IELTS WRITING TASK 1

Các từ vựng dùng để mô tả bảng biểu

● As can be seen from the graph…
● It can be seen from the graph that…
● The graph shows…
● It can be concluded from the graph that…
● From the figures/statistics, it can be inferredthat…
● The graph illustrates…
● It is noticeable that…
● We can see that…
● It is clear that…
● Overall,…
● It is clear from the … that…
Useful introductory phrases: Simple changes you can make:
● The table shows changes in…
● The table gives information about…
● The bar chart compares…
● The graph illustrates…
● The chart shows data about…
● The pie charts compare…
● The diagram shows the process of…
● The figure shows how…is produced
● The line graph shows changes in…
● The line graph compares…
● Graph/line graph/chart/bar chart
● Diagram/figure
● Shows/illustrates/compares
● proportion=percentage
● information =data
● the number of/the figure for/the proportion of
● people in the UK/the British
● from 1999 to 2009/between 1999 and 2009/over a period of 10 years
● in three countries = in the UK, France and Spain (i.e.name the countries)
So sánh
"compared to", "compared with", "in comparison to" và "in comparison
with" như nhau.
Ví dụ:
- Prices in the UK are high compared to / with / in comparison with (prices in)
Canada and Australia.
- Compared to / with / in comparison with (prices in) Canada and Australia,
prices in the UK are high.
Khi viết về con số hoặc sự thay đổi, các từ “while” hoặc “whereas” có thể dùng
được trong rất nhiều hoàn cảnh:
- There are 5 million smokers in the UK, while / whereas only 2 million
Canadians and 1 million Australians smoke.
- Between 1990 and 2000, the number of smokers in the UK decreased
dramatically, while / whereas the figures for Canada and Australia remained
the same.

Dưới đây là các cụm dùng để so sánh rất hay mà bạn nên áp dụng:
- The chart compares... in terms of the number of...
- ...is by far the most... OR ...has by far the highest number of...
- the figures for... tend to be fairly similar
- In second place on the chart is...*
- The number of... is slightly higher than...
- Only four other countries have...
- ...all with similar proportions of...
- ...is the only country with a noticeably higher proportion of...
Lưu ý:  Chỉ dùng các cụm như "in second place" nếu biểu đồ có đề cập đến thứ
hạng hoặc đua tranh giữa các đối tượng. Các bạn không nên viết "in first/
second place" nếu biểu đồ nói về việc thất nghiệp hoặc các vấn đề về sức
khỏe/y tế.

Từ nối
 The Middle East produces high levels of oil; however, Japan produces
none.
 The USA produces large amounts of natural gas. In contrast, South
Korea produces none.
 European countries make great use of solar power. On the other hand,
most Asian countries use this method of power generation very little.
 
Liên từ
The Middle East produces high levels of oil, whereas / while Japan produces
none.
Whereas / While the Middle East produces high levels of oil, Japan produces
none.
Although the Middle East produced 100 tons oil, Japan produced none.
 
Các cấu trúc khác
  Developing countries are more reliant on alternative energy
production than developed countries.
 Solar power accounts for far less of the total energy production than gas
or coal does.
 Hydropower is not as efficient as wind power.
 Like Japan, South Korea does not produce any natural gas.
 The Middle East produces twice as much oil as Europe.
 Western countries consume three times more oil than the Middle East.
 Russia consumes slightly more oil than Germany.
 The UAE produced the same amount of oil as Saudi Arabia.

