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Notes & Worksheets

Class - XI Chapter-2
Relations
&
Functions

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 GYAANI KEEDA
MAYUR VIHAR PH-1 EAST DELHI-110091
CLASS XI Math – Notes & Worksheet
CHAPTER-2 Relations and functions
Cartesian Products of Sets: -
Definition-1 Given two non-empty sets P and Q. The cartesian product P × Q is the set of all ordered pairs
of elements from P and Q, i.e.,
P × Q = {(p,q) : p ∈ P, q ∈ Q }

• If either P or Q is the null set, then P × Q will also be empty set, i.e., P × Q = φ
Remarks
• Two ordered pairs are equal, if and only if the corresponding first elements are equal and the second
elements are also equal.
• If there are p elements in A and q elements in B, then there will be pq elements in
A × B, i.e., if n(A) = p and n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = pq.
• If A and B are non-empty sets and either A or B is an infinite set, then so is A × B.
• A × A × A = {(a, b, c): a, b, c ∈ A}. Here (a, b, c) is called an ordered triplet.

Relations
A relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset of the Cartesian product A × B. The
subset is derived by describing a relationship between the first element and the second element of the
ordered pairs in A × B. The second element is called the image of the first element

Domain:-The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called
the domain of the relation R.

Range:-The set of all second elements in a relation R from a set A to a set B is called the range of the
relation R.

Co–domain:-The whole set B is called the codomain of the relation R. Note that range ⊂ codomain.
Remarks
• A relation may be represented algebraically either by the Roster method or by the Set-builder method.
• An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a relation.

Note: - The total number of relations that can be defined from a set A to a set B is the number of
possible subsets of A × B. If n(A ) = p and n(B) = q, then n (A × B) = pq and the total number of relations is
2𝑝𝑞

Remark:-A relation R from A to A is also stated as a relation on A.

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 Functions
Definition:-A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has one
and only one image in set B.

• In other words, a function f is a relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B such that the
domain of f is A and no two distinct ordered pairs in f have the same first element
• The function f from A to B is denoted by f: A → B
• A function which has either R or one of its subsets as its range is called a real valued function
• If its domain is also either R or a subset of R, it is called a real function.
Some functions and their graphs
(1) Identity function
Let R be the set of real numbers. Define the function f: R → R by y = f(x) = x for each x ∈ R. Such a function
is called the identity function n.
Here the domain and range of f are R.

(2) Constant function

Define the function f: R → R by y = f (x) = c, x ∈ R where c is a constant and each x ∈ R.
Here domain of 𝑓 is R and its range is {c}.

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(3) Polynomial function
A function f : R → R is said to be polynomial function if for each x in R, y = f (x) = 𝑎0 +𝑎1 x + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ...+ 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
, where n is a non-negative integer and 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ,..., 𝑎𝑛 ∈R
(i) y = f(x) = 𝑥 2 , x ∈ R.(Quadratic) (ii) f (x) = 𝑥 3 , x∈R. (cubic)
domain and range of f are R domain and range of f are R

(4) Rational functions

𝒇(𝒙)
Rational functions are functions of the type 𝒈(𝒙) , where f(x) and g(x) are polynomial functions of x defined
in a domain, where g(x) ≠ 0.
𝟏
(i) 𝐟(𝐱) =
𝐱

Domain: - R – {0}
Range: - R – {0}

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(5) The Modulus function
The function f: R→R defined by f(x) = |x| for each x ∈R is called modulus function

Domain: - R
Range: - [0, ∞]

(6) Signum function

The function f: R→R defined by

Domain: - R
Range:- {−𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏 }
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(7) Greatest integer function
The function f: R → R defined by f(x) = [x], x ∈R assumes the value of the greatest integer, less than or
equal to x. Such a function is called the greatest integer function.

Domain: - R
Range: - Z

WORKSHEET
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
Q1. If R is a relation on set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} given by xRy ⟺ y = 3x, then R =?

