International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT) - 2016

Performance Index Based Contingency Ranking

under Line Outage Condition Incorporating IPFC
Suresh Babu Daram P.S.Venkataramu M.S.Nagaraj
Research Scholar, VTU, Belgaum & Director IQAC, Professor & Head, Dept. of EEE,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of EEE, REVA University, Bapuji Institute of Engineering &
Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Technology, Davangere, Karnataka, India
Tirupati, A.P, India. [email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract— Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is one of section-3. Section-4 explains the proposed methodology. Case
series - series controlled Flexible Alternating Current study and results are illustrated in section-5.
Transmission System (FACTS) devices, which has the capability
of controlling the power flow in multi transmission lines. In this
paper, the effect of installing an IPFC in the system for
II. STEADY STATE MODEL OF INTERLINE POWER FLOW
contingency ranking has been given under single line outage CONTROLLER
condition. The contingency ranking is done based on the active This section explains the steady state model of IPFC to
power flow in the transmission line through the Active Power incorporate in NR load flow solution as developed in [9].
Performance Index (APPI). The severe transmission line has
been ranked with and without incorporating IPFC in the system.
IEEE-6 and IEEE-30 bus system has been considered for
simulation purpose.

Keywords— FACTS, IPFC, power injection model, multi-

transmission lines, voltage source converters, NR- power flow
method, Active Power Performance Index, Contingency Ranking.

I. INTRODUCTION
The study of contingency is an essential activity during
power system planning, operation and control. In some cases
of contingency, the effects may lead to transmission line
overloads or bus voltage limit violations. To overcome such
issues, there is a need to identify such contingencies.
Contingency selection is one such study which has the ability
to identify the critical contingency in the system [1]. Fig-1: Conceptual hardware configuration of IPFC

Active Power performance Index (APPI) uses the active Fig-1 shows the basic circuit diagram of Interline Power
power flow in the transmission line, the result of AC power Flow Controller (IPFC). The power injection model has been
flow method for ranking the contingency [2-7]. The largest derived from the Fig-1.
value of APPI for a particular transmission line results in
The injected active and reactive power at bus i is (1) & (2)
severity of the system.
Installation of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) Pi ,inj = −2.r.bse .Vi 2 sin γ (1)
controllers in the system has made engineers to reselect the
most critical transmission line under any outage condition for Qi ,inj = −2.r.bse .Vi 2 cos γ (2)
the security of the system. Among many FACTS controllers
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) has the capability of The injected active and reactive power at bus j is (3) & (4)
controlling the active power and reactive power of one line
and the reactive power of second line simultaneously while Pj ,inj = r.bse .Vi .V j sin (δ i − δ j + γ ) (3)
connected between two transmission lines [8-9]. The effect of
Q j ,inj = r.bse .Vi .V j cos (δ i − δ j + γ )
installing IPFC in the system on the system stability based on
condition number is presented in[10]. (4)

The organization of the paper is as follows: Section-2 The injected active and reactive power at bus k is (5) & (6)
gives the steady state model of IPFC. The contingency ranking
based on the Active Power Performance Index is shown in Pk ,inj = r.bse .Vi .Vk sin (δ i − δ k + γ ) (5)

978-1-4673-9939-5/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

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 Qk ,inj = r.bse .Vi .Vk cos (δ i − δ k + γ ) (6) § Qj ·
φ = tan −1 ¨ ¸¸
¨ Pj
The injected powers are used for rewriting the N-R © ¹
Jacobian.
The modified Jacobian matrix is given below in (7) Q j = reactive power at receiving end bus j

