MathsAstro Day1

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Concept of “Time or Kaal” in Hinduism
Cyclic Nature of Time.

Concept of “mahayuga” which composed of 4 yugs namely satya,treta,dwapar
and kaliyuga.
It is assumed that at the end of kaliyuga , the cycle will start again from satyuga.
The calculation of time is done on the basis of movement of either Sun or Moon.
Solar Calendar :- The time period required for Earth to complete one revolution
around Sun. It is usually of 365 days.
 Saur Maan or Solar month :- Time taken by Sun to move in one sign and is
measured from one Sankranti to the next Sankranti.
Lunar Calendar :- A lunar year is made up of 12 lunar months or Chandra maan.
Chandra Maan or Lunar month : It is defined as the time the moon takes to pass
through New moon to next New Moon. A lunar month takes approx 29.5 days.
Sidereal Time :- It is derived from the earth’s rotation with respect to stars.
Sidereal Time
 The Sidereal Time System is derived from the earth’s rotation with respect to
the stars.
 A sidereal day is the time taken by the earth to rotate once on its axis with
reference to any fixed star.
 A solar day is exactly 24 hours (of solar time). A sidereal day lasts from when a
distant star is on the meridian at a point on Earth until it is next on the
meridian. A sidereal day lasts 23 hours and 56 minutes (of solar time), about 4
minutes less than a solar day.
 Why use it ?
 Vedic astrology is based on sidereal zodiac or the zodiac based on stars and
Nakshatra. Vedic astrological predictions are made from calculations are based
on sidereal stars and calculation of ascendant in a birth-chart .
Metrics of Time
 Lunar Metrics
 Tithi : - The time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the moon and the sun to increase by
12°. Tithis begin at varying times of day and vary in duration from approximately 19 to
approximately 26 hours.
 Paksa : consists of 15 tithis
 Masa : is divided into 2 pakshas: the one between new moon and full moon is called shukla
paksha; the one between full moon and new moon Krishna paksha.
 Rithu :- 2 masa make 1 Rithu.
 Aayanam :- 3 Rithu make one Aayanam. While 2 Aayanam makes one year.
 Sidereal Metrics
 a Lipta is approximately 0.4 seconds
 a Vighati is 60 Lipta, or approximately 24 seconds
 a Ghati is 60 Vighati, or approximately 24 minutes
 a Muhurta is equal to 2 Ghati, or approximately 48 minutes
 a Nakshatra ahoratram or sidereal day is exactly equal to 30 Muhurta
 Tropical Metrics
 a Yaama = 1/4th of a day(light) or night [ = 7½ Ghatis = 3¾ Muhurtas = 3 Horas
 4 Yaamas = 1 half of the day (either day or night)
 8 Yaamas = 1 day (day + night)
 an Ahoratram is a tropical day
• Local Time :- Due to difference of time of sunrise at various places ,
the local time varies from place to place.
• Local Mean Time :- Local mean time is a form of solar time that corrects the
variations of local apparent time, forming a uniform time scale at a specific
longitude. Variation of 1 degrees is equal to 4 minutes.
• Standard Time :- Standard time is referred to as the synchronization of

clocks within a certain geographical area to a single standard time, instead of
using solar time or a locally chosen time standard.
A standard meridian is established in each and every country, so that it is the
central longitude of the whole country and the same time is throughout the
country. The Standard Meridian of India has a longitude of 82°30’E. This
Standard meridian passes through Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh and it is
considered as the standard time for the whole country.
• Time Zone :- A time zone refers to any region where the same standard
time is kept.
Sunrise & Sunset
 Sunrise : For astrological purpose, the moment at which

the center or the middle of the solar disc is at eastern
horizon of the place is taken as the time of sunrise.
 Sunset : The sunset for a particular place is the exact
moment at which the center or middle of the solar disc is at
the western horizon of the place.
 Apparent Noon : - When the center of the Sun or the
middle of the solar disc is exactly at the meridian of the
place, it is considered as apparent noon.
Adhik Maas & Kshaya Maas
 One solar year has 365 days while one lunar year consists of 354 days.
 There is a difference of 11 days between the two calendars.
 On an average approx 3 years ( 2 years and 8.5 months), this difference

reaches to 33 days ; this duration is termed as Adhik maas.
 The rule to determine an adhikamasa is that in a particular lunar month there