(a) {(3, 1), (6, 2), (8, 2), (9, 3)} (b) {(3, 1), (6, 2), (9, 3)}
(c) {(3, 1), (2, 6), (3, 9)} (d) None of these.
Q2. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 6, 9} if relation R from A to B defined by x is greater than y. the range of R is -
(a) {1, 4, 6, 9} (b) {4, 6, 9}
(c) {1} (d) None of these.
Q3. If R be a relation from a set A to a set B then -
(a) R = A ∪ B (b) R = A ∩ B
(c) R ⊆ A × B (d) R ⊆ B × A
1
Q4. If 2𝑓(𝑥) − 3𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑥 ≠ 0), then f(2) is equal to –
−7 5
(a) (b) 2
4

(c) −1 (d) None of these

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Q5. Doman of 𝑓(𝑥) = √4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 is
(a) R – [0, 4] (b) R – (0, 4)
(c) (0, 4) (d) [0, 4].
Q6. If P = {1,3}, Q = {2,3,5}, find the number of relations from P to Q
Q7. If R = {(x,y): x,y ∈ Z, x² + y² = 64}, then,
Write R in roster form

Which of the following relations are functions? Give reason.

(Questions 8 to 10)

Q8. R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5)}

Q9. R = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}

Q10. R = {(1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 8), (4, 10), (5, 12), (6, 12)}
Q11. If [𝑥 2 ] − [5] + 6 = 0 here [ . ] denote the greater integer function then -

(a) x ∈ [3, 4] (b) x ∈ (2, 3]

(c) x ∈ [2, 3] (d) x ∈ [2, 4).
Q12. Find a and b if (a – 1, b + 5) = (2, 3)

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

Q13. If A and B are finite sets such that n(A) = 5 and n(B) = 7, then find the number of functions from A to
B.

𝑓(5)−𝑓(1)
Q14. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 find the value of, 5−1

Q15. Find the domain of the real function,𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 4

𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3
Q16. Find the domain of the function, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6

Find the range of the following functions. (Question- 17, 18)

1
Q17. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4−𝑥 2

Q18. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 + 2

Q19. Find the domain of the relation,

R = {(x, y): x, y ∈ Z, xy = 4}

Q20. Let f(x) = x and g(x) = x be two functions defined over the set of nonnegative real numbers. Find (f +
𝑓
g) (x), (f – g) (x), (fg) (x) and (𝑔) (𝑥).

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Q21. R be the set of real numbers. Define the real function f: R→R by f(x) = x + 10 and sketch the graph of
this function.

Q22. If A = {–1, 1}, find A × A × A

Q23. The Cartesian product A × A has 9 elements among which are found (–1, 0) and (0,1). Find the set A
and the remaining elements of A × A.

Q24. The given Fig shows a relationship between the sets P and Q. Write this relation
(i) in set-builder form (ii) roster form. What is its domain and range?

Q25. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}. Let R be the relation on A defined by {(a, b): a , b ∈A, b is exactly divisible by a}.
(i) Write R in roster form
(ii) Find the domain of R
(iii) Find the range of R

Q26. Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by R = {(x, x + 5) : x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

Q27. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25} and R be a relation defined from A to B as,
R = {(x, y): x ∈ A, y ∈ B and y = x2}
(a) Depict this relation using arrow diagram.
(b) Find domain of R.
(c) Find range of R.
(d) Write co-domain of R.
Q28. If A = {2,4,6,9} B = {4,6,18,27,54} and a relation R from A to B is defined by R = {(a,b): a∈ A, b∈ B, a is a
factor of b and a < b}, then find in Roster form. Also find its domain and range.

𝑥 2 , When 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
Q29. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = {
2𝑥, When 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
𝑥 2 , When 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
𝑔(𝑥) = {
2𝑥, When 3 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5
Show that f is a function while g is not a function.
Q30. Find the domain and range of,
f(x) = |2x – 3| – 3
Q31. Draw the graph of the Greatest Integer function
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Q32. Draw the graph of the function |x – 2|

Find the domain and range of the following real functions

(Question 32 to 36)

Q33. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑥+1
Q34. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥−2
|𝑥+1|
Q35. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1

𝑥 2 −9
Q36. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−3

Q37. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − |𝑥 − 3|
Q38. Draw the graph of following function
|𝑥|
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 X ≠ 0
0 X=0
Also find its range.
1
Q39. 𝑓(𝑥) = √9−𝑥 2

Q40. Find the range of each of the following functions.

