Other mainframe operating systems

Control Data Corporation developed the SCOPE operating systems in the

1960s, for batch processing and later developed the MACE operating system
for time sharing, which was the basis for the later Kronos. In cooperation
with the University of Minnesota, the Kronos and later the NOS operating
systems were developed during the 1970s, which supported simultaneous
batch and time sharing use. Like many commercial time sharing systems, its
interface was an extension of the DTSS time sharing system, one of the
pioneering efforts in timesharing and programming languages.

In the late 1970s, Control Data and the University of Illinois developed the
PLATO system, which used plasma panel displays and long-distance time
sharing networks. PLATO was remarkably innovative for its time; the shared
memory model of PLATO's TUTOR programming language allowed
applications such as real-time chat and multi-user graphical games.

For the UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC, the first commercial computer manufacturer,
produced the EXEC I operating system, and Computer Sciences Corporation
developed the EXEC II operating system and delivered it to UNIVAC. EXEC II
was ported to the UNIVAC 1108. Later, UNIVAC developed the EXEC 8
operating system for the 1108; it was the basis for operating systems for
later members of the family. Like all early mainframe systems, EXEC I and
EXEC II were a batch-oriented system that managed magnetic drums, disks,
card readers and line printers; EXEC 8 supported both batch processing and
on-line transaction processing. In the 1970s, UNIVAC produced the Real-
Time Basic (RTB) system to support large-scale time sharing, also patterned
after the Dartmouth BASIC system.

RISE OF VIRTUALIZATION
Operating systems originally ran directly on the hardware itself and provided
services to applications, but with virtualization, the operating system itself
runs under the control of a hypervisor, instead of being in direct control of
the hardware.

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On mainframes IBM introduced the notion of a virtual machine in 1968 with
CP/CMS on the IBM System/360 Model 67, and extended this later in 1972
with Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370) on System/370.

On x86-based personal computers, VMware popularized this technology with

their 1999 product, VMware Workstation,[14] and their 2001 VMware GSX
Server and VMware ESX Server products. Later, a wide range of products
from others, including Xen, KVM and Hyper-V meant that by 2010 it was
reported that more than 80 percent of enterprises had a virtualization
program or project in place, and that 25 percent of all server workloads
would be in a virtual machine.

Over time, the line between virtual machines, monitors, and operating
systems was blurred:

• Hypervisors grew more complex, gaining their own application

programming interface, memory management or file system.

• Virtualization becomes a key feature of operating systems, as

exemplified by KVM and LXC in Linux, Hyper-V in Windows Server 2008 or
HP Integrity Virtual Machines in HP-UX.

• In some systems, such as POWER5 and POWER6-based servers from

IBM, the hypervisor is no longer optional.

• Radically simplified operating systems, such as CoreOS have been

designed to run only on virtual systems.

• Applications have been re-designed to run directly on a virtual

machine monitor.

In many ways, virtual machine software today plays the role formerly held
by the operating system, including managing the hardware resources
(processor, memory, I/O devices), applying scheduling policies, or allowing
system administrators to manage the system.

Burroughs Corporation introduced the B5000 in 1961 with the MCP (Master
Control Program) operating system. The B5000 was a stack machine
designed to exclusively support high-level languages, with no software, not
even at the lowest level of the operating system, being written directly in

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machine language or assembly language; the MCP was the first[citation
needed] OS to be written entirely in a high-level language - ESPOL, a dialect
of ALGOL 60 - although ESPOL had specialized statements for each
"syllable"[NB 2] in the B5000 instruction set. MCP also introduced many
other ground-breaking innovations, such as being one of[NB 3] the first
commercial implementations of virtual memory. The rewrite of MCP for the
B6500 is still in use today in the Unisys ClearPath/MCP line of computers.

GE introduced the GE-600 series with the General Electric Comprehensive

Operating Supervisor (GECOS) operating system in 1962. After Honeywell
acquired GE's computer business, it was renamed to General Comprehensive
Operating System (GCOS). Honeywell expanded the use of the GCOS name
to cover all its operating systems in the 1970s, though many of its
computers had nothing in common with the earlier GE 600 series and their
operating systems were not derived from the original GECOS.

Project MAC at MIT, working with GE and Bell Labs, developed Multics, which
introduced the concept of ringed security privilege levels.

Digital Equipment Corporation developed TOPS-10 for its PDP-10 line of 36-
bit computers in 1967. Before the widespread use of Unix, TOPS-10 was a
particularly popular system in universities, and in the early ARPANET
community. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman developed TENEX for a modified
PDP-10 that supported demand paging; this was another popular system in
the research and ARPANET communities, and was later developed by DEC
into TOPS-20.

Scientific Data Systems/Xerox Data Systems developed several operating

systems for the Sigma series of computers, such as the Basic Control
Monitor (BCM), Batch Processing Monitor (BPM), and Basic Time-Sharing
Monitor (BTM). Later, BPM and BTM were succeeded by the Universal Time-
Sharing System (UTS); it was designed to provide multi-programming
services for online (interactive) user programs in addition to batch-mode

pg. 3
production jobs, It was succeeded by the CP-V operating system, which
combined UTS with the heavily batch-oriented Xerox Operating System.

