ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-I

DIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERING

FIRST SEMESTER

A Publication under
Government of Tamilnadu
Distribution of Free Textbook Programme
(NOT FOR SALE)

Untouchability is a sin
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DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

GOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
Government of Tamilnadu
First Edition – 2015

Thiru. PRAVEEN KUMAR I.A.S

Principal Secretary / Commissioner of Technical Education
Directorate of Technical Education
Guindy, Chennai- 600025

Dr. K SUNDARAMOORTHY M.E., Phd.,

Additional Director of Technical Education (Polytechnics)
Directorate of Technical Education
Guindy, Chennai- 600025

Co-ordinator Convener
Er. R.SORNAKUMAR M.E., Thiru P.L.SANKAR
Principal Lecturer (S.G) / Mathematics
Dr. Dharmambal Government Rajagopal Polytechnic College
Polytechnic College for Women Gudiyatham
Tharamani, Chennai—113
Reviewer
Prof. Dr. E. THANDAPANI
UGC EMERITUS FELLOW
Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics
University of Madras, Chennai 600 005

Authors
Thiru M.RAMALINGAM THIRU.V. SRINIVASAN
Lecturer (Sr.Gr) / Mathematics Lecturer (S.G) / Mathematics
Bharathiyar Centenary Memorial Arasan Ganesan Polytechnic College
Polytechnic College Sivakasi
Ettayapuram

Thirumathi R.S.SUGANTHI Thiru K.NITHYANANDAM

Lecturer/Mathematics HOD/Mathematics
Government Polytechnic College Adhiparasakthi Polytechnic College
Krishnagiri Melmaruvathur

Thiru B.R. NARASIMHAN Thirumathi N.KANCHANDEVEI

Lecturer (S.G)/Mathematics Lecturer / Mathematics
Arulmigu Palaniandavar Polytechnic Rajagopal Polytechnic College
College, Palani. Gudiyatham

This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical Education

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper
Through the Tamil Nadu Text book and Educational Services Corporation

ii
 FOREWORD

We take great pleasure in presenting this book of mathematics to the

students of polytechnic colleges. This book is prepared in accordance with the
new syllabus under ‘M” scheme framed by the Directorate of Technical
Education, Chennai.
This book has been prepared keeping in mind, the aptitude and attitude of the
students and modern method of education. The lucid manner in which the
concepts are explained, make the teaching and learning process more easy and
effective. Each chapter in this book is prepared with strenuous efforts to present
the principles of the subject in the most easy to understand and the most easy to
workout manner.
Each chapter is presented with an introduction, definitions, theorems,
explanation, solved examples and exercises given are for better understanding of
concepts and in the exercises, problems have been given in view of enough
practice for mastering the concept.
We hope that this book serve the purpose keeping in mind the changing needs
of the society to make it lively and vibrating. The language used is very clear
and simple which is up to the level of comprehension of students.
We extend our deep sense of gratitude to Thiru. R. Sornakumar
Coordinator and Principal, Dr. Dharmambal Government Polytechnic College for
women, Chennai and to Thiru P.L. Sankar, Convener and Lecturer / SG,
Rajagopal Polytechnic College, Gudiyattam who took sincere efforts in
preparing and reviewing this book.
Valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms for improvement of this
book will be thankfully acknowledged.

AUTHORS

iii
 30012 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS – I
DETAILED SYLLABUS

UNIT—I: ALGEBRA
Chapter - 1.1 DETERMINANTS 7 Hrs.
Definition and expansion of determinants of order 2 and 3. Properties of determinants (not
for examination). Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramer’s rule (in 2 and 3
unknowns) - Simple Problems.
Chapter - 1.2 MATRICES 7 Hrs.
Definition –Singular Matrix, Non-singular Matrix, Adjoint of a matrix and Inverse of a
matrix up to 3 x 3 only. Simple Problems. Definition – Rank of a matrix. Finding rank of a
matrix by determinant method (matrix of order 3 x 4) Simple Problems.
Chapter - 1.3 BINOMIAL THEOREM 8 Hrs.
Definition of Factorial notation - Definition of Permutation and Combinations – values of

nPr and nCr (results only) [not for examination]. Binomial theorem for positive
integral index (statement only) - Expansion - Finding of general term, middle term,
n
coefficient of x and term independent of x. Simple Problems. Binomial Theorem for
rational index up to - 3 (statement only), Expansions only for - 1, - 2 and - 3.