Các cụm hay gặp đó là "the proportion of…" hoặc "the percentage of…". Tuy
nhiên, bạn có thể sử dụng các từ vựng mô tả phân số, bạn hãy xem các ví dụ sau
đây nhé:
 A large number of people
 over a quarter of people
 a small minority
 A significant number of people
 less than a fifth

This table presents some examples of how you can change percentages to
fractions orratios:
Percentage Fraction
 80%    four-fifths
 75%    three-quarters
 70%    seven in ten
 65%    two-thirds
 60%    three-fifths
 55%    more than half
 50%    half
 45%    more than two fifths
 40%    two-fifths
 35%    more than a third
 30%    less than a third
 25%    a quarter
 20%    a fifth
 15%    less than a fifth
 10%    one in ten
 5%      one in twenty
 
Nếu số phần trăm không có con số chính xác như các ví dụ trên, bạn có thể sử
dụng những cách sau để mô tả mà vẫn đảm bảo độ chính xác với biểu đồ gốc:
 77%    just over three quarters
 7%    approximately three quarters
 49%    just under a half
 49%    nearly a half
 32%    almost a third

Percentage proportion / number / amount / majority /minority

 75%-85%      a very large majority
 65%-75%      a significant proportion
 10%-15%      a minority
 5%      a very small number

 Dưới đây là 3 phương pháp hữu dụng bạn có thể dùng khi mô tả phần trăm:
1. English speakers usually put the percentage at the start of the sentence.
2. Use while, whereas or compared to (after a comma) to add a comparison.
3. Use "the figure for" to add another comparison in the next sentence.
 
Bạn có thể áp dụng cách viết trong các ví dụ sau trong bài báo cáo của bạn:
- In 1999, 35%  of British people went abroad for their holidays, while  only
28% of Australians spent their holidays in a different country. The figure
for  the USA stood at 31%.
- Around 40%  of women in the UK had an undergraduate qualification in
1999, compared to  37% of men. The figures for  the year 2000 rose slightly to
42% and 38% respectively.

Paraphasing Examples
1.consumer spending on five different products =
the amount of money that people spent on five items

2.the consumption of rice and pasta in three European countries =

the amounts of rice and pasta that people in (name the countries) eat

3.changes in the cost of renting a home between 2009 and 2019 =

information about residential rental prices over a 10-year period
 4.the market share percentage of four UK electricity suppliers =
the proportion of the UK electricity market served by (four names)

Collocations
Remember: a collocation is a group of words that are often used (and work well)
together e.g. increased significantly, export earnings, textile industry.
 a country's export earnings: thu nhập từ việc xuất nhập khẩu của 1 quốc gia
 export revenues: doanh thu xuất khẩu
 income from: thu nhập từ
 earnings from = income from
 the highest earning exports: xuất khẩu có thu nhập cao nhất
 it is noticeable that: có thể nhận thấy rằng
 five product categories; 5 loại sản phẩm
 over the period shown
 the textile industry: ngành dệt may
 saw the most significant growth in
 rose from... to...
 which was an increase of
 reached a similar level
 went up by... to approximately...
 there was a ...% increase in
 rising from roughly... to...
 there was almost no change in
 the amount of money earned
 which remained at just over
 decline in income
 fell by ...% to...
 and then it continued its upward trend
 mild fluctuations
 a peak
 a period of instability
 a significant increase
 a partial growth
 a record high
 figures climbing back
 a marked rise
  a dramatic decrease
 a period of slight volatility
 a leveling out
 a sharp decline
 a plateau
 figures remaining constant
Collocations with the word poverty:
 poverty rates
 levels of poverty
 below the poverty line
Collocations with the adjective (poor) instead of the noun (poverty):
 poor people
 people who were classed as poor
 poorer individuals

Example:
The chart below shows the value of one country's exports in various
categories during 2015 and 2016. The table shows the percentage change
in each category or exports in 2016 compared with 2015.

Here's my band 9 sample answer:

The bar chart and table give information about a country's export earnings from
five groups of products in 2015 and 2016.
It is noticeable that export revenues in all but one of the five product categories
increased over the period shown. While petroleum products were the highest
earning exports in both years, the textile industry saw the most significant growth
in earnings.
Export earnings from petroleum products rose from around $61 billion in 2015 to
$63 billion in 2016, which was an increase of 3%. Income from engineered goods
reached a similar level. The country’s export earnings from these goods went up
by 8.5% to approximately $62 billion in 2016.
From 2015 to 2016, there was a 15.24% increase in export revenue from textiles,
with earnings rising from roughly $25 billion to over $30 billion. By contrast, there
was almost no change in the amount of money earned from agricultural products,
which remained at just over $30 billion. Finally, the only decline in income
occurred in the gems and jewellery product group, where export earnings fell by
around 5% to approximately $40 billion in 2016.

