442 A. GHOSH, T. MANDAL, S.

DAS, DESIGN OF TRIPLE BAND SLOT-PATCH ANTENNA WITH IMPROVED GAIN …

Design of Triple Band Slot-Patch Antenna with Improved

Gain Using Triple Band Artificial Magnetic Conductor
Anumoy GHOSH 1, Tapan MANDAL 2, Santanu DAS 3
1
Dept. of Electronics & Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Mizoram, Aizawl, India
2
Dept. of Information Technology, Govt. College of Engineering and Textile Technology, Serampore, India
3
Dept. of Electronics & Telecommun. Engineering, Indian Inst. of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Manuscript received January 29, 2016

Abstract. A CPW-fed triple band slot-patch antenna is At a certain frequency, AMC has the property of re-
designed to resonate at 3.60 GHz, 5.86 GHz and 8.53 GHz. flecting the incident wave without any phase reversal be-
The structure makes use of two types of radiators. A slot having as a perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) [13]. Vari-
structure is made which behaves like a half wave dipole at ous AMC structures [14–18] have been developed to
3.60 GHz. The other two resonating frequencies are gen- behave as PMC at multiple frequencies. Previous literature
erated by two metallic structures inserted within the slot. show that gain enhancement using AMC is limited to sin-
All the three resonant frequencies are independent of each gle and dual band antennas only. Though in [18], a triple
other. Moreover, to achieve better gain, a triple band arti- band AMC has been designed to provide three separate
ficial magnetic conductor (AMC) is designed and placed at resonant bands where it gives high gain, it does not
a certain distance below the antenna structure. The AMC increase the gain of any existing resonant band.
shows zero reflection phase at all the three resonating
This work proposes a new type of antenna which uses
frequencies of the antenna. A detailed analysis of the AMC
both slot and patch as radiators. The lowest frequency is
is presented. Significant improvement in gain is obtained at
generated by a CPW fed slot antenna. The other two fre-
all the three resonating frequencies. Radiation patterns of
quencies are obtained by placing two different metallic
the antenna are stable with considerably low cross polari-
radiators symmetric to the feedline. The metallic radiators
zation in both E and H planes in all the three frequencies.
are so designed that they occupy the space of the slot
A prototype of the triple band antenna with AMC is fabri-
antenna. Hence, the surface area acquired by the antenna
cated and the measured results are in good agreement with
does not increase. Triple band AMC is designed which
the simulated results.
behaves like PMC at the corresponding frequencies of the
triple band antenna. The AMC unit cell has three resonator
structures to excite PMC characteristic at triple frequen-
Keywords cies. This AMC is used at a minimum distance below the
antenna substrate where impedance matching is satisfac-
Triple band, slot-patch, gain, artificial magnetic tory at the triple frequencies. The AMC increases the gain
conductor (AMC) of the antenna at all the three frequencies significantly.

1. Introduction 2. Design Considerations

Multiband antennas have been the subject of research
for quite a long time. Previous works include stacked patch 2.1 Triple Band Antenna Geometry
radiators [1], [2], slots on patch radiator [3], [4], intercon-
nected patch or slot radiators and defected ground planes Figure 1 shows the progressive development of the
[5–7]. These structures either increase the profile of the CPW fed triple band antenna. The antenna is designed on
antenna or consume a significant area of the antenna sub- FR4 substrate with relative permittivity εr = 4.4 and loss
strate or cross polar radiation increases. Moreover, these tangent tan δ = 0.02. The dimensions of the substrate are
structures do not provide significant gain. Partially re- 60 mm × 60 mm × 1.6 mm. The feedline has length
flecting surface above the antenna [8], artificial magnetic 30.5 mm and width W = 3 mm. Antenna 1 consists of a slot
conductors [9], [10] and metamaterials [11], [12] have been radiator with dimensions S1 = 22 mm, S2 = 3 mm,
used for gain enhancement. But none of them have been S3 = 9 mm. It behaves as a half wave dipole antenna.
used for improvement of gain of multiband antennas. Antenna 2 consists of two symmetrically placed split ring

DOI: 10.13164/re.2016.0442 ELECTROMAGNETICS

RADIOENGINEERING, VOL. 25, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2016 443

(a)
(a) (b)

(b)

(c)
Fig. 2. AMC configuration: (a) AMC top surface; (b) AMC
unit cell; (c) AMC unit cell simulation set up.