UNIT—II: COMPLEX NUMBERS

Chapter - 2.1 ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 8 Hrs.
Definition – Real and Imaginary parts, Conjugates, Modulus and amplitude form, Polar
form of a complex number, multiplication and division of complex numbers (geometrical
proof not needed)– Simple Problems .Argand Diagram – Collinear points, four points form-
ing square, rectangle, rhombus and parallelogram only . Simple Problems.
Chapter - 2.2 DE MOIVER’S THEOREM 7 Hrs.
Demoivre’s Theorem (statement only) – related simple problems.
Chapter - 2.3 ROOTS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 7 Hrs.

n th xn  1  0
Finding the roots of unity - solving equation of the form where
n 7
. Simple Problems.
UNIT– III: TRIGONOMETRY
Chapter – 3.1 COMPOUND ANGLES 8 Hrs.
sin ( A  B) cos ( A  B) tan ( A  B)
Expansion of , and [without proof] .
Problems using above expansions.
Chapter - 3.2 MULTIPLE ANGLES 7 Hrs.
Trigonometrical ratios of multiple angles of 2A and 3A and sub multiple angles. Simple
Problems.
Chapter - 3.3 SUM AND PRODUCT FORMULAE 7 Hrs.
Trigonometrical ratios of sum and product formulae. Simple Problems.
iv
UNIT—IV INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS – I
Chapter - 4.1 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 7 Hrs.
Definition of inverse trigonometric ratios – Relation between inverse trigonometric ratios.
Simple Problems.
Chapter - 4.2 LIMITS 7 Hrs.
Definition of Limits. Problems using the following results:

xn  an n 1 sin 
lim  na lim  1
x a x  a  0 
(i) (ii) and
tan 
lim 1
 0  
(iii) ( - in radians) (results only) . Simple Problems.

Chapter - 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION 8 Hrs.

xn sin x cos x tan x cos ec x sec x

Definition – Differentiation of , , , , , ,
u
(v  0)
cot x log x ex uv uv uvw v
, , , , , , (results only). Simple
problems using the above results.
UNIT—V DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS – II
Chapter – 5.1 DIFFERENTIATION METHODS 8 Hrs.
Differentiation of function functions (chain rule), Inverse Trigonometric functions and
Implicit functions. Simple Problems.
Chapter - 5.2 SUCCESSIVE DIFFERENTIATION 7 Hrs.
Successive differentiation up to second order (parametric form not included). Definition of
differential equation, order and degree, formation of differential equation. Simple Problems.

Chapter - 5.3 PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION 7 Hrs.

Definition – Partial differentiation of two variables up to second order only. Simple
Problems.

v
NOTES

vi
 UNIT – I

1.1 DETERMINANTS: Definition and expansion of determinants of order 2 and 3. Properties of

determinants (nor for examination). Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramer’s rule (in 2 and
3 unknowns)-Simple Problems
1.2 MATRICES: Definition - Singular Matrix, Non-singular Matrix, Ad joint of a matrix and inverse of
a matrix up to 3 × 3 only. Simple problems. Definition – Rank of a matrix. Finding rank of a matrix by
determinant method (matrix of order 3 × 4)
1.3 BINOMIAL THEOREM: Definition of Factorial notation - Definition of Permutation and
Combinations - values of nPr and nCr (results only) (not for examination). Binomial theorem for
positive integral index (statement only) - Expansion - Finding of general term, coefficient of xn and
term independent of x. Simple Problems. Binomial Theorem for rational index up to - 3 (statement
only). Expansion only for - 1, - 2 and - 3.

1.1  DETERMINANTS

Definition:
Determinant is a square arrangement of numbers (real or complex) within two vertical lines.
a1 b1
Example :
a2 b2

Order:
a1 b1
Example
A =: , consisting of two rows and two columns is called a determinant of second order. The
a2 b2
value of the determinant is D = a1b2 – a2b1.
2 –5
Example: Let A =
1 3
| A | = (2) (3) –(1) (– 5)
|A|=6+5
i.e D = 11
Determinant of third order.
a1 b1 c1
The expression a 2 b 2 c 2 consisting of three rows and three columns is called a determinant of
a 3 b 3 c3
third order.
The value of the determinant is obtained by expanding the determinant through any row or column
with proper sign attached starting from a1, the first row first column elements, we will have positive and
negative sign alternately.
2  �  Engineering Mathematics-I

