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Transient Flow Analysis:: DR - Nasiruddinshaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (Me 541)

1) Transient flow analysis examines unsteady flow devices where properties vary over time, unlike steady state analysis. Control volumes can change size and shape. 2) For charging a rigid tank, the enthalpy of the fluid entering equals the final internal energy of the fluid in the tank if kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 3) For discharging an ideal gas from a tank, the temperature decreases according to Tvk-1=constant, where k is the specific heat ratio and v is specific volume. The specific entropy remains constant during discharge.

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144 views7 pages

Transient Flow Analysis:: DR - Nasiruddinshaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (Me 541)

1) Transient flow analysis examines unsteady flow devices where properties vary over time, unlike steady state analysis. Control volumes can change size and shape. 2) For charging a rigid tank, the enthalpy of the fluid entering equals the final internal energy of the fluid in the tank if kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 3) For discharging an ideal gas from a tank, the temperature decreases according to Tvk-1=constant, where k is the specific heat ratio and v is specific volume. The specific entropy remains constant during discharge.

Uploaded by

Nadeem Tanwari
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Dr.

NasiruddinShaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (ME 541)

Lecture 3
Transient Flow Analysis:
 Transient Flow Analysis is the analysis of unsteady flow
devices.
 One of the examples of unsteady device is a wind turbine
operating through the discharge of a high pressure
compressed gas stored in a large tank.
 In steady state analysis the control volume is usually
considered fixed in space, size and shape.
 In transient flow analysis the control volume is allowed to
vary the size and shape.
 In transient flow problems, thermodynamic properties as well
as work, heat and mass transfer rate may varies in time
 Therefore in energy equation
 And

 Since in transient analysis the control volume remains fixed in


space therefore
 Integrating the above energy equation over t, we get

 The right hand side of the above equation may take one of the
two formats, depending on the type of process under
investigation. That are:

or

1
Dr.NasiruddinShaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (ME 541)

 Charging and discharging of a rigid tank are the common


unsteady problems.
Charging Process:
 Consider, initially evacuated rigid tank connected through a
closed valve to a high pressure line.
 The energy equation will be:

 Since work term is zero and if kinetic and potential energies


are negligible then the above equation is reduced to

 If the tank is heavily insulated or the tank is allowed to fill


rapidly then the process can be analysis on the basis of
negligible heat transfer.

Where i and f represent the initial and final states within the control volume.
 The integration of hdm is difficult because the enthalpy of the
mass crossing the control surface varies with time.
 Assuming the quantity of the fluid bleeds from the line is
small compared to the quantity flowing through the line. Then
the properties of the fluid at the entrance to the value remain
same as properties of fluid in the line.
 And if we assume uniform flow then

Where subscript L represents line conditions


 Since the tank was initially evacuated and mf equals mL,
therefore;

2
Dr.NasiruddinShaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (ME 541)

 That is the enthalpy of the fluid in high pressure line is


numerically equals to the internal energy of the fluid within
the control volume.
 The above result is completely general as the nature of the
fluid has not specified yet.
 If the fluid is an ideal gas then
and
 And therefore,
Where k is the specific heat ratio.
 Since k for many gases ranges from 1.25 to 1.4 and therefore
for an ideal gas charges into a rigid tank, Tfis always greater
than TL .
 For real gases Tabular data is used to find out the final state of
the fluid after charging at a certain pressure.

Discharging Process:
 Neglecting the kinetic and potential energies associated with
either the control volume or the mass leaving the tank.
 No shaft work involve in discharging process.
 Assuming negligible heat transfer.
 If we considered the differential form of the energy equation

 The reduced form of the above energy equation will be:

Theabove equation can be arranged as:

3
Dr.NasiruddinShaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (ME 541)

Or (1)
 From the definition of enthalpy h-u =Pv
 From the basic definition V=mv
 Or dV = mdv + vdm
 But the volume of the control volume is constant; dV =0
 Therefore (A)
 Substitution of these two basic relations in equation 1

 Or du + pdv =0 (2)
 But we know that Tds = du + pdv (3)
 Comparison of the (2) and (3) yields
Tds =0,
 Since T cannot be zero and therefore ds =0; s = constant
 Means under the stated assumptions when the fluid discharge
from a pressurized vessel, the specific entropy within the
control volume remains same.
 However, the total entropy of the control volume decreases as
the mass decreases.
 If an ideal gas is discharging from the tank then we derived
relation:

 That is Tvk-1 = constant


 Differentiating the above equation we get

Or
4
Dr.NasiruddinShaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (ME 541)

 Equation a becomes

 Integrating above equation we get:

or

 If pressure ratio is known instead of temperature ratio the


compatible equation becomes

Transient Analysis with Boundary work:


 Consider a weighted piston cylinder assembly (fig 1-4),
initially contained known quantity of a gas at a know state.
 The assembly is connected through a valve to a high pressure
line.
 Assume the fluid in the line is same as the fluid in the piston
cylinder assembly
 When fluid enters in the system the upper boundary moves
the control volume and changes size therefore boundary work
occurs.
 Assume that the entering gas quickly equilibrate with the gas
already present in the control volume, and a uniform and
constant pressure is maintained by the piston on the gas.
 Then the work done by the gas on the surrounding is –PΔV
 Assume the process is adiabatic

5
Dr.NasiruddinShaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (ME 541)

 Although the centre of mass of the control volume changes in


elevation, assume this potential energy effect is negligible.
 The basic energy equation is

 After applying the assumptions we get

Or

 Since the flow in the line is steady we can integrate hdm


directly and obtained
(B)
 The unknown in the above equation are mL, mf and uf,
whereas, mL =mf - mi
 Thus actually we have two unknowns mf and uf
 To solve equation B another relationship is required
 The second relation is found from the knowledge of final
volume Vf .
 Vf is given, Since Vf =mf.vf where both mf and vf are unknown.
 However vf and uf are dependent variables.
 Thus a suitable equation of state (such as ideal gas equation)
which relates uf and vf is required.
 Since u=cvT therefore

 From ideal gas equation


therefore

6
Dr.NasiruddinShaikh Advanced Thermodynamics (ME 541)

 Since R =cp –cv and therefore

Example 1-2

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