THE HIGHWAYS AGENCY BA 19/85

THE SCOTTISH OFFICE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

THE WELSH OFFICE

Y SWYDDFA GYMREIG

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT

FOR NORTHERN IRELAND

The Use of BS 5400: Part 3: 1982

Summary: This Departmental Advice Note gives guidance on the use of BS 5400: Part 3
for the design of highway bridges in steel.

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 DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES

VOLUME 1 HIGHWAY
STRUCTURES:
APPROVAL
PROCEDURES AND
GENERAL DESIGN
SECTION 3 GENERAL DESIGN

BA 19/85

THE USE OF BS 5400: PART 3: 1982

Contents

Chapter

1. Scope

2. General

3. Analysis of Structure

4. General Guidance

5. References

6. Enquiries

Appendix A Design Example for a 20mm Span

Simply Supported Composite Bridge
Deck

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BA 19/85 Scope

1. SCOPE
The Advice Note gives advice on and clarification of certain aspects of clauses in BS 5400: Part 3. It should be read in
conjunction with Departmental Standard BD 13/82. A design example of a 20m span simply supported composite
highway bridge is included in an Appendix and illustrates in detail the use of the relevant clauses in Part 3. A more
general treatment of the complete design of such a bridge to BS 5400 is given in the design guide published by
CONSTRADO.

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BA 19/85 General

2. GENERAL
BS 5400: Part 3 has been drafted to cover the design of most elements found in steel bridges. It is known, however, that
a number of aspects are not covered, eg truss type support diaphragms and intermediate plated diaphragms for box
girders, steel castings, steel cables etc. Where it is necessary to use these, or any other form of element that is clearly
outside the scope of BS 5400: Part 3, the designers should discuss their use with the Technical Approval Authority in
accordance with the Departmental Standard BD 2/79. The clauses referred to in this Advice Note are those in BS 5400:
Part 3.

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BA 19/85 Analysis of Structure

3. ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
3.1 Stress Analysis

In continuous beams, or in beams where the cross section changes, it is possible to get a critical section which is
compact and another which is non-compact. For checking any section, design clauses appropriate to the particular
section under consideration should be used. The design clauses for non-compact sections will however always give a
conservative result when applied to a compact section.

It should be noted that in staged construction a beam may be compact in the final structure but non-compact at an earlier
stage. In checking the member for different stages of construction, the design clauses appropriate to the stage being
considered, should be used.

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Volume 1 Section 3 Chapter 4
BA 19/85 General Guidance

4. GENERAL GUIDANCE
4.1 Values of Partial Safety Factors, Clause 4.3.3

When considering the weight of formwork in the various stages of construction of a composite bridge the value of the
partial safety factor (fL given in clause 5.9.1.2 of BS 5400: Part 2 shall be used both for application and removal effects.
At the serviceability limit state the partial safety factor should be taken as 1.0. For bending resistance of non compact
sections, the permanent stresses in the steel member due to formwork should be included in all load combinations.

4.2 Slenderness, Clause 9.7

4.2.1 When applying figure 9 to obtain "0" it is possible to obtain a value of ‘MA /MM ’ greater than + 1.0, eg where
intermediate restraints are provided on a simply supported beam. Where ‘MA /MM ’ is greater than + 1.0 the value of "0"
should be taken as 1.0.

4.2.2 In note 2 of clause 9.7.2, rules are given for determining the equivalent thickness of a concrete flange. In
determining "tf" as defined in clause 9.7.2 the thickness of a composite flange should be taken as the thickness of the
steel plate plus the equivalent thickness of the concrete section as given in Note 2. The thickness of the tension flange
in the negative moment region of the composite beam should be taken as the thickness of the steel plate plus the
equivalent thickness of the tension reinforcement.

4.3 Transverse web stiffeners other than at support, Clause 9.13 Load bearing support stiffeners, Clause 9.14

The connections between the webs and the stiffeners should be designed for an assumed shear equal to 2.5% of the sum
of the axial forces in the web stiffeners. The load effects to be considered in calculating the axial forces are given in
clauses 9.13.3.1 and 9.14.3.1.

4.4 Load bearing support stiffeners, Clause 9.14

Notwithstanding the requirements of clause 3.1 of BD 13/82, the provision of symmetrical stiffeners, though desirable,
is not mandatory.

4.5 Fasteners subjected to shear only, Clause 14.5.3.4

Clause 14.5.3.4 allows the use of the bolt shank area to be taken as the shear area. For bolts other than turned barrel
bolts, this should only be adopted where it can be ensured that the threaded length is clear of the shear planes eg where
the bolt dimensions are clearly shown on the drawings. Allowance should always be made for the tolerances on the
threaded length.