+ – +
1 –1 3
– + –
Example: 0 4 2 expand thorugh first row.
+ – +
11 5 –3

4 2 0 2 0 4
= +1 – (–1) +3
5 –3 11 –3 11 5
= 1 (– 12 – 10) + 1 (0 – 22) + 3 (0 – 44)
= – 22 – 22 – 132
= – 176
Minor of an element:
Minor of an element is a determinant obtained by deleting the row and column in which that element
occurs.
Example:
1 –1 3
0 4 2
11 5 –3

0 2
Minor of –1= = 0 – 22 = –22
11 –3
–1 3
Minor of 0 = = 3 – 15 = –12
5 –3

Co-factor of an element:
Minor of an element with proper sign attached is called co-factor of that element.
Example:
+ – +
3 –2 1
2 0 –3
4 5 11

2 –3
Co −factor of –2 = – = –[(22) + 12]
4 11
= –34
3 1
Co −factor of 0 = +
4 11
= + (33 – 4)
= + 29
Note: The sign for the element aij is (–1)i + j
 Algebra  �  3

Properties of determinant:
Property (1):
The value of the determinant is unaltered by changing rows into columns and vice versa.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
(i.e) a 2 b2 c 2 = b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3

Property (2):
If any two rows or columns of a determinant are interchanged then the value of the determinant is
changed in its sign only.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
(i.e) a 2 b2 c 2 = – a1 b1 c1
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

By notation R1 ↔ R2
[Generally the rows and columns are denoted by R1, R2 ...... and C1, C2 ...... respectively]
Property (3):
If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical or same, then the value of the determinant
is zero.
a1 b1 c1
(i.e) a1 b1 c1 = 0 R1 ≡ R 2
a3 b3 c3
Property (4):
If each element of a row or column of a determinant is multiplied by any constant k ≠ 0, then the
value of the determinant is multiplied by same constant k.
Property (5):
If each element of a row or column is expressed as the sum of two elements then the determinant can
be expressed as the sum of two determinant of the same order.
a1 + d1 b1 + d 2 c1 + d 3
i.e. a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 d1 d2 d3
= a2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3

Property (6):
Any determinant is unaltered when each elements of any row or column is added by the
equimultiples of any parallel row or column.
a1 + ka 2 b1 + kb 2 c1 + kc 2
i.e. a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1 ka 2 kb 2 kc 2
= a2 b2 c2 + a 2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
= a2 b2 c 2 + k(0)
a3 b3 c3
4  �  Engineering Mathematics-I

Property (7):
In a given determinant if two rows or column are identical for a = b, then (a – b) is a factor of the
determinant.
1 1 1
i.e a b c for a = b
a2 b2 c2
1 1 1
= b b c
b2 b2 c2
=0 c1 ≡ c 2
∴ (a – b) is a factor.
Solution of simultaneous equations using Cramer’s rule:
Consider the linear equations
a1x + b1y = c1
a2x + b2y = c2
a1 b1 c1 b1
let D = ; Dx = and
a2 b2 c2 b2
a1 c1 Dx Dy
Dy = , then x = ; y=
a2 c2 D D

Provided Δ ≠ 0.
x, y are unique solutions of the given equations. This method of solving the line equations is called
Cramer’s rule.
Similarly for a set of three simultaneous linear equations in x, y and z.
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3, the solution of the system of equations by Cramer’s rule is given by
Dx Dy Dz
x= ;y = ;and z =
D D D
provided Δ ≠ 0. Where Δ, Δx, Δy and Δz are the determinents formed in the same way as defined
above.
WORKED EXAMPLES
PART – A
x 4
1. Solve = 0.
9 x
Solution:
x 4
= 0 By expanding we have
9 x
x2 – 36 = 0
i.e x2 = 36
∴x=±6
 Algebra  �  5

x 2
2. Solve =0
3x x
Solution:
x 2
=0
x 3x
expand 3x2 – 2x = 0

x (3x – 2) = 0

x=0; 3x – 2 = 0 3x = 2

2
x = 0 or x =
3
1 2 0
3. Find the co-factor of 3 in the determinant –1 3 4 .
Solution: 5 6 7

1 0
Cofactor of 3 = A22 = (–1)2+2
5 7
= (– 1)4 [7 –0]
=+7
1 –2 –1
4. Write down the minor 3 in the determinant 3 4 – 4 = 0.
Solution: 5 0 2

