BTech Sem I Matrices FN

Matrices
Matrix:
a b c  a11 a12 a13
d e f   a21 a22 a23
 
 g i j  a31 a32 a33
Determinat of a Matrix
a b
c d
Singular Matrix
A square matrix whose determinant is zero is called singular matrix.
Non-singular Matrix
A square matrix whose determinant is not zero is called non-singular matrix.
Zero Or null Matrix

eg 0 0 0
Identity Matrix
1 0
0 1
Scalar matrix
A diagonal Matrix whose all diagonal elements are equal is called scalar matrix.
Transpose
A matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns is called transpose.

Denoted by A’
Upper Triangular
a b
0 d
Lower Triangular
a 0
c d
aij  a ji for all i, j

Symmetric.
a b 
b d 
 
ij a  a
ji for all i, j
Skew-symmetric.
Diagonal elements are zero.
 0 a
 a 0 
 
Minors and cofactors

Minor of an element aij of square matrix A is determinant A obtained by
deleting ith row and jth column
a22 a23 a a13
Minor of a11  , Minor of a21  12
a32 a33 a32 a33
co  factor of element aij is the minor of a ij with the sign  1

i j
Denoted by Aij
Adjo int of square matrix
The adjo int of matrix A, is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors
Ex1
2 3 1 1 2 1
A  0 1 2 matrix of cofactors  11 5 7
1 2 3 7 4 2
The transpose of this matrix is the adjoint
1 11 7 
adj A   2 5 4 
 
1 7 2 
Ex2
for matrix A verify A  adj A   A I
2 1 3
A  3 1 2
 
1 2 3 
Sol
1 7 5
matrix of cofactors of A  B  3 3 3
1 5 1
1 3 1
B1  adj A  7 3 5
5 3 1
 2 1 3  1 3 1 6 0 0
now A  adj A    3 1 2  7 3 5  0 6 0
 
1 2 3  5 3 1 0 0 6
now A  2  1  1 7   3  5   6
 A  adj A   A I
Inverse
1
B  A1  adj A is inverse of A
A
A 0
Then AB=BA=I
Ex3
if A is square matrix of order n and A  0, show that
1
A1 
A
Sol:
sin ce A  0, A1 exists
 A A1  I n ,  A A1  I n note : AB  A B
1
 A A1  1,  A1 
A
Property
If A is a square matrix of order n, then
n
A adj A  adj A A  A
Cor1
n1
adj A  A
Cor2
n 1
adj adj A  adj A
Cor3
n2
adj adj A  A A
Ex4
2 3 1
use adjo int method to find inverse of A  1 2 3
3 1 2
Sol
A  2  1  3  7   1 5   2  21  5  18
Cofactors of elements of first column are 1, -5, 7
Cofactors of elements of second column are 7, 1, -5
Cofactors of elements of third column are -5, 7, 1
1 5 7
 B  adj A  7 1 5
5 7 1
1 5 7
1 1
 A 1  adj A  7 1 5
A 18
5 7 1
PROPERTY
A
A adjA  A I , . adjA  I
A
 adj A 
1
Also adj A  I
A
  adj A  adj A 
1
. adj A
A
A
  adj A  
1
A
Ex5
 2 1 3 
Find matrix A, if adj A   2 3 11 
 
 2 1 5
SOL
A
  adj A           1
1

A
now adj A  2  4   1 12   3  2  6   16
4 8 20 
adj  adj A   12 4 16 
 
 4 4 8 
1 1
 adj A  . adj  adj A  ;  B . adj  B 
1 1

adj A B
 4 8 20  1 2 5 
1  1
 12 4 16   3 1 4  ..........  2 
16   4 
 4 4 8  1 1 2 
1 2 5
3 1 4
1 2 5 
A 1 1 1 2
u sin g  1 and  2  , we get  3 1 4 
A 4  4
1 1 2 
1 2 5 
A  3 1 4  ; A 4
 
1 1 2 
Ex6
3 2 2 
if A  1 3 1  , find adj A, A1.
 
5 3 4 
 9 2 4 
adj A   1 2 1
 
 12 1 7 
Sol
 9 2 4 
1
A1   1 2 1
5 
 12 1 7 
ORTHOGONAL Matrix
A real square matrix Ais called orthogonal if AA1  A1 A  I

Property
If A is Orthogonal then
1) A  1
2) A1  A1
Elementary Transformations
Ri  kR j
1) Elementary row transformations:
Ci  kC j
2) Elementary column transformations:
Elementary Matrices: A matrix obtained from unit matrix by performing on it

a single elementary row or column transformations is called elementary matrix.
Rank of a matrix
r is called the rank of the matrix A, if
1) There exists at least one minor of order r of A, which is non-zero
2) Every minor of order greater than r is zero.
The rank of a matrix remains unchanged by elementary transformations.
Rank of A= rank of B
Corollary
Pre-multiplication and/or post multiplication by a finite sequence of
elementary row and/or column matrices does not alter the rank of a matrix.
Rank of transpose is same as the rank of matrix A.
Rank of the product of two matrices cannot exceed the rank of either matrix.
 Ir 0
0 0  by a finite
Every m x n matrix of rank r, can be reduced to the form 
Sequence of elementary transformations.
This is called Normal form or Canonical form.
Ex3
Find the condition/value of p for which the following matrix A will have
1) Rank 1; 2) rank 2; 3) rank 3
3 p p
A p 3 p
 
 p p 3 
Sol
A  3 9  p2   p  3 p  p2   p  p2  3 p 
 27  3 p 2  3 p 2  p 3  p 3  3 p 2  2 p 3  9 p 2  27
if A  0; ie 2 p 3  9 p 2  27  0; the rank of A  3
 3 p p 
p 3 3 p 0 
 
by R2  R1 and R3  R1 ; we get  p  3 0 3  p 
hence if A  0; ie 2 p 3  9 p 2  27  0 and if p  3; the rank of A  2
lastly, if p=3 the matrix becomes
3 3 3
0 0 0
0 0 0
Hence if p=3; rank=1

BTech Sem I Matrices FN

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BTech Sem I Matrices FN

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Matrices

A square matrix whose determinant is zero is called singular matrix.

Zero Or null Matrix

A matrix obtained by interchanging rows and columns is called transpose.

aij  a ji for all i, j

Minors and cofactors

co  factor of element aij is the minor of a ij with the sign  1

 A A1  I n ,  A A1  I n note : AB  A B

A real square matrix Ais called orthogonal if AA1  A1 A  I

Elementary Matrices: A matrix obtained from unit matrix by performing on it

The rank of a matrix remains unchanged by elementary transformations.

Rank of transpose is same as the rank of matrix A.

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