For HSFG bolts in accordance with BS 4395: Parts 1 and 2, it is desirable to have a reasonable thread length within the
grip length of the bolt, as the major proportion of bolt extension takes place in this length. When checked for their shear
capacity, therefore, in accordance with 14.5.4.1.1 (b) the shear planes should always be assumed to pass through the
threaded length.

4.6 Strength of HSFG bolts acting in friction, Clause 14.5.4

Design studies on the shear capacity of HSFG bolts acting in friction have shown that, for bolts in accordance with BS
4395: Part 1 for diameters M16 to M30 in normal clearance holes in plate plies exceeding 10mm, the friction capacity at
the serviceability limit state will almost always be more critical than the bearing and shear capacity at the ultimate limit
state. Beyond these ranges it will be necessary to check the bolt capacities at both limit states.

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General Guidance BA 19/85

4.7 Slip factors, Clause 14.5.4.4

The value of µ = 0.5, for blast cleaned surfaces should only be taken where the quality of finish is as specified in the
Department's Specification for Road and Bridgeworks; ie 1st quality to BS 4232. The value of µ = 0.45 should be
adopted for other qualities of blast cleaned surfaces. Departmental Standard BD 7/81 specifies a 3rd quality blast
cleaning to BS 4232 for weathering steel, and the lower value of µ should be used for this material.

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BA 19/85 References

5. REFERENCES
The documents listed below are referred to in this Advice Note. Where reference is made to any part of BS 5400, this
shall be taken as reference to that part as implemented by the Departmental Standard.

1. BS 5400 Steel, concrete and composite bridges.

Part 2 Specification for Loads

Part 3 Code of practice for the design of steel bridges
Part 4 Code of practice for the design of concrete bridges
Part 5 Code of practice for the design of composite bridges
Part 10 Code of practice for fatigue

2. Departmental Standard BD 14/82

Use of BS 5400: Part 2: 1978

3. Departmental Standard BD 13/82

Use of BS 5400: Part 3: 1982

4. Departmental Standard BD 17/83

Use of BS 5400: Part 4: 1978

5. Departmental Standard BD 16/82

Use of BS 5400: Part 5: 1979

6. Departmental Standard BD 9/81

Use of BS 5400: Part 10: 1980

7. Departmental Standard BD 2/79: Technical Approval of highway structures on Trunk Roads (including
motorways)

8. Departmental Standard BD 7/81: Weathering steel for highway structures

9. BS 4395: Specification for high strength friction grip bolts Part 1: 1969 General Grade

10. Specification for Road and Bridge Works (1976 Edition) and Supplement No 1: 1978.. Published by
HMSO

11. BS 4232: 1967 Surface Finish of Blast Cleaned Steel for Painting

12. Nash, G F J: Steel bridge design guide. Composite universal beam simply supported span, Constrado,
January 1984

January 1985 5/1

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BA 19/85 Appendix A

DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR A 20M SPAN SIMPLY

SUPPORTED COMPOSITE BRIDGE DECK
A.1 INTRODUCTION

This Appendix to the Advice Note contains calculations illustrating the combined use of Parts 3 and 5 of BS 5400 for
designing the structural steelwork of a 20m span two lane simply supported composite highway bridge.

The general arrangement of the bridge and its cross-section are shown in Figure 1. The dimensions indicated in Figure
1 were obtained from preliminary calculations that are not included in the Advice Note.

The general arrangement adopted for the design example is not necessarily the most economic solution or the one most
favoured. It is adopted solely to illustrate the various clauses in the codes.

The deck consists of six universal beams acting compositely with an insitu concrete deck slab. Shear connection is
achieved by means of stud shear connectors. The longitudinal beams are connected transversely by a reinforced
concrete beam and there are no other transverse connections within the span. An expansion joint is provided at one of
the supports.

A.2 SCOPE

The calculations given in this Appendix cover the design of:

a. an internal girder;
b. shear connectors;
c. bearing stiffeners.

The design of the transverse reinforced concrete member at the support has not been covered but the loadings are given.

A.3 GLOBAL ANALYSIS

Load effects due to dead and superimposed dead loads have been obtained by statically apportioning the load acting
over a width of slab equal to the spacing of the beams.

Load effects due to live load have been obtained by grillage analysis using section properties based on the gross
dimensions.

A.4 LOADING

All loads and load combinations are in accordance with BS 5400: Part 2 as implemented by the Departmental Standard
BD 14/82.

It is assumed that the effects of wind load (combination 2) secondary effects of live load (combination 4) and friction at
bearings (combination 5) do not influence the design of the deck. In the example, uniform changes in temperature do
not cause any stress since steel and concrete have the same coefficient of expansion and the supports allow movement in
the longitudinal direction. Combination 3 therefore comprises dead load, live load and effects due to temperature
differences.

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Appendix A BA 19/85

A.5 DESIGN OF INTERNAL GIRDER

Unpropped construction is assumed and the entire slab cast in one pour so that there is no composite action under dead
loads. The entire dead and live loads are carried by the compact composite section at both the serviceability and the
ultimate limit states.