ª ∂Pi ∂Pi ∂Pi ∂Pi ∂Pi ∂Pi º Pj = active power at receiving end bus j
« + 2Pi,inj »
∂ δ ∂δ j ∂δk ∂Vi ∂Vj ∂Vk
« i »
« ∂Pj ∂P ∂Pj ∂Pj ∂Pj ∂Pj »
« + Qj ,inj j − Qj ,inj + Pj ,inj + Pj ,inj » (7) IV. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
« ∂δi ∂δi ∂δi ∂Vi ∂Vj ∂Vk »
« » The computational methodology has been carried out
∂P ∂P ∂Pk ∂Pk ∂Pk ∂Pk
« k
+ Qk ,inj k − Qk ,inj + Pk ,inj + Pk ,inj » through following steps.
« ∂δi ∂δ j ∂δk ∂Vi ∂Vj ∂Vk »
« » 1) Read line and bus data of the given system and assume that
« ∂Qi ∂Qi ∂Qi ∂Qi ∂Qi ∂Qi »
+ 2Qi,inj
« ∂δi ∂δ j ∂δk ∂Vi ∂Vj ∂Vk » system angle, load (MW & MVAR) and generator (MW
« » & MVAR, Qmin & Qmax) data are constant.
« ∂Qj ∂Qj ∂Qj ∂Qj ∂Qj ∂Qj »
« ∂δ − Pj ,inj ∂δ ∂δk ∂Vi
+ Qj ,inj
∂Vj
+ Qj ,inj
∂Vk »
« i j » 2) Run the load flow without line outage contingency and use
« ∂Qk ∂Qk ∂Qk ∂Qk ∂Qk ∂Qk » the results as base case.
« − Pk ,inj + Pk ,inj + Qk ,inj + Qk ,inj »
«¬ ∂δi ∂δ j ∂δ j ∂Vi ∂Vj ∂Vk »¼
3) Connect N-1 line outage contingency among any two
buses.
4) Calculate APPI for each line outage condition.
III. CONTINGENCY RANKING THROUGH ACTIVE POWER
PERFORMANCE INDEX (APPI) 5) Rank the more sensitive line under each line outage
condition as explained in chapter III.
The contingency ranking has been performed based on the
real/active power flow in the transmission line through the 6) Connect IPFC in the system and calculate the value of
Active Power Performance Index (APPI). The overloaded line APPI.
will have the highest value of APPI. The highest value of
APPI will be the most severe transmission line which has to be 7) Compare APPI with and without IPFC.
protected first for the prevention of system collapse.
V. CASE STUDY & RESULTS
Computation of Active Power Performance Index (APPI)
is shown below in (8). In this section, numerical results are carried out on IEEE 6-
bus system and IEEE 30-bus system [11].
2n
§ P · L
APPI = ¦ Wi ¨ i ¸ (8) A. IEEE 6-bus system
i =1 © Pi max ¹ This system consists of 1-slack bus, 2-generator buses, 3-
load buses and 11-transmission lines. Initially, the load flow
L = total number of transmission lines in the system
solution using Newton - Raphson (NR) method without
n = specified exponent contingency was carried out & voltages at each bus were
obtained. Next, for the same system the load flow solution is
Pi = active power flow in line i obtained using the NR method with contingency. IPFC has
been connected between the three load buses 4, 5 & 6 at 5-4
Pi max = maximum active power flow in the line i and 5-6 keeping bus-5 as a common bus. The transformer
reactance considered is 0.1p.u.
Wi = weight or a scalar number
TABLE I. CONTINGENCY RANKING BASED ON APPI FOR IEEE-6 BUS
Vi 2YL cos φ SYSTEM
Pi max =
2 ª¬1 + cos (θ − φ ) º¼ CR Line APPI without IPFC Line APPI with IPFC
1 3-6 0.05627 3-6 0.05661
YL = voltage at from N-R solution 2 1-4 0.049812 1-4 0.049803
3 2-4 0.044383 2-4 0.044437
Vi = magnitude of admittance of line i -j
4 1-5 0.039957 1-5 0.040124
θ =angle of admittance of line i -j 5 1-2 0.039003 1-2 0.039026
6 2-6 0.034865 2-6 0.034923
7 2-5 0.032442 2-5 0.032538

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 8 3-5 0.031743 3-5 0.031873 Figs-2, 3 & 4 shows the voltage profile of IPFC installed
load buses 6, 4 & 5 respectively, of IEEE-6 bus system under
9 4-5 0.031093 2-3 0.030068
line outage conditions. The voltage profile of all three load
10 2-3 0.030055 buses has been enhanced after installing IPFC in the system.
11 5-6 0.02965
B. IEEE 30-bus system
This system consists of 1-slack bus, 5-generator buses, 24-
Table-I shows the contingency ranking based on the APPI load buses and 41-transmission lines. Initially, the load flow
with and without incorporating IPFC for IEEE-6 bus system. solution using NR method without contingency was carried
The most critical line with and without IPFC is 3 to 6 and out & voltages at each bus were obtained. Next, for the same
APPI is 0.05627 & 0.05661 respectively. As the largest system the load flow solution is obtained using the NR method
Active Power Performance Index leads the line over loading with contingency. IPFC has been connected between the three
condition, it can be observed that after incorporating IPFC, the load buses 12, 15 & 16 at 12-15 and 12-16 keeping bus-12 as
system capability has increased. a common bus. The transformer reactance considered is 0.1p.u

