Week 10 Module
Week 10 Module
The only distinguishable characteristic of organic compounds is that all contain the
element carbon. Carbon is the most common element present in all biodegradable materials.
Carbon has a unique ability to bond together, may form a long chains and rings. G.N. Lewis
in 1916 proposed a shared-electron bond and now called covalent bond. The carbon bonded
to other atoms, not by losing nor gaining, instead by sharing its
electrons.
The four (4) valence electrons of carbon represents the
4 dots of carbon in its Lewis structure:
A stable molecule results when a valence octet of electrons (Octet Rule) has been
achieved for all atoms in a
molecule, as shown below:
Carbon has 4 valence electrons that can form a maximum of four covalent bonds.
Bonds are usually represented by a short, straight line connecting the atoms, with each
bond representing a shared pair of electrons
Electron sharing occurs when two atoms approach and their atomic orbitals overlap.
Bonds that have circular cross-section and are formed by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals
are called sigma(α) bonds. Bonds form by sideways overlap of p-orbitals are called pi(π)
bonds.
Two carbon atoms can form a covalent bond by sharing a pair of electrons, which will either
form into a structure of saturated hydrocarbon and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
This model represents the carbon atom and the directions where
the chemical bond is formed. Using the stick as the bond, and at its
end will be joined with hydrogen (a white ball).
Alkanes, whose general formula is CnH2n+2, also called paraffins (meaning, ‘low
affinity’), are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. They are classified as saturated
hydrocarbons (with all carbon atoms linked by single bonds).Therefore, for an alkane with
five carbon atoms, the formula would be C5H12. The simplest alkane is methane, CH4, a
major component of natural gas and is used for some heating in cold countries.
Table 1. Alkanes
ethene
1-butene
Alkynes, containing one or more triple bonds, (C≡C) have the general formula of
CnH2n-2. The simplest alkyne, a highly reactive molecule used in oxyacetylene torches is
acetylene or ethyne, C2H2.
ethyne
propyne
PRE-TEST
Multiple Choice: Choose the best answer. Write the corresponding letter of your choice on
the blank provided before each number.
____ 1) An organic (carbon molecule) bond represents ____?
a. a transfer of protons c. a pair of shared electrons
b. a transfer of electrons d. a pair of shared protons
____ 5)Princess wants to remove her nail polish. What must she use?
a. gasoline c. ethanol
b. vinegar d. acetone
_______ as element is present in sample like charcoal, paper and even in a precious
stone like __________.
Atoms with four (4) or more valence electrons like carbon form as many bonds as
they need electrons to fill their valence shells and thereby reach a stable ______.
It is important to always count the number of bonds of each particular atom. Carbon
should have ______ bonds. Hydrogen has only one (1) bond, oxygen with two (2) bonds,
nitrogen could have ________ bonds, and only one (1) bond for halogens.
Carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, with more than one bond, could possible formed
___________ bond (double or triple bond).
B. In the table 1, the names of the alkanes are written using a system that tells
us the exact number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon compound. How is
this method done? On the table below, please write down your observation by
providing the added group of words (affix) for each hydrocarbon compound
name. The first one has been done for you.
1 methane Meth-
10
EVALUATION
Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully. Choose the BEST answer. Write
the letter of your answer on the space provided before each number.
____ 1.)Princess wants to remove her nail polish. What must she use?
a. gasoline c. ethanol
b. vinegar d. acetone
____2.) Which alkane would likely to have a very low boiling point?
a. butane b. hexane c. pentane d. propane
____ 4.)How many types of bonds are there in the given hydrocarbon compound:
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
____5.To which group of hydrocarbons does the molecule with the structure below?
Directions: Write a reflective learning about what you have learned in our lesson this week, write
your answer in the given space. You may express it in a more critical and creative
presentation of your great learning. Have fun and enjoy!
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Prepared by:
CAROL JOY A. CAIS
Science Teacher
Key Answers WEEK 10
Pre-Assessment
1) C
2) D
3) D
4) D
5) D
6) A
7) D
8) D
9) C
10)B
LESSON 2
What’s New
• Styrene
• Methane
• Ethene
• Ethyne
• Butane
1 methane Meth-
2 ethane Eth-
3 propane Prop-
4 butane But-
5 pentane Pent-
6 hexane Hex-
7 heptane Hept-
8 octane Oct-
9 nonane Non-
10 decane Dec-
UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS: Alkenes and Alkynes
SELF-CHECK
1) Alkene
2) Alkyne
3) Alkene
4) Alkyne
HYDROCARBON NOMENCLATURE
SELF-CHECK
1) Heptane
2) 1-Pentene
3) 3-Nonyne
4) 3-Hexene
5) Decane
POST TEST
1) D
2) D
3) C
4) A
5) D
6) D
7) D
8) D
9) B
10)C