A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

(c) 12.9 1.0 1.0 3.87 1.8 1.2 5.5 2.5 5.2 1.0 1.0

Fig. 1. Top view of slot patch antenna (partial substrate is

shown): (a) Antenna 1 (single band); (b) Antenna 2 Tab. 1. Dimensions of AMC unit cell (in mm).
(dual band); (c) Antenna 3 (triple band).

metallic radiators at the two sides of the feedline inside the

slot antenna. Its dimensions are R1 = 2.4 mm, R2 = 6 mm,
R3 = 0.4 mm, R4 = 1.6 mm. In antenna 3, two rectangular
radiating patches are connected with the two split ring
radiators with a metallic strip of dimensions L1 = 1 mm,
L2 = 0.4 mm. The rectangular patches have dimensions
P1 = 1.6 mm, P2 = 1.4 mm. Fig. 3. Orientation of antenna (Antenna 3) with AMC (side
view).

2.2 Triple Band AMC Design tance of g = 5.9 mm below the antenna as shown in Fig. 3.
This is the minimum distance found through simulation
Figure 2 exhibits the AMC surface along with its unit which gives good impedance matching.
cell structure and simulation set-up. The surface consists of
a 4 × 4 array of grounded metallic structures on FR4 sub-
strate of dimensions 60 mm × 60 mm × 1.6 mm. Fig- 2.3 Analytical Modeling of Triple Band AMC
ure 2(c) shows the arrangement of RIS unit cell for simula-
At frequencies when the surface behaves as AMC
tion. The grounded unit cell is placed in a radiation box.
(when reflection phase is null), a resonance occurs. Hence,
Two opposite faces of the box are made perfect electric
the resonance phenomenon of the unit cell has to be inves-
conductor (PEC). The remaining two opposite faces are
tigated. In Fig. 4a, the metallic strip responsible for first
assigned the property of perfect magnetic conductor
resonance of the AMC is marked in blue color. The strip
(PMC). These boundary conditions are used for imaging
acts as a stepped impedance resonator (SIR) supporting
the unit cell to infinite extent in both x and y axes [19] thus
a quasi-TEM mode of wave propagation. Figure 4b illus-
giving an effect of periodic arrangement of the unit cell.
trates the SIR separately. Referring to this figure, the reso-
Plane wave excitation is used where the electric field is
nance condition of SIR is [20], [21],
parallel to x-axis and the wave vector illuminates the sur-
Z3 .
face of the RIS unit cell normally. The dimensions of the tan 1  tan  2   (1a)
unit cell are given in Table 1. The AMC is placed at a dis- Z1
444 A. GHOSH, T. MANDAL, S. DAS, DESIGN OF TRIPLE BAND SLOT-PATCH ANTENNA WITH IMPROVED GAIN …