TABLE II. CONTINGENCY RANKING BASED ON APPI FOR IEEE-30 BUS

SYSTEM

. Line APPI without IPFC Line APPI with IPFC

CR
1 1-2 0.61034 1-2 0.61056
2 3-4 0.14640 3-4 0.14661
3 28 - 27 0.14334 28 - 27 0.14372
4 4 - 12 0.13999 4 - 12 0.14038
5 2-5 0.13685 2-5 0.13702
6 2-4 0.12905 2-4 0.12924

Fig-2: Voltage for bus 4 7 2-6 0.12568 2-6 0.12585

8 1-3 0.12118 1-3 0.12138
9 6-8 0.11602 6-8 0.11621
10 6 - 28 0.11428 6 - 28 0.11457
11 12 -15 0.11234 25 - 27 0.11009
12 12 - 16 0.11147 15 - 18 0.10921
13 25 - 27 0.10985 27 - 29 0.10903
14 15 - 18 0.10906 8 - 28 0.10897
15 27 - 29 0.10883 16 - 17 0.10884
16 8 - 28 0.10871 27 - 30 0.10877
17 16 - 17 0.10868 6-9 0.10831
18 27 - 30 0.10859 10 - 21 0.10827

Fig-3: Voltage for bus 5 19 6-9 0.10827 15 - 23 0.10823

20 10 - 21 0.10809 18 - 19 0.10769
21 15 - 23 0.10809 14 - 15 0.10704
22 18 - 19 0.10757 24 - 25 0.10692
23 14 - 15 0.10686 10 - 22 0.10676
24 24 - 25 0.10670 23 - 24 0.10673
25 10 - 22 0.10657 21 - 22 0.10641
26 23 - 24 0.10657 19 - 20 0.10602
27 21 - 22 0.10623 10 - 20 0.10523
28 19 - 20 0.10592 12 – 14 0.10439
Fig-2, 3 & 4 shows the voltage profile of IPFC installed 29 10 - 20 0.10497 22 - 24 0.10438

Fig-4: Voltage for bus 6

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 30 22 - 24 0.10421 10 -17 0.10386 under line outage conditions. The voltage profile of all three
load buses has been enhanced after installing IPFC in the
31 12 – 14 0.10396 29 - 30 0.10323
system.
32 10 -17 0.10360 5-7 0.09992
33 29 - 30 0.10305 4-6 0.09812
34 5-7 0.09972 6-7 0.09371
35 4-6 0.09798 6 - 10 0.09276
36 6-7 0.09353 9 - 10 0.08912
37 6 - 10 0.09266
38 9 - 10 0.08908

The contingency ranking of IEEE-30 bus system is given

Table II. The most critical line with and without IPFC is line
1-2 and APPI is 0.61034 and 0.61056 respectively. The
contingency rank after injecting IPFC is constant till rank 11
and has changed from rank 12. As the largest Active Power Fig-7: Voltage for bus 16
Performance Index leads the line over loading condition, it can
be observed that after incorporating IPFC, the system
capability has increased.
VI. CONCLUSION
The effect of installing a multi-transmission FACTS
controller, i.e., IPFC in the system under single line outage
conditions has been presented. The active power flow in the
transmission lines based on Active power Performance Index
(APPI) without IPFC is compared with IPFC. As the IPFC has
been connected between two transmission lines the active
power exchange has been done and the voltage variation at
three load buses under outage condition is also presented. The
most severe line identified, is always a line which is
connecting a slack bus, as it has to carry the load which has
been generated by a slack bus under a line which is connected
to a load.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Fig-5: Voltage for bus 12 The authors are grateful to the management of the Sree
Vidyanikethan Engineering College, Tirupati and also to the
management of Bapuji Institute of Engineering and
Technology, Davangere.

REFERENCE
[1]. F.D. Galiana, “Bound estimates of the severity of line outages,” IEEE
Tansactions on PAS 1984, Vol.103, pp.2612-2624.
[2]. Allen.J.Wood, B. F. Wollenburg, Power Gneneration Operation &
Control, 2nd ed, John Willey Sons Publication, 1996.
[3]. A.P.Sakis Meliopoulos, “A New Contingency Ranking”, IEEE
Proceeding, Southeastcon, Session 11D3, pp. 837-842, 1989.
[4]. T.S.N.R.K.Srinivas, K.Raamesh Reddy, V.K.D.Devi, “Composite
Criteria Based Network Contingency Ranking using Fuzzy Logic
Approach”, IEEE International Advance Computing Conference
Fig-6: Voltage for bus 15 (IACC-2009), Patiala, India, 6-7 march 2009, pp.654-657.
[5]. M.Khazaei, S.Jadid, “Contingency Ranking Using Neural Networks by
Radial Basis Function Method,” IEEE/PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference and Exposition 2008, Chicago, IL, 21-24
Figs-5, 6 & 7 shows the voltage profile of IPFC installed April 2008, pp:1-4.
load buses 12, 15 & 16 respectively, of IEEE-30 bus system