Past and Future

Here's the original paragraph, with verbs in the past tense:
In 1985, the average person travelled 3,199 miles by car, and this rose to 4,806
miles in the year 2000. The figures for miles travelled by train, long distance bus, taxi
and other modes also increased from 1985 to 2000. Travel by taxi saw the most
significant change, with more than a threefold increase from 13 miles per person per
year in 1985 to 42 miles in 2000.
Now let's write the same description as a future prediction:
In 2025, it is predicted that the average person will travel 3,199 miles by car, and
this will rise to 4,806 miles in the year 2030. The figures for miles travelled by train,
long distance bus, taxi and other modes are also expected to increase from 2025 to
2030. Travel by taxi should see the most significant change, with a projected
increase from 13 miles per person per year in 2025 to 42 miles in 2030.

The table below gives information about changes in modes of travel in

England between 1985 and 2000.

a
Here's my full sample answer. We'll analyse it next week.
The chart shows average distances that people in England travelled using different
forms of transport in the years 1985 and 2000.
It is clear that the total number of miles travelled by English people using all modes
of transport increased significantly between 1985 and 2000. The car was by far the
most used form of transport in both years.
In 1985, the average person travelled 3,199 miles by car, and this rose to 4,806
miles in the year 2000. The figures for miles travelled by train, long distance bus, taxi
and other modes also increased from 1985 to 2000. Travel by taxi saw the most
significant change, with more than a threefold increase from 13 miles per person per
year in 1985 to 42 miles in 2000.
There was a fall in the average distances for three forms of transport, namely
walking, bicycle and local bus. In 1985, English people walked an average of 255
miles, but this figure fell by 18 miles in 2000. Bicycle use fell from 51 to 41 miles over
the period shown, while the biggest downward change was in the use of local buses,
with average miles per person falling from 429 to 274 over the 15-year period.

Process
The pictures illustrate the ingredients that go into a factory-made fish pie, and the
various steps in its production.
The pie contains salmon, peas, sauce and potatoes, and there are ten stages in its
manufacture, from delivery to dispatch. One of the ingredients, potato, goes through
its own six-stage preparation process before it can be added to the pie.
Potatoes are the first ingredient to be prepared on the production line. They are
delivered to the factory up to a month before the process begins, and they must be
cleaned, peeled and sliced. Potato peelings are thrown away, and the sliced
potatoes are boiled, then chilled and stored.
When fresh salmon arrives at the factory, lemon juice and salt are added, and the
fish is cooked in a steam oven within 12 hours of delivery. Next, factory workers
remove and dispose of the skin and bones, and the fish is inspected. Following
inspection, pre-prepared peas, sauce and potatoes are added. The resulting fish
pies are wrapped, frozen and then stored or dispatched.

Map
Here's the map task that we've been looking at, with my band 9 sample answer
below it.
(Cambridge IELTS 13)

The maps illustrate some changes that were made to a city hospital's transport
infrastructure between the years 2007 and 2010.
It is noticeable that three main modifications were made to the hospital’s vehicle
access. These involved the building of a new bus station, new roundabouts and new
parking facilities.
Looking at the changes in more detail, we can see that in 2007 there were three bus
stops on either side of Hospital Road. These were no longer present in 2010, and
instead we see the addition of a bus station on the west side of Hospital Road. This
bus station is accessed via two new roundabouts; the first roundabout is at the
intersection of City Road and Hospital Road, while the second is at the other end of
Hospital Road, at the junction with the hospital ring road.
The two maps also show that changes were made to public and staff parking areas.
In 2007, staff and visitors used the same car park, which was situated to the east of
Hospital Road and accessed via the ring road. However, by 2010 this original car
park had become a designated area for staff parking only. A new car park, located
on the east side of the ring road, provided parking for members of the public.