Real-Time Operating System

A real-time operating system is an important type of operating system used to provide
services and data processing resources for applications in which the time interval
required to process & respond to input/output should be so small without any delay
real-time system. For example, real-life situations governing an automatic car, traffic
signal, nuclear reactor or an aircraft require an immediate response to complete tasks
within a specified time delay. Hence, a real-time operating system must be fast and
responsive for an embedded system, weapon system, robots, scientific research &
experiments and various real-time objects.

Types of the real-time operating system:

o Hard Real-Time System

These types of OS are used with those required to complete critical tasks within
the defined time limit. If the response time is high, it is not accepted by the
system or may face serious issues like a system failure. In a hard real-time
system, the secondary storage is either limited or missing, so these system
stored data in the ROM.
o Soft Real-Time System
A soft real-time system is a less restrictive system that can accept software and
hardware resources delays by the operating system. In a soft real-time system,
a critical task prioritizes less important tasks, and that priority retains active until
completion of the task. Also, a time limit is set for a specific job, which enables
short time delays for further tasks that are acceptable. For example, computer
audio or video, virtual reality, reservation system, projects like undersea, etc.

Generations of Operating System

The First Generation (1940 to early 1950s)

When the first electronic computer was developed in 1940, it was created without any
operating system. In early times, users have full access to the computer machine and
write a program for each task in absolute machine language. The programmer can

pg. 4
perform and solve only simple mathematical calculations during the computer
generation, and this calculation does not require an operating system.

The Second Generation (1955 - 1965)

The first operating system (OS) was created in the early 1950s and was known
as GMOS. General Motors has developed OS for the IBM computer. The second-
generation operating system was based on a single stream batch processing system
because it collects all similar jobs in groups or batches and then submits the jobs to the
operating system using a punch card to complete all jobs in a machine. At each
completion of jobs (either normally or abnormally), control transfer to the operating
system that is cleaned after completing one job and then continues to read and initiates
the next job in a punch card. After that, new machines were called mainframes, which
were very big and used by professional operators.

The Third Generation (1965 - 1980)

During the late 1960s, operating system designers were very capable of developing a
new operating system that could simultaneously perform multiple tasks in a single
computer program called multiprogramming. The introduction
of multiprogramming plays a very important role in developing operating systems
that allow a CPU to be busy every time by performing different tasks on a computer at
the same time. During the third generation, there was a new development of
minicomputer's phenomenal growth starting in 1961 with the DEC PDP-1. These PDP's
leads to the creation of personal computers in the fourth generation.

The Fourth Generation (1980 - Present Day)

The fourth generation of operating systems is related to the development of the

personal computer. However, the personal computer is very similar to the
minicomputers that were developed in the third generation. The cost of a personal
computer was very high at that time; there were small fractions of minicomputers
costs. A major factor related to creating personal computers was the birth of Microsoft
and the Windows operating system. Microsoft created the first window operating
system in 1975. After introducing the Microsoft Windows OS, Bill Gates and Paul Allen
had the vision to take personal computers to the next level. Therefore, they introduced
the MS-DOS in 1981; however, it was very difficult for the person to understand its
cryptic commands. Today, Windows has become the most popular and most commonly
used operating system technology. And then, Windows released various operating
systems such as Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP and the latest operating
system, Windows 7. Currently, most Windows users use the Windows 10 operating
system. Besides the Windows operating system, Apple is another popular operating
system built in the 1980s, and this operating system was developed by Steve Jobs, a
co-founder of Apple. They named the operating system Macintosh OS or Mac OS.

pg. 5
Advantages of Operating System
o It is helpful to monitor and regulate resources.

o It can easily operate since it has a basic graphical user interface to communicate
with your device.
o It is used to create interaction between the users and the computer application
or hardware.
o The performance of the computer system is based on the CPU.

o The response time and throughput time of any process or program are fast.

o It can share different resources like fax, printer, etc.

o It also offers a forum for various types of applications like system and web
application.

Disadvantage of the Operating System

o It allows only a few tasks that can run at the same time.

o It any error occurred in the operating system; the stored data can be destroyed.

o It is a very difficult task or works for the OS to provide entire security from the
viruses because any threat or virus can occur at any time in a system.
o An unknown user can easily use any system without the permission of the
original user.
o The cost of operating system costs is very high.

Operating systems are an evolving work in progress. Developers learn lessons

from previous concepts to improve the next. Batch Process overcame the
problem of scheduling and job setup posed by Serial Processing. However, it was
still an inefficient system causing long delays between jobs. Both Multitasking
and Time-Sharing resolved the issues of processor idle time allowing multiple
jobs and users to interact simultaneously. Hardware vendors have an important
role with improving performance by creating better processors and I/O controls.
Current technology continues using Multitasking and Time-Sharing concepts.
However, today graphical user interfaces incorporate them within desktop
environments.

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