The effective section is determined and checked for compliance with the requirements at the ultimate limit state at each
stage of construction, ie the initial steel section and the final composite section. The effects of shear lag are neglected
for ultimate limit state. The torsional stresses are found to be small and they have not been considered in the design.
...Relevant Clause No. 9.4.2

Since the beam is compact both in the initial stage as well as the final stage of construction and restrained laterally in
the final stage the effects due to creep, shrinkage and differential temperature and settlement of supports are also
neglected. ...Relevant Clause No. 9.2.1.3

The composite section is additionally checked for compliance with the serviceability requirements by treating the beam
as non-compact. For these calculations it is assumed that the settlement of supports is zero and the effects due to shear
lag, creep, shrinkage and differential temperature only are considered. The effective section is determined on the basis
of the shear lag factors taken from table 4 of Part 3. Torsional stresses being very small are neglected.
...Relevant Clause No. 9.9.8

A.6 DESIGN OF SHEAR CONNECTORS

The stud shear connectors are designed for serviceability loading and checked for compliance with the fatigue
requirements of Part 10. As the whole loading is taken on compact section at the ultimate limit state, the shear
connectors are additionally checked at the ultimate limit state.

The loads at the serviceability limit state include effects due to creep, shrinkage and temperature differences. The
longitudinal shear due to these loads is ignored since their effects tend to diminish those produced by the superimposed
dead and live loads.

A.7 DESIGN OF BEARING STIFFENERS

The bearing stiffeners are designed to satisfy the buckling and yielding requirements at the ultimate limit state.

A.8 TRANSVERSE MEMBER AT THE SUPPORT

The transverse member at the support is a reinforced concrete beam connecting the longitudinal beams. A simpler
detail for erection would have been a steel cross beam connected to the bearing stiffeners, but studies of a particular
design have shown that a full penetration butt weld is required for the web/stiffener connection to ensure adequate
fatigue life.

The beam is designed for the ultimate limit state to resist the load effects due to 9.15.4.1(a). Some of the load effects
given in 9.15.4.1 eg items (c), (e), (f), (g) do not apply in this case because of the geometry of the bridge cross-section;
other effects eg items (b), (d) are considered to be small and therefore ignored. The transverse beam should be cast
before the deck slab.

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BA 19/85 Appendix A

12300

500 750 800 450 7300 450 800 750 500

X
100mm Surfacing &
1 in 40 Waterproofing 225mm Slab 1 in 40

550

Service RC beam
duct 6 No. 914 x 305 x 253 kg/m UB

750 1800 2400 2400 X 2400 1800 750

SECTION

102 x 102 x 9.4L

for beam restraint
20000
slab deck

Transverse
500
beam

Elastomeric
300 900 bearing

ELEVATION SECTION X-X AT ABUTMENT

FIGURE 1 DETAILS OF THE BRIDGE

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Appendix A BA 19/85

A.9 DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Bridge Details (Figure 1)

Effective span = 20800 mm

Spacing of universal beams = 2400 mm
Carriageway width = 7300 mm
Concrete deck thickness = 225 mm
Surfacing thickness = 100 mm

Materials

Item Grade Property Value Reference (1)

Steel 50 C (3) Yield stress 355 N/mm2 (2) BS 4360
Young’s modulus 205 kN/mm2 6.6

Concrete 30 Cube strength 30 N/mm2 Table 3 Part 4

Young’s modulus
- short term 28 kN/mm2 Table 2 Part 4
- long term 14 kN/mm2 4.2.3 Part 5

Modular ratio Short term 7.32

Long term 14.64 (4)

Table A1 Summary of material properties

NOTE:

(1) Unless expressly stated all references are to BS 5400: Part 3 as amended by the Departmental Standard BD
13/82.

(2) The yield strength as per BS 4360 for universal beam with a flange plate thickness over 25 mm is 345 N/mm2 .
But for the sake of convenience the value adopted in this example is 355 N/mm2 .

(3) Grade 50 C steel has been selected on the basis of the notch ductility requirements of Part 3. The limiting
maximum thickness specified in it is 40 mm for UB section for an assumed design minimum temperature of -20EC.
...Relevant information Table 3 (b)

(4) The global analysis may be based on the long term value of the elastic modular ratio. But stress analysis should
be done with the modular ratio appropriate to the stage of construction. ...Relevant Clause 6.7

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A. DESIGN OF INTERNAL BEAM

Steel section - ultimate limit state

Effective section

A 914 × 305 × 253 kg/m UB is adopted on the basis of a preliminary analysis, having:

Overall depth = 918.5 mm

Flange thickness = 27.9 mm
Flange width = 305.5 mm
Web thickness = 17.3 mm

Check whether the section adopted is compact or not.