 Looking at the picture, it is clear that/ it can be seen that/ it is

immediately obvious that...
 X has undergone remarkable/significant changes/developments.
 hoặc
 Remarkable/significant changes/developments have taken place in X
 With the new buildings, visitors can ... => The new
buildings/construction allow visitors to
 go to the island by sea => access the island by sea/boats
 have places to stay => have accommodation
 The new construction allows visitors to access the island by sea and
provides them with accommodation.
  As the island has been developed for tourism, guest houses, which are
connected to each other by footpaths, now occupy the majority of its
area.
 On the south of the island, a pier has emerged, which allows boats to
dock.
Với câu “a vehicle track...”, chúng ta hãy “thổi hồn” vào đối tượng này và
nói cụ thể xem nó được dùng để làm gì:
 From there, visitors are transported to the reception by vehicles on a
designated track.
Từ designated ở đây khá hay, vì nó có nghĩa là dành riêng, rất phù hợp để phân
biệt giữa vehicle track và footpath.
Áp dụng các quy tắc tương tự ở trên, các bạn có thể miêu tả khu vực bãi biển
như sau:
On the west of the island, the beach has now been turned into a swimming area,
where guests can conveniently access using the footpath.
Tổng hợp lại, bài miêu tả Maps của chúng ta như sau:
The pictures demonstrate the transformation of an island with the introduction
of tourism.
Looking at the pictures, it is immediately obvious that remarkable changes have
taken place on the island for tourism purposes. Overall, the new construction
has allowed visitors to access the island by sea and provides them with
accommodation.
As the island has been developed for tourism, guest houses, which are
connected to each other by footpaths, now occupy the majority of its area. At
the center of the lodging area, there is a reception, to the north of which a
restaurant has been built.
On the south of the island, a pier has emerged, which allows boats to dock.
From there, visitors are transported to the reception by vehicles on a
designated track. On the west of the island, the beach has now been turned into
a swimming area, where guests can conveniently access using the footpath.

IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nếu chủ thể là Trees and Forests thì có thể dùng các động
từ như:
 cut down, chop down (chặt) = clear (to make way for): bị xoá đi để dành chỗ
cho…
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: 
 The forest on the western end of the island were chopped down
to make way for a hotel
 Plant: trồng
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 Many palms were planted around the villa
1.3. Bridges, port, road, railway
 IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nếu chủ thể là Bridges, port, road, railway thì có thể dùng
các động từ như:
 Construct
 Build 
 Erect
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: a bridge across the river was erected
 Extend
 Expand
 Widen
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: the main road was widen to meet the
increasing demand
 Reopen (được khôi phục)
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The old railway alongside the river has
been reopened 
1.4. Buildings
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nếu chủ thể là Buildings thì có thể dùng các động từ như:
 Open up
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: A new theme park was opened just
opposite the shopping mall
 Set up 
 Establish
 Develop
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The cinema was expanded with the total
cost of $80000
 Expand
 Demolish
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: the government demolished the industrial
estate and developed a sports ground
 Knock down
 Flatten
 Replaced (by sth) / with sth 
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 they removed the shops and replaced it with a skyscraper
 The old warehouses were replaced with new houses
 Renovate
 Build 
 Construct
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: a port was constructed at the edge of the
river 
 Reconstruct
 Develop
 Extend
 Relocated to somewhere
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: the factory in the city centre was
demolished and relocated to the north of the city
 Convert / transformed (into sth) & modernize 
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: the factory was converted into apartments
1.5. Dân số
Nếu chúng ta muốn nói 1 thành phố có số dân là 1000 người, có những cách nói
như sau:
 Địa điểm + has a population of + số dân + people
 Địa điểm + has + số dân + inhabitants.
 The population of + Địa điểm + is + số dân
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 Danang city has a population of 1,300 people.
 Danang city has 1,300 inhabitants.
 The population of Danang city is 1,300.
1.6. Chiều dài
 S + has a length of + chiều dài
 S ’s total length is + chiều dài
 S + is + chiều dài + long
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 The street has a length of about 10 km.
 The street‘s total length is about 10 km.
 The street is about 10 km long.