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 [6]. A.A.Abou El-Ela, A.M.Kinawy, .T.Mouwafi, R.A.El Sehiemy,
“Efficient Performance Indices for Voltage Collapse Detection,” IEEE M.S.Nagaraj, completed his B.E degree in Electrical
International Energy Confeence and Exhibition (EnergyCon) 2010, & Electronics in the year 1986 from Government
Manama 18-22 Dec 2010, pp.178-182. BDT college of engineering, Davangere. Master of
[7]. Z.Hussain, Zhe Chen, Paul Thogersen, “Fast and Precise Method of Technology & Doctoral degree in Power System
Contingency Ranking in Modern power System,” IEEE Jordan from National Institute of Engineering, Mysore in the
Conference on Applied Eletrical Engineeriing and Computing year 1991 & 2007 respectively. He has published 18
Technologies (AEECT) 2011, Amman, 6-8 Dec 2011, pp. 1-7. papers in national & International conferences
including two papers in National Journals and one
[8]. Laszlo Gyugyi, Kalyan K. Sen, Colin D. Schauder, “The Interline International Journal. He has teaching experience of
Power Flow Controller Concept: A new Approach to Power Flow 25 years in under grraduate college. At present he is
Management in transmission System,” IEEE Transactions on Power working as Professor & Head in the department of
Delivery, Vol.14, No.3, July1999, pp.1115-1123. Electrical & Electronics Engg, BIET, Davangere. His research interest
[9]. D. Suresh Babu, Nikhil Sahu, P.S.Venkataramu, M. S. Nagaraj, includes AI application to power system.
“Development of New model of IPFC for Power Flow in Dr.M.S.Nagaraj is a member of Indian Society for Technical Education
Multitransmission Lines,” International Journal of Computer and Institution of Engineers ( India).
Appliations, Vol.84, No. 5, Dec 2013, pp.33-37.
[10]. Suresh Babu Daram, P. S. Venkataramu, M. S. Nagaraj, “Condition
Number Based Contingeny Ranking Under Line Outage Incorporating
IPFC,” International Conference on Renewable Energy Utilization,
Tamil Nadu, 6-8 Jan 2016.
[11]. Hadi Sadat, Power System Analysis, TMH Publication, 1999.

Suresh Babu Daram was born at Vijayawada (A.P),

India in 1985. He received his B.Tech in Electrical &
Electronics engineering from JNTU in 2006 and
M.Tech degree in Power Systems Engineering from
ANU, in 2009. He is a Research Scholar in the
department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering at
the Visvesvaraya Technological University Belgaum
(India).
He was Assistant Professor in the Dept. of Electrical &
Electronics at GGITM Bhopal from 2009-2015. Currently he is Asst. Prof in
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College,
Tirupati (A.P), India. He has published 20 national/ International journal /
conference papers. His research interests include energy management systems,
power system optimization, and voltage instability studies incorporating
FACTS controllers and security analysis.
Mr. Suresh is a member of IEEE, AMIE (India), IAENG, CSTA, IACSIT,
IRED and Student Member-ASTM.

P. S. Venkataramu was born in India on June 20,

1961. He received his Graduation in Electrical
Engineering from the Institute of Engineers (India),
M.Tech degree in Power Systems from Mysore
University (India) and Ph.D. in 2007 from
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum
(India).
He was employed as an Electrical Engineer in the Goa
state Electricity Department and worked for 15 years
in various capacities. He was primarily involved in carrying power system
operational and planning studies for the regional grid system. He was also a
visiting faculty in the Goa college of Engineering. From 1997 to 2007, he
worked as a faculty in various positions at School of Electrical Sciences,
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India. From 2007 to 2015 he was a
Professor in Electrical Engineering Department and Principal of Gyan Ganga
Institute of Technology and Management, Bhopal (India). Currently he is
Director -Internal Quality at REVA University, Bangalore. He has several
national and international publications. His research interest includes AI
application to power system and distribution system automation.
Dr. P. S. Venkataramu is a Fellow of the institution of engineers (India),
Indian society for technical education, and System society of India.

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