Compression web depth (yc) = 431.4 mm = 24.9tw < 28tw ...Relevant Clause 9.3.7.2.1

Use actual web thickness since yc < 68tw ... Relevant Clause 9.4.2.5.1 (a)

Flange outstand = 144.1mm = 5.2tfo < 7tfo ... Relevant Clause 9.3.7.3.1

Section is compact

Loading

The steel beam initially carries self-weight and the weight of the insitu concrete slab. Load effects summarised in Table
A2 have been combined in accordance with factors specified in Part 2. No allowance is made for the weight of the
formwork.

Bending Resistance (steel beam only)

Determine limiting compressive stress σlc ...Relevant Clause 9.8.2

The beam has simple supports and is restrained against torsion and lateral displacement.

l e = 24960

A MM
B

le = (1.0)(1.2)(20800) = 24960 mm ...Relevant Clause 9.6.3

MA = MB = 0 ; MA/MM = 0 ...Relevant information Figure 9b

0 = 0.941

8F = (24960)(27.9)/(64.2)(918.5) = 11.81 ...Relevant Clause 9.7.2

v = 0.595 for i = 0.5 ...Relevant information Table 9

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Appendix A BA 19/85

8LT = (24960)(0.9)(0.941)(0.595)/64.2 = 195.9 ...Clause 9.7.2

σli /σyc = 0.13 ...Figure 10

σli = (0.13)(355) = 46.15 N/mm2

MD = (10.90)(46.15)/(1.2)(1.1) = 383 kN m ...Clause 9.9.1.2

< 947.9 kN m applied

The beam is satisfactory for self weight without bracings. However, temporary restraint is required to ensure lateral
stability when the beam carries the wet concrete. Therefore provide temporary restraint at midspan.

10400

Restraint
A
B

MM

MA = -947.9 kN m ...Clause 9.6.2

MB =0

MM = MA/4

MA/MM = 4.0 - outside scope of Figure 9 and hence

0 is taken to equal 1.0

8F = (10400)(27.9)/(64.2)(918.5) = 4.92 ...Clause 9.7.2

v = 0.82 for i = 0.5 ...Table 9

8LT = (10400)(0.9)(1.0)(0.82)/(64.2) = 119.6 ...Clause 9.7.2

σli /σyc = 0.325 ...Figure 10

σli = (0.325)(355) = 115.5 N/mm2

MD = (383)(115.5)/46.15 = 958 kN m

> 947.9 kN m applied ...Clause 9.9.1.2

i.e., provision of a temporary restraint at midspan will ensure adequate lateral stability. Wind effects should be
considered at the erection stage but are not included in this example.

Shear Resistance

8 = (862.7)(355/355)½/17.3 = 49.87 ...Clause 9.9.2.2

Jy = 355/1.732 = 205 N/mm2

N = 20800/862.7 = 24.11

bfe = 152.8

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BA 19/85 Appendix A

mfw = (0.5)(355/355)(152.8)(27.9)2/(862.7)2(17.3) = .005

From Figure 12 τ1/τy = 1.0

VD = (17.3)(918.5)(205)/(1.05)(1.1) = 2820 kN

> 182.3 kN applied

Section OK and no intermediate stiffeners are needed

Combined bending and shear

MR = (115.5)(.3055)(27.9)(918.5 - 27.9)/(1.05)(1.1) ...Clause 9.9.3.1

= 877 kN m

M > MR, VD = VR

947.9/958 + (1 - 877/958)((2)(182.3)/(2820) - 1) = 0.92 < 1 ...Clause 9.9.3.1 (c)

ˆ Section is OK.

Composite section - ultimate limit state

Composite section is also compact if shear connector spacing is in accordance with 9.3.7.3.3. Shear lag effects are
ignored and transformed width determined in accordance with 9.9.1.2. Section properties are summarised in Table A3.

Loading

The load effects of 9.2.1.2 are summarised in Table A2. Effects due to shrinkage and temperature need not be
considered for compact composite sections. ...Clause 9.2.1.3

Bending Resistance

Assume concrete deck continuously restrains steel flange

le = 0; σli = 355 N/mm2 ...Clause 9.6.6.1

MD = (16.8)(355)/(1.05)(1.1) = 5176 kN m ...Clause 9.9.1.2

> 4307 kN m applied

Shear Resistance

Based on mfw for the smaller flange, shear resistance as for steel section ...Clause 9.9.2.2

VD = 2820 kN > 1150.1 kN applied

Section is OK.

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Appendix A BA 19/85

Combined bending and shear

85.18

225

918.5

Transformed width = (2400)(.4)(30)(1.05)/355 = 85.18 mm ...Clause 9.9.1.2

Determine centroid of flange

Concrete flange area = (85.18)(225) = 19165 mm2

Steel flange area = (305.5)(27.9) = 8523 mm2

Total flange area = 27688 mm2

Centroid = ((19165)(112.5) + (8523)(238.9))/27688 = 151.4 mm

from top

df = 918.5 + 225 - 151.4 - 13.95 = 978.1 mm

MR = (355)(305.5)(27.9)(978.1)/(1.05)(1.1) = 2562 kN m ...Clause 9.9.3.1

M > MR

4307/5176 + (1 - 2562/5176)((2)(1140)/(2820) - 1) = .735 <1 ...Clause 9.9.3.1 (c)

Section OK no intermediate stiffeners needed.