2. Theo nghĩa động từ

2.1. Mang nghĩa mở rộng (expand)
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nên học các từ sau nếu muốn diễn đạt nghĩa mở rộng:
 enlarge
 make bigger
 develop
 S + Be + lengthened
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The industrial complex was significantly
lengthened
 S + Be + expanded/ extended/ widened
 S + become + bigger
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: 
 The company was slightly expanded.
 The university became bigger between 2010 and 2015
2.2. Mang nghĩa tháo dỡ (remove)
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nên học các từ sau nếu muốn diễn đạt nghĩa tháo dỡ:
 demolish
 knock down
 pull down
 torn down
 remove
 cut down (trees)
2.3. Mang nghĩa "xây dựng thêm" (add)
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nên học các từ sau nếu muốn diễn đạt nghĩa xây thêm:
 construct
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 A new school was constructed next to the park.
 build 
 erect
 introduce
 add
 plant (forest, trees)
 open up (facility)
 S + appear
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 A fairy man appear
2.4. Mang nghĩa "chuyển đổi"
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nên học các từ sau nếu muốn diễn đạt nghĩa chuyển đổi:
 convert
 redevelop
 replace
 make into
 modernize 
 renovate 
2.5. Mang nghĩa "thay thế"
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nên học các từ sau nếu muốn diễn đạt nghĩa thay thế:
2.5.1. Từ vựng
 To give way to
 To make way for
 To be replaced by
 To be converted into
 To be transformed into
 To be turned into
 To be built in place of
2.5.2. Cấu trúc
 S + be + demolished/ destroyed/ knocked down + to make way for + nơi
mới.
 S + be + demolished/ destroyed/ knocked down + and replaced by + nơi
mới.
 S + be + built/ constructed/ erected + to replace + nơi cũ
 S + be+ built/ constructed/ erected + on the original site of + nơi cũ
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 The car parking was demolished to make way for a new building
 The car parking was destroyed and replaced by a new building
 A new building was erected to replace the car parking
 A new building was contructed on the original site of the car parking
2.6. Mang nghĩa "biến mất"
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nên học các từ sau nếu muốn diễn đạt nghĩa biến mất:
 S + disappear
 S + be + demolished/ destroyed/ knocked down
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 The monster disappeared
 The hospital was destroyed
2.7. Mang nghĩa "di chuyển"
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nên học các từ sau nếu muốn diễn đạt nghĩa di chuyển:
 S + be + moved/ relocated to + nơi mới
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 The university was relocated to the south of the city.
2.8. Mang nghĩa "thu hẹp, rút ngắn"
IELTS TUTOR lưu ý nên học các từ sau nếu muốn diễn đạt nghĩa thu hẹp, rút
ngắn:
 S + be + narrowed
 S + become smaller
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 The car parking became smaller during 2 years
 The company was dramatically narrowed over the period of 2 years.
 The railway line was slightly shortened during 5 years
 2.9. Mang nghĩa "không thay đổi"
 S + remain unchanged/ still exist
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 the university remained unchanged during 10 years

Ở hướng … của cái gì

Về phía bên tay … của cái gì

Đối diện

Gần
Bao quanh

Ở giữa

Vuông góc/Song song

8. in the city centre

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 Dramatic changes took place In the city centre 

9. Bên cạnh
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 A new school was built next to the swimming pool

10. on the banks of the river: trên bờ sông

IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 A marina was built on the banks of the river 

11. Các tuyến đường

Tuyến đường + run through/ pass through/go through/cross + địa điểm + hướng
 IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ: The main road runs through the entire city from
east to west

12. Nằm ở
 to be situated/ located/ positioned: nằm ở …
IELTS TUTOR xét ví dụ:
 The company is located to the south of the river.
 The university is situated in the centre of the city.
Overall
Đoạn Overview đầy đủ thường kéo dài từ 2 – 3 câu. Trong đoạn này, bạn
cần trả lời được các câu hỏi:

 Số liệu nào cao nhất? Số liệu nào thấp nhất?

