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28 09

The document discusses relational algebra operations including select, project, rename, union, difference, intersection, and cartesian product. It provides examples of using the union operation on tables to combine rows and remove duplicates.

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Mahesh Dhole
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30 views3 pages

28 09

The document discusses relational algebra operations including select, project, rename, union, difference, intersection, and cartesian product. It provides examples of using the union operation on tables to combine rows and remove duplicates.

Uploaded by

Mahesh Dhole
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relational Algebra:

---------------------
is a procedural query language. Its main purpose is:
* take relations as input and results other relations as output.

There are some fundamental opearations of relational algebra.


- Select(σ)
- Projection(π)
- Rename (ρ)
- Union operation (υ)
- Set Difference (-)
- Intersection(∩)
- Cartesian product(X)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------
GENERAL statement:
P [col_names] S [condition] (table_name)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

* After discussion on 'select' and 'projection' we came to know that, both symbols
are to replaces some keywords in query.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------

UNION operation (U)


---------------------

* The UNION operation operforms union between specified tables and specified
relations.
* To specify the union, use syntax:
(T1 U T2)

To specify the UNION operation, there are some rules.


- T1 and T2 must have same numbers of columns/attributes
- The attribute's metadata must also be compatible/same
- Duplicate records/rows gets automatically removed.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------

create table book_authors


(
author_name varchar(25),
book_title varchar(20)
....
....
)

create table article_writers


(
article_writer varchar(25),
article_title varchar(20),
.....
.....
)
EXAMPLE 1
***********

Table 1 : book_authors
author_name book_title
---------------------------
Ramesh Let Us C
Jayesh Let Us C++
Varad Python
Nupur Java Programming
Prashant Adv. Python

Table 2 : article_writers
article_writer article_title
----------------------------------------
Varad New trends in Programming
Nupur Programming era
Prashant Adv. Python
Jayesh Tricks and logics in programming
Ramesh Evolving programming skills
Prashant Adv. Python

QUERY SYNTAX:
-------

select ATTRIB_LIST from TABLE1_NAME where condition


UNION
select ATTRIB_LIST from TABLE2_NAME where condition

FOR example:
---------------
select aurthor_name, book_title from book_authors
UNION
select article_title from article_writers

OUTPUT Table
-------------
author_name book_title article_title
------------------------------------------------
Ramesh Let Us C Evolving programming skills
Jayesh Let Us C++ Tricks and logics in programming
Varad Python New trends in Programming
Nupur Java Programming Programming era
Prashant Adv.Python Adv.Python

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------

select ..... INNER JOIN ... ON condition


UNION
select ..... RIGHT JOIN .... ON condition

OR

select ..... UNION ......


INNER JOIN
select ..... UNION ......
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------

Relation algebra statement of UNION (U) is:

ACTUAL QUERY:
--------------
select aurthor_name, book_title from book_authors
UNION
select article_title from article_writers

RELATIONAL ALGEBRA UNION (U)


--------------------------------
π aurthor_name, book_title (book_authors)
U
π article_title (article_writers)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------

Example 2
----------
ACTUAL QUERY:
--------------
select aurthor_name, book_title from book_authors where author_name='Nupur'
UNION
select article_title from article_writers where article_writer='Nupur'

RELATIONAL ALGEBRA UNION (U)


--------------------------------
π aurthor_name, book_title σ author_name='Nupur' (book_authors)
U
π article_title σ article_writer='Nupur'(article_writers)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------

*** Additionally we have another keyword/constraint "UNION ALL"


This will union two tables but includes duplicate rows also.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------

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