Composite section - serviceability limit state

Effective section

The effective breadth at midspan is determined using shear lag factors corresponding to midspan section given in Table
4 of Part 3. Section properties for short term and long term loading and for determining temperature and shrinkage
effects are summarised in Table A3.

Loading

Load effects of 9.2.3.2 are summarised in Table A2. Temperature and shrinkage effects are determined as specified in
5.4.2 to 5.4.3 of Part 5 ignoring shear lag effects. A sample calculation illustrating Table A4 is given below.

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Positive temperature difference in Table A4

(Slice between levels 1 & 2)

Positive temp. Reverse temp.

327.9 differences differences
13.8 C 4.1 C
Level 1
135
Level 2 4 C 8 C
90
27.9 Level 3
Level 4

372.1

Level 5

Assumed
datum line

...Clause 9.9.7 for temperature and shrinkage effects is under consideration

Average strain = (165 + 48)/2 x 10-6 = 106.5 x 10-6

Force = (106.5 x 10-6)(205)(2400)(135)/7.32 = 966.3 kN

Lever arm = 292.4 - 55.1 = 237.3 mm (Table A3)

Moment = (966.3)(233.4/(1000) = 229.3 kN m

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Unfactored values Serviceability Combination 3 Ultimate Combination 1

Loads Shear Moment Shear Moment Shear Moment
(kN) (kN m) (fl (kN) (kN m) (fl (kN) (kN m)
Dead slab - 225mm thick 134.8 700.9 1.00 134.8 700.9 1.15 155.0 806.0
914 x 305 x 253 UB beam 24.8 128.7 1.00 24.8 128.7 1.05 26.0 135.1
bracing 1.2 6.5 1.00 1.2 6.5 1.05 1.3 6.8
Total Dead 836.1 182.3 947.9
Superdead surfacing 100mm 59.9 311.5 1.20 71.9 373.8 1.75 104.8 545.1
Live load HA with HB 664.0 2164.0 1.00 664.0 2164.0 1.30 863.0 2814.0
Dead + Super + Live 1150.1 4307.0
Temperature Axial (kN) Axial (kN)
+ve difference -1320.3 -260.8 0.80 -1056.2 -208.6 - - -
-ve difference -1461.3 -212.2 0.80 -1169 -169.8 - - -
Shrinkage 1512.0 413.8 1.00 1512.0 413.8 - - -

Note: (1) Sagging moments and compressive axial forces positive;

(2) Signs of temperature and shrinkage loads, opposite that in Table A4;
(3) For temperature and shrinkage, the initial stresses due to restraint of deformation (Table A4) will have to be
superimposed.
(4) Temperature forces act at the C.G of the composite section with short term modular ratio taken as 7.32.
(5) Shrinkage forces act at the C.G of the composite section with long term modular ratio taken as 14.64.

TABLE A2 SUMMARY OF LOADS AND LOAD EFFECTS AT MIDSPAN

Section Transformed ý (mm) Inertia Modulus

Width (mm) (mm) (mm³)
7
Steel - 459.3 - 1.09 x 10 plastic
6
9.51 x 10 elastic

Composite 7
Ultimate 85.2 246.5 - 1.68 x 10 ...Clause 9.9.1.2
Serviceability - stresses 10 7
short term 309.5 292.4 1.18 x 10 1.38 x 10
9 7 ...Table 4
long term 154.8 386.2 9.90 x 10 1.31 x 10
...R = 0.944

- loads temperature 10 7
(short term modular ratio) 309.5 292.4 1.18 x 10 1.38 x 10
shrinkage (long term 9 7
modular ratio) 154.8 386.2 9.90 x 10 1.31 x 10

NOTE: (1) Modulus for serviceability is with respect to bottom flange;

(2) ý is the centroidal distance from the top;
(3) Transformed width is in "steel" units.