 Có điều gì khác đáng chú ý trong biểu đồ, hình vẽ đã cho hay
không?
Khi bắt đầu viết đoạn Overview, người học nên ngay lập tức đưa ra câu
miêu tả xu hướng chung của biểu đồ, hình vẽ. Cấu trúc cho câu này
thường dùng là:

 Overall, the data indicates that…

 In general, it can be seen that…
Trên thực tế, không nhất thiết phải bắt đầu đoạn mô tả chung bằng cụm từ
Overall/ In general. Nhưng đây là 2 cụm từ hiệu quả giúp báo hiệu cho
người đọc biết bài viết đề cập đến vấn đề gì trong đoạn văn này. Sau đó
người viết phải chọn lọc được các chi tiết nổi bật nhất trong biểu đồ, hình
vẽ để đưa vào đoạn mô tả chung. Một số “mẹo” đưa câu văn này vào bài
viết một cách tự nhiên như:

 It can be seen that A experienced an upward/downward trend over

the period of time.
 The most dramatic change was seen in…
 It is noticeable that A accounted for the largest
proportion/percentage…
 In particular, the number/the amount of A saw/witnessed a
rise/decline….
Scrutinise= examine, study, analyze
Implement= put into practice, apply
Cautious= careful
Substitute= alternate, replacement
High-tension= strong, tight
Permanent= everlasting, eternal, enduring
Guard= protect, defend
Inject= insert, add, bring in
Distribution= spreading, allocation
Precipitation= rainfall
Sofisticated = cầu kì
Overshoot= exceed, surpass
Impact = influence, effect
Faith= belief
Conservation= Preservation, protection
Human-induced= caused by human
Exclude= omit, miss out, eliminate, not include
Industrialisation: công nghiệp hóa
Tăng
1. The number doubled between 1992 and 1994.
2. The number tripled between 1994 and 1996.
3. The number quadrupled from 1996 to 1998.
4. There was a two-fold increase between 1992 and 1994.
5. The number went up six times between 1992 and 1996.
6. The figure for 1996 was six times higher than that of 1992.
7. The figure for 1998 was four times greater than that of 1996. 1.
Giảm
1. Between 1992 and 1994, the figure fell by one fifth.
2. Between 1994 and 1996, the figure dropped by half.
3. The figure in 1998 was one tenth the 1992 total.

1. 6% of single aged people were living in poverty.

2. The level of poverty among single aged people stood at 6%.

6% of single aged people were living in poverty, compared to only

4% of aged couples.

A large number of
• over a quarter of
• a small minority of
• A significant number of
• 60% three-fifths
• 55% more than half
• 50% half
• 45% more than two fifths

• 40% two-fifths
• 35% more than a third
• 30% less than a third
• 25% a quarter
• 20% a fifth
• 15% less than a fifth
• 10% one in ten
• 5% one in twenty
77% just over three quarters
• 77% approximately three quarters
• 49% just under a half
• 49% nearly a half
• 32% almost a third

• 75% - 85% a very large majority

• 65% - 75% a significant proportion
• 10% - 15% a minority
• 5% a very small number
1.1. Mô tả số liệu

 the trend
 the data
 the number(s)
 the value
  the amount

1.3. Mô tả xu hướng giảm

 decrease to
 drop to…
 fall to…
 slide to…
 shrink to…
 bottom at… (chạm đáy…)
 hit a trough at… (chạm đáy…)

1.3. Mô tả xu hướng không đổi

 remain unchanged at …
 maintain a value of…
 go unaltered…
 remain stable
 hold steady at…
 reach a plateau of…