0.371
w
 
Q2  1   
d , (6c)
2.358 r  1
 1.9413

0.5274 1  w  Q2  , (6d)
(a) Q3  1  tan 0.084   
 eff
0.9236
 d  

  w  
1.456

 
Q4  1  0.0377 6  5e 0.0361 r  tan 1 0.067   ,(6e)
  d  
Q5  1  0.218e 7.5 w / d . (6f)
(b)
On solving (1-6), the first resonant frequency of the AMC
Fig. 4. (a) AMC unit cell identifying various regions (given by f1) can be obtained.
responsible for its resonance; (b) Stepped Impedance
Resonator illustrating its electrical lengths. The metallic strips contributing to the next two reso-
Z1 is the characteristic impedance of the microstrip lines nant frequencies of the AMC are marked in yellow (for the
having electrical length 2θ1 and Z3 is the characteristic second resonance) and green (for the third resonance)
impedance of the combination of two microstrip sections of colors in Fig. 4a. Each of the metallic strip acts as a half
electrical length θ2 at the end of the SIR which are in par- wave resonating structure corresponding to their respective
allel connection (refer to Fig. 4b). If Z2 is the characteristic resonant frequencies. The length of the yellow strip is l3 =
impedance of each microstrip section of electrical length A1 + 2Δl. In this case, the metallic strip is open at both the
θ2, then Z3 = Z2/2. Hence, equation (1a) can be modified as ends. Hence, for each end, an extra length Δl is taken to
calculate the effective length of the metal strip. The length
Z2 .
tan 1  tan  2   (1b) of the green strip is l4 = 2B1 + 2Δl + 1 mm. Hence, the
2Z1 second and third resonant frequencies f2 and f3 respectively,
Characteristic impedance Z of a microstrip line is given as are obtained as,
[22] c
f2  , (7)
60  8d w  w 2l3  eff
Z ln   , 1. (2)
 eff  w 4d  d c
f3  . (8)
Here, w is the width of microstrip line and d is the substrate 2l4  eff
thickness. The effective permittivity εeff can be determined
as [22]
1 / 2
r  1 r 1  d 3. Results and Discussions
 eff    1  12  . (3)
2 2  w
The electrical lengths can be obtained as follows
3.1 Triple Band Antenna Response
2 f
21   eff  l1 , (4) Figure 5 presents the │S11│characteristic of the triple
c
band antenna. The slot radiator has a resonant frequency at
2 f 3.60 GHz. As the metallic split ring radiators are intro-
2   eff  l2 . (5)
c duced, another resonance is obtained at 5.86 GHz. On
incorporating the square patches, the third resonance is
Here, f is the resonant frequency of the first mode of SIR, c obtained at 8.53 GHz.
is the velocity of light, l1 = 2C1 + 2 mm and l2 =
(C3)/2 + Δl. The factor l is introduced to account for the
extra length contributed by the fringing electric field of 3.2 Numerical Validation of Analytical
open end microstrip line. Δl is calculated from the follow- Modeling of AMC
ing series of equations [23]
Using finite element method based numerical soft-
dQ1Q3Q5
l  , (6a) ware ANSYS HFSS v. 15, full wave simulation result of
Q4 the reflection phase characteristic of the triple band AMC
0.8544 is obtained and illustrated in Fig. 6. From the figure, it is
w
 0.236
 0.26  d 
observed that the resonant frequencies predicted by the
 eff
0.81
, (6b)
Q1  0.434907 0.81 analytical modeling of the AMC are almost similar to the
 eff  0.189  w 0.8544 result obtained from full wave simulation. A comparison of
   0.87
d  the simulated and analytical results is tabulated in Tab. 2.
RADIOENGINEERING, VOL. 25, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2016 445

First Second Third

resonance resonance resonance
Analytical 3.85 GHz 6.13 GHz 8.60 GHz
Simulation 3.60 GHz 5.89 GHz 8.53 GHz

Tab. 2. Comparison of results obtained from analytical

modeling and simulation.

The resonant frequencies where the AMC exhibits

zero reflection phase almost coincide with the resonant
frequencies of Antenna 3. Hence, the AMC can be
conveniently used for gain enhancement of Antenna 3. As
observed from Fig. 6, the bandwidth of the AMC, defined
(a) as the frequency range where the reflection phase varies
between ±90° [13], is 3.40%, 5.42% and 1.29% at
3.60 GHz, 5.89 GHz and 8.53 GHz respectively. It is to be
noted that the narrow bandwidth is a characteristic of
multiband AMC as seen in previous literature [14–18].

3.3 Gain Enhancement of Triple Band

Antenna with Triple Band AMC
A comparison of gain and bandwidth (BW) of
Antenna 3 with and without AMC is presented in Tab. 3.
The results highlight that significant gain enhancement is
achieved in all the three bands after using the AMC. The
bandwidths of the antenna change very slightly after using
(b) the AMC which can be neglected. The reason of gain en-
hancement can be attributed to the inphase reflection prop-
erty of AMC due to which back radiated waves of the
antenna are reflected by the AMC without phase reversal.
The reflected waves interfere constructively with the radi-
ated waves of the antenna. This enhances the directivity of
the antenna which, in turn, improves the gain.
A metal reflector is also capable of reflecting the
electromagnetic waves. Since a metal surface reflects
waves 180° out of phase with the incident wave, for con-
structive interference with the radiated wave, it has to be
placed at λ/4 distance below the antenna (λ is the operating
wavelength) which will increase the profile of the struc-
ture. Moreover, since the antenna is triple band, it will have
(c)
three different values of quarter wavelength. Hence, using
Fig. 5. Simulated│S11│response: (a) Antenna 1; (b) Antenna a common reflector to increase the gain at all the three
2; (c) Antenna 3. frequencies simultaneously is not possible. In order to
validate this statement, a simulation has been performed by
placing a metal reflector below Antenna 3 at the same
distance as the AMC and it is seen that though the │S11│
response of the antenna remains almost similar, the gain
deteriorates at all the three resonant frequencies.