Table A3 SUMMARY OF SECTION PROPERTIES

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Effect Level Strain Force Line of action of Lever arm Moment

(kN) force from top of slab (mm) (kNm)

Positive temperature difference

-6
top of slap - 13.75°C 1 165 x 10 966.3 55.1 237.3 229.3
-6
135mm from top - 4.00° 2 48 x 10 263.7 178.5 113.9 30.0
-6
top of steel flange - 3.27° 3 39 x 10 66.2 238.8 53.6 3.5
-7
bottom of flange - 3.04° 4 365 x 10 24.1 376.9 84.5 -2.0

400mm below slab - 0.00° 5 0

Shear at interface 1230.0

Net restraining force on composite section 1320.3 260.8

Reverse temperature difference -7

top of slab - 4.12° 1 494 x 10
-6 659.8 74.7 217.7 143.6
135mm from top - 8.00° 2 96 x 10
-6 580.70 180 112.4 65.3
top of steel flange - 8.00° 3 96 x 10
-6 161.9 238.8 53.6 8.7
bottom of flange - 7.44° 4 89 x 10
58.9 376.9 84.5 -5.0
400mm below slab - 0.00° 5 0

Shear at interface 1240.5

Net restraining force on composite section 1461.3 212.6

-6
Shrinkage slab 200 x 10 -1512.0 112.5 273.7 -413.8

NOTE: (1) The strain is due to the restraining of deformation of the slab and the beam.
(2) Forces specified are restraining forces required to prevent any movement of the slab and the beam.
(3) The lever arm is measured from the C.G of the composite beam to the line of action of the restraining
force.
(4) The moment is applied at the C.G of the composite section.

TABLE A4 DETERMINATION OF LOAD EFFECTS DUE TO TEMPERATURE AND SHRINKAGE

Analysis for Serviceability Limit State

The stresses in the bottom flange are checked for loading specified in 9.2.3.2 treating the section as non compact.
...Clause 9.9.8

This is shown in Table A5. The allowable tensile stress is determined in accordance with 9.9.7. ...Clause 9.9.5.2

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Loading Force (kN or kN Modulus (mm³) Stress (N/mm²)

m)
6
Dead 836.1 9.51 x 10 87.92

7
Super Dead 373.8 1.31 x 10 28.53

Shrinkage 4
- force -1512.0 (6.82 x 10) -22.17
7
- moment 413.8 1.31 x 10 31.59

Differential temperature
positive difference 5
- axial force 1,056.2 (1.04 x 10) 10.16 ignored
7
- moment -208.64 1.38 x 10 -15.12 ignored
reverse difference 5
- force 1169.0 (1.04 x 10) 11.24 ignored
l7
- moment 169.8 1.38 x 10 -12.30 ignored

7
Live (Combination 1) 2619.1 1.38 x 10 191.20
7
Live (Combination 3) 2381.0 1.38 x 10 173.80

Total (Combination 1) 316.07 < 345.92 N/mm²

Total (Combination 3) 299.67 < 345.89 N/mm²

NOTE: (1) Forces and moduli are from Tables A2 - A3;

(2) Values in brackets under "Modulus" are areas;
(3) Sagging moment and tensile stress positive.

TABLE A5 SERVICEABILITY STRESSES IN BOTTOM FLANGE

Calculations for Fatigue for the main beam

The fatigue assessment is carried out without damage calculation in accordance with clause 8.2 of BS 5400: Part 10 as
the following conditions apply: ...Clause 8.2 of Part 10

a) the detail class is in accordance with table 17

b) the design life is 120 years
c) the fatigue loading is the standard load spectrum
d) the annual flows of commercial vehicles are as in table 1.

Midspan section

The detail assumed for the parent metal in the bottom flange (non-welded) is class B. ...Table 8 of Part 10
Since the detail assumed is near the midspan the effect of any impact at the support is minimal and has been ignored.
The load effects due to the standard fatigue vehicle are: ...Clause 7.2.4 of Part 10

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Design moment = 328.8 kN m

Design shear = 18.4 kN

I(composite) = 1.18 × 1010mm4

Centroidal distance from the top = 292.4 mm

σ max = (328.8)(851.1)/(1.18)(10000) = 23.7 N/mm2

J = (18.4)/(1.5890) = 1.16 N/mm2

Since the shear stress is less than 15% of the direct stress this can be ignored. ...Clause 6.2.2 of Part 10

σ pmax = 23.7 N/mm2 ; σ pmin = 0

σ vmax = 23.7 N/mm2 ;

From the figure 8(d), the limiting stress range is 73 N/mm2.

Since σH >> σ vmax, the fatigue life is more than adequate.

B. DESIGN OF SHEAR CONNECTORS

Loading

Shear connectors are designed to resist serviceability loads. As the whole loading is taken on the compact section at the
ultimate limit state, they are also checked for the ultimate limit state. ...Clause 5.3.3.5 Part 5

Longitudinal Shear

Longitudinal shears are determined in accordance with 5.3.1 and 5.4.2.3 of Part 5. Calculation of longitudinal shears is
shown in Tables A6 and A7. Where the effects due to temperature and shrinkage are opposite to that produced due to
vertical loads they are ignored in the design of shear connectors. A summary of the design shears is contained in Table
A8.