2.1. Mô tả sự lặp lại thường xuyên

 cyclical
 regular
 every…
 follow a cycle
 repeating every…

2.2. Mô tả thời gian

 commence at…
 depart at…
 from…to
 conclude at…

3.1. Mô tả số nhiều/ đa số

 the majority of…

 make up a significant part (chiếm một phần lớn…)
 the lion’s share of…
  the vast majority…
 by far the most…
 have a slight majority

3.2. Mô tả số ít/thiểu số

 a small stake
 hold a rather miniscule share
 make up an unsignificant part
 …is rather negligible (có thể bỏ qua)
 …next to none (không đáng kể)

3.3. Mô tả thị phần/số phần

 roughly a half of
 a quarter of the pie is allotted to…
 the chart is devided into five sections
 contain nine items of equal size

1. Paraphrase về tuổi và nhóm tuổi

Ví dụ: Để mô tả những người thuộc nhóm tuổi từ 18 – 24, ta có những cách nói sau:

 people who fell into the 18 to 24 age group

 people who were between 18 and 24 years old
 people who were aged 18 to 24
 18-to-24-year-old people
 18-to-24-year-olds
 the 18-24 age group
 the 18-24s
 people in the age range of 18 to 24
Các lưu ý khác:

 people in their twenties (những người ở độ tuổi 20 – từ 20 đến 29)

 people aged 11 to 19 = teenagers (miêu tả độ tuổi teen, tức từ 11-19 tuổi)
 elders = old people
 youngsters = the young = young people
 adult (người lớn – từ 18 tuổi trở lên)
 from 1998 to 2008 → between 1998 and 2008 = over a period of 10 years = over a
10 – year period
  every year → each year = per year = yearly = annually = on an annual basis
 every day → each day = per day = daily = on a daily basis
 every week → each week = per week = weekly = on a weekly basis

4. Paraphrase về quốc gia, người

 Nếu đề bài có nêu tên các quốc gia cụ thể, ví dụ “…in India, Vietnam and
Korea” → có thể viết thành “in three different countries/nations“.
 Ngược lại, nếu đề bài không đề cập tới các quốc gia cụ thể mà chỉ nói “in three
different countries” → nêu tên các quốc gia cụ thể.
 Không quên dùng “the” trước 1 số nước như “the UK“, “the USA“,…
 Nhớ học cách gọi tên công dân ở các quốc gia. Ví dụ, “người Việt Nam” là
“Vietnameses“, nhưng “người Mỹ” là “Americans“, còn “người Tây Ban Nha” lại lại
“The Spanish/Spanish people“

5. Paraphrase lượng chi tiêu

 Average weekly spending → weekly spending figures
 spent on average → average expenditure
 levels of spending
 spent per month → expenditure per month
 the percentage of spending → the proportion of spending = the proportion of
money spent on

6. Paraphrase doanh thu

 sale of A → turnover from A
 the amount of A gained/earned/obtained

7. Paraphrase sự tiêu thụ & sản xuất

 Sự sản xuất: the production of A→ the number of A produced = the amount of A
produced = A production
 Sự tiêu thụ: the consumption of A → the number of A consumed = the amount of
A consumed = A consumption

8. Paraphrase người dùng/ người sử dụng

 Đơn giản nhất, ta dùng động từ ‘use’ hoặc user

 The percentage of people who use the Internet = The percentage of Internet

users
 The percentage of car users
Trong từng trường hợp, ta sẽ có những cụm từ riêng để diễn dạt, ví dụ:
  Internet users = people who have access to the Internet (người được tiếp cận tới
mạng)
 People going to school = people who have access to education (người được tiếp
cận tới giáo dục, được đi học)
 car users = people going by car = people driving to work

9. Paraphrase sự thất nghiệp

 Unemployment rate = Levels of unemployment = Level of joblessness
 The proportion of people who were unemployed = The proportion of people who
were jobless = The proportion of people without job

10 . Paraphrase sự nghèo khó

 Poverty rate = Poverty level
 Level of poverty
 The percentage of people who live in poverty
 The percentage of people who live under the poverty line