–2 –1
The minor of 3 = =–4–0
0 2
=–4
PART – B
m 2 1
1. Find the value of ‘m’ when 3 4 2 = 0.
Solution: –7 3 0
m 2 1
Given 3 4 2 = 0
–7 3 0
expand along R1, we have
m (0 – 6) – 2 (0 + 14) + 1 (9 + 28) = 0
– 6m – 28 + 37 = 0
– 6m + 9 = 0
– 6m = – 9
6m = 9
9 3
m= =
6 2
 6  �  Engineering Mathematics-I

2. Using Cramer’s rule solve 2x – 3y = 5 ; x – 4y = 8.

Solution:
2x – 3y = 5
x – 4y = 8.
2 –3
where D =
1 –4
=–8+3=–5
5 –3 2 5
Dx = and
= D y+=24 = 4
–20
8 –4 1 8
5 –3 2 5
Dx = and D y =
8 –4 1 8 = 16 – 5 = 11
By Cramer’s rule
Dx 4 D y 11 –11
x= = ; y= = =
D –5 D –5 5

x 6 3
3. Find the values of ‘x’ when 1 x 1 = 0.
Solution: –2 4 x
x 6 3
1 x 1 =0
–2 4 x

x (x2 – 4) – 6 (x + 2) + 3 (4 + 2x) = 0
x3 – 4x – 6x – 12 + 12 + 6x = 0
x3 – 4x = 0
x (x2 – 4) = 0
x = 0, x2 – 4 = 0 x2 = 4
x = 0, x = ±2

PART –C
1. Using Cramer’s rule. Solve the following simultaneous equations,
x+y+z=2
2x – y – 2z = – 1
x – 2y – z = 1
Solution:
1 1 1
Let D = 2 –1 –2 = 1 (1 –4) – 1 (– 2 + 2) + 1 (– 4 + 1)
1 –2 –1
= 1 (– 3) – 1 (0) + 1 (– 3)
=–3–3
Δ = – 6 ≠ 0
 Algebra  �  7

2 1 1
D x = –1 –1 –2 = 2 (1 – 4) – 1(1+ 2) + 1(2 + 1)
1 –2 –1
= 2 (–3) – 1 (3) + 1(3)
= – 6 – 3+ 3
Dx = – 6
1 2 1
D y = 2 –1 –2 = 1 (1+ 2) – 2 (–2 + 2) + 1 (2 + 1)
1 1 –1
= 1 (3) – 2 (0) + 1(3)
= 3+ 3
Dy = 6

1 1 2
D z = 2 –1 –1 = 1 (–1 – 2) – 1 (2 + 1) + 2 (– 4 + 1)
1 –2 1
= 1 (–3) – 1 (3) + 2(–3)
= –3 – 3 – 6
D z = –12
Dx –6
x= = =1
D –6
Dy 6 D z –12
y= = = –1 ; z= = =2
D –6 D –6
8  �  Engineering Mathematics-I

1.2 MATRICES
Introduction:
The term matrix was first introduced by a French mathematician CAYLEY in the year 1857. The
theory of matrices is one of the powerful tools of mathematics not only in the field of higher math-
ematics but also in other branches such as applied sciences, nuclear physics, statistics, economics and
eletrical circuits.
Definition:
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in delete rows and columns enclosed by brackets.
Example:
 2 1 0
 1 2
1) A =  ; 2) B =  – 5 6 7
 3 4  
 1 0 8

Order of a matrix:
If there are ‘m’ rows and ‘n’ columns in a matrix, then the order of the matrix is m × n (read as m
by n).
 a1 a2 a3 
Example: A = 
 b1 b2 b3 
The above matrix A has two rows and three columns. We say that A is a matrix of order 2 × 3.
Types of matrices:
(1) Row matrix:
A matrix having only one row and any number of columns is called a row matrix.
Example: A = (1 2 – 3)
(2) Column matrix:
A matrix having only one column and any number of rows is called a column matrix.
 3
Example: B =  –1
 
(3) Square matrix: 5 
A matrix which has equal number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.
 2 –1 0 
Example: C =  3 4 –2 is a square matrix of order 3.
 
1 5 6 

(4) Null matrix (or) Zero matrix:

If all the elements of a matrix are zero, the matrix is called zero or null matrix.
 0 0 0
Example : O =  0 0 0
 
 0 0 0