Effect Axial Stress Bending Stress Total Stress Force (kN) Net
(N/mm²) (N/mm²) (N/mm²) Force
(kN)
Shrinkage 22.17 11.44 33.61 1171 `
Restraining -1512 -341 ignored

Temperature
*
+ve differ (1) -12.95 -4.97 -17.92 -749
(2) -12.95 -2.48 -15.43 -430
Restraining 1230 51

-ve differ (1) -14.34 -4.05 -18.39 -768

(2) -14.34 -2.03 -16.37 -456
Restraining 1240.5 16.5

* Slice between levels in Table A4

NOTE: (1) Compressive stresses/forces positive;

(2) Bending stress determined at centroid of each slice using appropriate values in Table A2-A3;

January 1985 A/13

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(3) Force = stress × transformed concrete area.

SAMPLE CALCULATION (bending stress - temp slice 2)

Stress = (260.8)(112.4)/1.18 × 104 = 2.48 N/mm2

Force = (15.13)(309.5)(90)/1000 = 430 kN

Table A6 Longitudinal shears due to shrinkage and temperature

Effect Shear (kN) y (mm) I (mm) q (kN/m)

Dead load: 9
Steel ) 26 273.7 9.90 x 10 14.7
) 9
Concrete ) 134.8 273.7 9.90 x 10 76.5
9
Super dead 59.9 273.7 9.90 x 10 57.7
10
Live load 664.0 179.9 1.18 x 10 705.0

Table A7 Calculation of longitudinal shears due to dead, super dead and live load (unfactored)
q Serviceability Combination 1 & 3 Ultimate Combination 1
Loading
(kN/m) (fl q (kN/m) (fl q (kN/m)
Dead load:
Steel ) 14.7 1.05 15.4
)
Concrete ) 76.5 1.15 88

Super dead 57.7 1.20 69.2 1.75 101

Live load
Combination 1 705.0 1.10 775.5 1.30 916.5

Combination 3 705.0 1.00 705.5

*
Temperature 12.26 0.80 9.81 - -

Total - Comb 1 844.7 1,120.9

Total - Comb 3 784.41

* For stud connectors, 1 = (51)(5)/20.8=12.26 kN/m (5.4.2.3 Pt 5)

Table A8 Summary of longitudinal shears

Design for serviceability limit state

Design Shear = 844.7 kN/m

Provide shear studs 22 × 100 mm - 3 in a line @ 225 c/c
Static Strength = 126 kN/stud ...Table 7 Part 5
Nominal static strength = 3(126)(1000)/225 = 1680 kN/m
Design strength = 1680/1.85 = 908 kN/m >844.7 kN/m ...Clause 5.3.2.5 Part 5

A/14 January 1985

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Spacing of 225 mm c/c less than

a) 12tf = 327.6 mm ...Clause 9.3.7.3.3

b) 600 mm ...Clause 5.3.3.1 of Part 5
c) 3 × slab thickness = 675 mm
d) 4 × stud height = 400 mm

Adopt maximum permitted spacing of 325 mm at midspan

Nominal strength = (1680)(225)/325 = 1163 kN/m

Stud shear connector OK.

Check at ultimate limit state

Since the entire load is taken by the final cross section, ...Clause 9.9.5.1
it is necessary to check the static strength of the shear connectors at the ultimate limit state. ...Clause 6.1.3 Part 5

Design Shear = 1120.9 kN/m

Capacity = 1680/1.40 = 1200 kN/m > 1120.9 kN/m ...Clause 6.3.4 Part 5
Stud connector satisfies ultimate criteria

Check for fatigue

For shear connectors the design stresses for fatigue in the weld metal attaching shear connectors is calculated in
accordance with the clause 6.4.2 of Part 10.

Fatigue loading

The stress range in the weld is determined on the basis of the standard fatigue vehicle. Maximum unfactored shears
obtained are as follows: ...Clause 7.2.2.2 Part 10

Mid span = 44.5 kN

Support = 119.3 kN

As there is an expansion joint at the support, shears obtained above include impact allowance of 25% and 16% for the
two axles within 5 m of the support. ...Clause 7.2.4 Part 10

Fatigue Assessment

The rigorous procedure of 8.4 in Part 10 cannot be used since damage charts exclude class S details. The simplified
procedure of 8.2 is therefore used. Details of calculations are summarised in Table A9. Longitudinal shears are
obtained as for live load shown in Table A7 using section properties corresponding to short term loading given in Table
A3.