(i) f (x) = 2 – 3x, x ∈ R, x > 0.
(ii) f (x) = x2 + 2, x is a real number.
(iii) f (x) = x, x is a real number.
Q41. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {3, 4}. Write A × B. How many subsets will A × B have? List them.
𝑓 (1.1)−𝑓(1)
Q42. If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , find (1.1)−1)
.

𝑥2
Q43. Let 𝑓 = {(𝑥, ) : 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅} be a function from R into R. Determine the range of 𝑓
1+𝑥 2

Q44. Let 𝑓 = {(1,1), (2,3), (0, – 1), (– 1, – 3)} be a function from Z to Z defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏, for
some integers a, b. Determine a, b.
Q45. Let A ={1,2,3,4}, B = {1,5,9,11,15,16} and f = {(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)} Are the following true?
(i) f is a relation from A to B
(ii) f is a function from A to B.
Justify your answer in each case.
Q46. Let f be the subset of Z × Z defined by f = {(ab, a + b) : a, b ∈ Z}. Is f a function from Z to Z? Justify your
answer

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 ANSWERS
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
Q1. (d)
Q2. (c)
Q3. (c)
Q4. (a)
Q5. (d)
Q6. 26 = 64
Q7. R = { (0,8), (0,–8), (8,0), (–8,0)}
Q8. Not a function because 4 has two images.
Q9. Not a function because 2 does not have a unique image.
Q10. Function because every element in the domain has its unique image.

Q11. (d)

Q12. a = 3, b = –2

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

Q13. 75
Q14. 31
Q15. (–∞, –2] ∪ [2, ∞)
Q16. R – {2,3}
Q17. (–∞, 0) ∪ [1/4, ∞)
Q18. [2, ∞)
Q19. {–4, –2, –1,1, 2, 4}
3 1
𝑓 √𝑥
Q20. (𝑓 + 𝑔)(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 𝑥, (𝑓 – 𝑔) (𝑥) = √𝑥 − 𝑥, (𝑓𝑔)𝑥 = √𝑥(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , (𝑔) (𝑥) = = 𝑥 −2 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑥

Q21.

Q22. A × A = {(– 1, – 1), (– 1, 1), (1, – 1), (1, 1)} A × A × A = {(–1, –1, –1), (–1, –1, 1), (–1, 1, –1), (–1, 1, 1), (1,
–1, –1), (1, –1, 1), (1, 1, –1), (1, 1, 1)}
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Q23. A = {–1, 0, 1}, remaining elements of A × A are (–1, –1), (–1, 1), (0, –1), (0, 0), (1, –1), (1, 0), (1, 1)
Q24. (i) R = {(x, y) : y = x – 2 for x = 5, 6, 7} (ii) R = {(5,3), (6,4), (7,5)}. Domain of R = {5, 6, 7},
Range of R = {3, 4, 5}
Q25. (i) R = {(1, 1), (1,2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2 4), (2, 6), (2, 2), (4, 4), (6, 6), (3, 3), (3, 6)}
(iii) Domain of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6} (iii) Range of R = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6}
(iv)
Q26. Domain of R = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,} Range of R = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

Q27.

(b) {1, 2, 3, 4}
(c) {1, 4, 9, 16}
(d) {1, 4, 9,16, 25}
Q28. R = { (2,4) (2,6) (2,18) (2,54) (6,18) (6,54) (9,18) (9,27) (9,54) }
Domain is R = {2,6,9}
Range of R = { 4, 6, 18, 27, 54}
Q30. Domain is R
Range is [–3, ∞)
Q32.

Q33. Domain = R,
Range = [2, ∞)
Q34. Domain = R – {2}
Range = R – {1}
Q35. Domain = R – {–1}
Range = {1, –1}
Q36. Domain = R – {3}
Range = R – {6}
Q37. Domain = R
Range =(–∞, 1]
Q38. Range of f = {–1,0,1}
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Q39. (–3, 3)
Q40. (i) Range = (–∞, 2) (ii) Range = [2,∞) (iii) Range = R
Q41. A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4)} A × B will have 24 = 16 subsets

Q42. 2.1

Q43. Range = [0, 1)

Q44. a = 2, b = – 1

Q45. (i) Yes, (ii) No

Q46. No

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