑝 + 3.8𝑞 + 12𝑟 = −6

1.3 −2.0 1
become 3.7 4.8 −7 in matrix form.
4.1 3.8 12
1. Matrix Notation
• The numbers within a matrix are called an array and the coefficients
forming the array are called the elements of the matrix.

• The number of rows in a matrix is usually specified by 𝒎 and the


number of columns by 𝒏 and a matrix referred to as an ‘𝒎 by 𝒏’
matrix.

2 3 6
• Thus, is a ‘2 by 3’matrix.
4 5 7
1. Matrix Notation
• Matrices cannot be expressed as a single numerical value, but they
can often be simplified or combined, and unknown element values
can be determined by comparison methods.

• Just as there are rules for addition, subtraction, multiplication and


division of numbers in arithmetic, rules for these operations can be
applied to matrices and the rules of matrices are such that they obey
most of those governing the algebra of numbers.
Contents
1. Matrix notation
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices
3. The unit matrix
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of
matrices

1. Addition of Matrices.

Corresponding elements in two matrices may be added


to form a single matrix.
Example 1.
2 −1 −3 0
Add the matrices and
−7 4 7 −4
Example 2.
3 1 −4 2 7 −5
Add the matrices 4 3 1 and −2 1 0
1 4 −3 6 3 4
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of
matrices

2. Subtraction of Matrices.

If 𝐴 is a matrix and 𝐵 is another matrix, then (𝐴 − 𝐵) is


a single matrix formed by subtracting the elements of
𝐵 from the corresponding elements of 𝐴.
Example 3.
−3 0 2 −1
Subtract from
7 −4 −7 4
Example 4.
2 7 −5 3 1 −4
Subtract −2 1 0 from 4 3 1
6 3 4 1 4 −3
Example 5.
−3 0 2 −1 1 0
If 𝐴 = ,𝐵= , and 𝐶 = ,
7 −4 −7 4 −2 −4
find 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of
matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices.

When a matrix is multiplied by a number, called scalar


multiplication, a single matrix results in which each
element of the original matrix has been multiplied by
the number.
Example 6.
−3 0 2 −1 1 0
If 𝐴 = ,𝐵= , and 𝐶 = ,
7 −4 −7 4 −2 −4
find 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 4𝐶
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of
matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices.

When a matrix 𝐴 is multiplied by another matrix 𝐵, a


single matrix results in which elements are obtained
from the sum of the products of the corresponding
rows of 𝐴 and the corresponding columns of 𝐵.
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices.
• Two matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵 may be multiplied together,
provided the number of elements in the rows of matrix 𝐴
are equal to the number of elements in the columns of
matrix 𝐵.
• In general terms, when multiplying a matrix of dimensions
(𝑚 by 𝑛) by a matrix of dimensions (𝑛 by 𝑟), the resulting
matrix has dimensions (𝑚 by 𝑟).
• Thus, a 2 by 3 matrix multiplied by a 3 by 1 matrix gives a
matrix of dimensions 2 by 1.
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices.
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐵11 𝐵12
• Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐵21 𝐵22
𝑪𝟏𝟏 𝐶12
• Let 𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 where 𝐶 =
𝐶21 𝐶22
• 𝑪𝟏𝟏 = 𝑨𝟏𝟏 × 𝑩𝟏𝟏 + 𝑨𝟏𝟐 × 𝑩𝟐𝟏
• 𝐶12 = 𝐴11 × 𝐵12 + 𝐴12 × 𝐵22
• 𝐶21 = 𝐴21 × 𝐵11 + 𝐴22 × 𝐵21
• 𝐶22 = 𝐴21 × 𝐵12 + 𝐴22 × 𝐵22
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices.
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐵11 𝐵12
• Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐵21 𝐵22
𝐶11 𝑪𝟏𝟐
• Let 𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 where 𝐶 =
𝐶21 𝐶22
• 𝐶11 = 𝐴11 × 𝐵11 + 𝐴12 × 𝐵21
• 𝑪𝟏𝟐 = 𝑨𝟏𝟏 × 𝑩𝟏𝟐 + 𝑨𝟏𝟐 × 𝑩𝟐𝟐
• 𝐶21 = 𝐴21 × 𝐵11 + 𝐴22 × 𝐵21
• 𝐶22 = 𝐴21 × 𝐵12 + 𝐴22 × 𝐵22
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices.
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐵11 𝐵12
• Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐵21 𝐵22
𝐶11 𝐶12
• Let 𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 where 𝐶 =
𝑪𝟐𝟏 𝐶22
• 𝐶11 = 𝐴11 × 𝐵11 + 𝐴12 × 𝐵21
• 𝐶12 = 𝐴11 × 𝐵12 + 𝐴12 × 𝐵22
• 𝑪𝟐𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐𝟏 × 𝑩𝟏𝟏 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐 × 𝑩𝟐𝟏
• 𝐶22 = 𝐴21 × 𝐵12 + 𝐴22 × 𝐵22
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices.
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐵11 𝐵12
• Let 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐵21 𝐵22
𝐶11 𝐶12
• Let 𝐶 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 where 𝐶 =
𝐶21 𝑪𝟐𝟐
• 𝐶11 = 𝐴11 × 𝐵11 + 𝐴12 × 𝐵21
• 𝐶12 = 𝐴11 × 𝐵12 + 𝐴12 × 𝐵22
• 𝐶21 = 𝐴21 × 𝐵11 + 𝐴22 × 𝐵21
• 𝑪𝟐𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐𝟏 × 𝑩𝟏𝟐 + 𝑨𝟐𝟐 × 𝑩𝟐𝟐
Example 7.
2 3 −5 7
If 𝐴 = ,𝐵= , find 𝐴 × 𝐵
1 −4 −3 4
3 4 0 2
Example 8. Simplify −2 6 −3 × 5
The sum of the products of the elements
of each row of the first matrix and the
elements of the second matrix, called a
7 −4 1 −1
column matrix, are taken one at a time.
3 4 0 2 −5
Example 9. If 𝐴 = −2 6 −3 and 𝐵 = 5 −6 ,
7 −4 1 −1 −7
find 𝐴 × 𝐵 The sum of the products of the elements of each row of the first matrix and the
elements of each column of the second matrix are taken one at a time.
1 0 3 2 2 0
Example 10. Determine 2 1 2 × 1 3 2
The sum of the products of the elements of each row
of the first matrix and the elements of each column 1 3 1 3 2 0
of the second matrix are taken one at a time.
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices

3. Multiplication of Matrices.
• In algebra, the commutative law of multiplication
states that 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 𝑏 × 𝑎.

• For matrices, this law is only true in a few special


cases, and in general 𝐴 × 𝐵 is not equal to 𝐵 × 𝐴.
2 3 2 3
Example 9. If 𝐴 = and 𝐵 = , show
1 0 0 1
that 𝐴 × 𝐵 ≠ 𝐵 × 𝐴
Contents
1. Matrix notation
2. Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices
3. The unit matrix
3. The Unit Matrix
A unit matrix, 𝑰, is one in which all elements of
the leading diagonal (\) have a value of 1 and all
other elements have a value of 0.

Multiplication of a matrix by 𝐼 is the equivalent of


multiplying by 1 in arithmetic.
end

You might also like