Weld Stress
q Stress Range
Location Max Min
(kN/m) (N/mm²)
(N/mm²) (N/mm²)
Mid-span 47.2 17.2 -17.2 34.4 < 59 N/mm²
Support 126.5 46.2 0 46.2 < 54 N/mm²

NOTE: (1) Stress in weld calculated as in 6.4.2 Part 10, eg at midspan

Stress = (47.2)(425)/1163 = 17.29 N/mm2

ELECTRONIC COPY - NOT FOR USE OUTSIDE THE AGENCY

January 1985 PAPER COPIES OF THIS ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT ARE UNCONTROLLED A/15
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(2) Limiting stress range determined from figure 8(d) for class S. L is taken as 10.4 m at mid-span and 20.8 m
at the support (see D.4.4 Part 10)

TABLE A9 FATIGUE CHECK FOR SHEAR CONNECTORS

C. DESIGN OF BEARING STIFFENERS

Effective Section

Provide single leg stiffener size 120 × 15 mm. The effective width of web acting as a stiffener is governed by the web
thickness. Stiffener properties are as follows: ...Clause 9.14.2.1

15 120

X X
Area = 13177 mm 120

4
Ix = 21.52 x 10 mm 276.8 276.8
4
Iy = 245 x 10 mm Y

3
Zx = 1.67 x 10 mm
3
Zy = 8.85 x 10 mm

Loading

Load effects to 9.14.3.1 a, c, d and e are present as follows: ...Clause 9.14.3.1

(1) Reaction = 1150.1 kN ...Table A2

(2) Cross-beam weight say = 19.9 kN

Total vertical force 1170 kN

(3) Mx = 22.8 kN m

(3) My (assuming e as 25 mm) = 28.5 kN m

[Note: Mx is due to the U-frame action of the bearing stiffener and the cross-beam. Mx due to transverse beam at the
support is very small and therefore ignored.

σfc = 4307 /(1.68 × 10) = 256.4 N/mm2 ...Clause 9.12.4.1

Since σci is very large (8LT = 0) F1 = 0

F2 = FR = (2.5)(27.9)(305.5)(256.4)/100000 = 54.6 kN ...Clause 9.12.4.1 (1)

Mx = (54.6)(918.5-500)/1000 = 22.8 kN m]

A/16 January 1985

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Yielding of web plate

Determine maximum equivalent stress σe from 9.13.5.1

σes2 = 1170/13.177 + (28.5)(276.8)/245 + (22.8)(8.65)/21.52

= 130.2 N/mm2

J = 1170000/(918.5)(17.3) = 73.6 N/mm2

Unstiffened so no tension field action

therefore confirm that Jo>J

σ1 = 0 for simply supported deck

Jo = (3.6)(205000)(1 + (862.7/20800)2)(17.3/862.72) ...Clause 9.13.3.2

= 297.3 > 73.6 N/mm2

JR = 73.6 N/mm2

At support σa = σb = 0

*e = (130.22 + 3(73.62))1/2 ...Clause 9.14.4.1

= 182.2 N/mm2 < 307.4 N/mm2 [ (355/(1.05)(1.1)) ]

Stiffener is satisfactory

Yielding of stiffener

Stress = 1170/13.177 + (28.5)(7.5)/245+(22.8)(128.65)/21.52 ...Clause 9.14.4.2

= 225.96 N/mm2 <307.4 N/mm2

Bearing stress

Bearing length = (2)(25 + 27.9)(1.732) + 50 = 233.2 mm

Contact Area = 2(120-40say)(15) + 233.2(17.3) = 6434 mm2 ...Clause 9.14.4.2

Bearing stress = 1170000/6434 = 181.8 N/mm

<306.6 N/mm2

Limiting stress = (1.33)(355)(.75)/(1.05)(1.1) ...Clause 14.6.5

= 306.6 N/mm2

The arrangement of stiffener is satisfactory.

January 1985 A/17

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Bearing stiffener

233.2

Buckling of stiffener 27.9

25
Determine σls
25
ls = 862.7 mm 50 Elastomeric
bearing
Bearing
rse = ((21.52)(10)6/(13177))½ =40.41 mm plate

8 = 862.7/40.41 = 21.4

σls = (0.94)(355) = 333.7 N/mm2 ...Figure 23

1170/(13.177)(333.7) + 22.8/(.167)(355) + 28.5/(.885)(355) = 0.74 ...Clause 9.14.4.3

< 0.76
The stiffener section is satisfactory.

D. TRANSVERSE BEAM AT THE SUPPORT

The transverse beams at the supports are concrete beams (600x500) connecting the webs of the main beams.
The loadings for the design are as follows:

Unfactored loads Ultimate loads

self weight = 17.3 kN 1.15 x 17.3 = 19.9 kN
slab = 7.8 kN 1.15 x 7.8 = 9.0 kN
Surfacing = 3.5 kN 1.75 x 3.5 = 6.1 kN

Live load (HB locally placed)

point load at midspan = 112.5 kN 1.3 x 112.5 = 146.3 kN

UDL = 103.1 kN 1.3 x 103.1 = 134 kN

Moment due to dead load (factored) = 10.0 kN m

Moment due to live load (factored) = 105.5 kN m

Total design moment = 115.5 kN m

Total design shear = 119.3 kN

The design of the concrete beam should be in accordance with BS 5400: Part 4 and the Departmental Standard BD
17/83.

A/18 January 1985

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