First resonance Second resonance Third resonance

Freq. Gain BW Freq. Gain BW Freq. Gain BW
(GHz) (dBi) (%) (GHz) (dBi) (%) (GHz) (dBi) (%)
With 3.75 6.40 8.25 5.98 7.52 4.52 8.79 7.32 3.53
AMC
Without
3.60 1.45 9.72 5.86 3.64 3.41 8.53 3.19 2.68
AMC

Fig. 6. Simulated Reflection Phase characteristic of AMC Tab. 3. Comparison of gain and bandwidth of Antenna 3 with
surface. and without AMC (simulated).
446 A. GHOSH, T. MANDAL, S. DAS, DESIGN OF TRIPLE BAND SLOT-PATCH ANTENNA WITH IMPROVED GAIN …

Fig. 7. Comparison of │S11│response of Antenna 3 with and

without AMC. Fig. 9. Comparison of simulated and measured│S11│response
of antenna with AMC.
Figure 7 shows that the│S11│response of Antenna 3
remains almost unperturbed after using the AMC.

4. Fabrication and Measurement

Results
Figure 8 shows the photograph of the fabricated triple
band antenna and AMC. The │S11│characteristic of the
antenna with AMC is measured with Vector Network
Analyzer of make Agilent PNA-L 5235A. The measured
│S11│response shown in Fig. 9 reveals that the response is
almost similar to the simulated response. The slight devia-
tion from simulation result is due to some fabrication error.
Gain of the structure is measured and presented in Fig. 10.
The error in measured results is due to path loss, cable loss
and interference due to reflection from multiple objects.
The figure also compares the simulated gain of Antenna 3 Fig. 10. Comparison of simulated and measured gain of
with and without AMC and shows that in the entire opera- antenna with AMC. Gain of antenna without AMC is
also exhibited.
tional bandwidth of the antenna, the gain is increased re-
markably by the use of AMC. mains intact even after using the AMC. The backlobes are
Measured normalized radiation patterns of the struc- reduced due to the reflection of the back radiated waves by
ture in both E plane (XOZ plane) and H plane (YOZ plane) the AMC. A front-to-back ratio of nearly 14 dB or more is
are given in Fig. 11 and found to be almost similar to the observed in the radiation patterns. The radiation patterns
simulated results. To investigate the effect of the adopted are stable in all the three frequencies with considerably low
AMC on the triple band antenna, simulated radiation pat- cross polarization level.
terns of Antenna 3 without AMC (reference) have also
been included in the figure. The figure shows that the
maximum radiation direction given by the major lobe re- 5. Conclusion
A triple band antenna has been designed with good
impedance matching. The antenna has both slot and patch
radiators. A triple band AMC has been designed and its
analytical modeling is presented. The AMC is used in
conjunction with the antenna. As a result, the gain of the
antenna increases remarkably at all the three resonant fre-
quencies without any noticeable change in │S11│ response.
The radiation patterns of the antenna with AMC exhibit
(a) (b)
very low cross polarization level as compared to the co
polarization level at all the three frequencies. Moreover,
Fig. 8. Photograph of fabricated structure: (a) Triple band
antenna; (b) Triple band Artificial Magnetic due to the use of AMC, the front-to back ratio of the
Conductor. antenna is improved at all the three resonant frequencies.
RADIOENGINEERING, VOL. 25, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2016 447

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Fig. 11. Comparison of simulated and measured normalized radiation patterns of the triple band antenna with AMC: (a) E-Plane at 3.75 GHz;
(b) E-Plane at 5.98 GHz; (c) E-Plane at 8.79 GHz; (d) H-Plane at 3.75 GHz; (e) H-Plane at 5.98 GHz; (f) H-Plane at 8.79 GHz.

[7] BAKARIYA, P.S., DWARI, S., SARKAR, M., MANDAL, M.K.

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research interests include microstrip circuits, FSS, antenna
About the Authors ... elements and arrays. He is a life member of the Institution
Anumoy GHOSH was born in 1987. He received the of Engineers, India.