will be NO solar "sankraantis", while for a kshayamasa in that particular lunar
month there will be 2 solar "sankraantis“.
 According to Siddhanta Shiromani, the Kshaya Masa occurs in the three months
from the lunar month of Kartika, while the Adhika Masa is the remaining eight
months starting from phalguna to Ashwin.
 The last Kshaya Masa was in 1983 AD. The next will be in 2124 AD.
Panchanga
 It is a Hindu calendar which records various aspects
of time.
 It is consulted for finding and selecting an
appropriate and auspicious time for important
occasions, ceremonies or actions like marriage,
education, travel, starting new business or project,
examination, interview etc.
 It has five elements namely
1. Din (vaar) or Day of the Week
2. Tithi or the Lunar day
3. Nakshatra or the Constellation
4. Yoga
5. Karan
• Surya Siddhanta and Drigganitha are two main systems of
calculation used in Panchanga.
 Surya Siddhanta system is used to calculate the movement

of Sun and Moon only. Most of the Panchanga requirements
are met with these. This system has been in use for
preparation of Panchanga for use in all religious activities.
 Drigganitha :- Drigganitha system gives accurate results. This

is a finer system of calculations as a number of minute
corrections (or refinements) called Samskaras is done over
and above the basic calculations to arrive at the results. This
is used for calculating the movement of all planets (including
Sun and Moon). Astrologers use these results for casting of
horoscopes, predictions and fixing of Muhurtas. The
planetary movements reported in Panchanga is based on
Drigganitha.
Tithi
 A tithi is a time occupied by the moon in extending its distance from the
Sun exactly by 12 degrees.
 Since the motions of Sun and moon are varying in speed, the length of a
tithi constantly alters. It can vary from 59 ghatis to 65 ghatis .
 The tithi ruling at the time of sunrise of the day is reckoned as the tithi
of the day for all date referrals.
 Adhika Tithi :- A tithi starting before the day’s sun rise and ending after
the next day’s sun rise is called Adhika tithi. During the time duration of
an Adhika tithi, two sun rises will occur. On both days, the same day is
used for date referrals. Here the tithi has sustained an increase.
 Kshaya Tithi :- A tithi starting after the day’s sun rise and ending before
the next day’s sun rise is called Kshaya tithi. During the time duration of
a Kshaya tithi, no sun rise will occur. This tithi will not get into the realm
of date referral. Here the tithi has suffered a diminution (Kshaya or
Hrasa).
 Adhika and Kshaya tithis are also taboo for auspicious functions.
Classification of Tithi
Group Tithi Result

Nanda Prathama, Shashthi, Ekadashi Favourable for events towards
gaining happiness like releasing
movie , entertainment etc.
Bhadra Dwitiya,, Saptami, Dwadashi Favourable to bring favour,
success and wealth like starting a
business, important meeting etc.
Jaya Triteya, Ashtami, Triyodashi Favourable to overcome obstacles
or succeed in competition
Rikta Chaturthi, Navami, Chaturdashi Favourable for undesirable
activities like paying a debt,
surgery, destroying an enemy etc
Poorna Panchami, Dashami, Amavasya/ Favourable to create a full
Poornima measure or abundance like
harvesting crop etc
Vaar
 Vaar is weekday.
 The weekdays are named after Sun, Moon and the major five planets. Thus Ravi, Soma,
Mangala, Buddha, Guru, Shukra, and Shani.
Karan
 A Karan is half a tithi, or each tithi is divided into two equal parts, each being a Karana known
by a specific name.
 There are 11 karnas in total. Four of them occur just once a month and are called the Fixed
Karanas: Kintughna, Chatushpada, Sakuni and Naga.
 The other seven are movable Karanas. They follow one another in a fixed rotation: Bava,
Balava, Kaulava, Taitila, Gara, Vanija and Vishti.
Yoga
 Yoga is a benefic state that is said to exist at any instance of time. There are 27 yogas.
 A Yoga is obtained from the sum of the Nirayna Longitude of the Moon and Sun and the sum
is divided into 27 parts of 13°20' each. The first yoga ( Viskumbh) ends when the sum is
13°20'. Second Yoga ( Priti) ends when it is 26°40' and so on .
 There are 27 yoga namely
1. Vishkumbha 2. Priti 3. Ayushman 4. Saubhagya 5. Shobhana 6. Atiganda 7. Sukarama 8.
Dhriti 9. Shoola 10. Ganda 11. Vridhi 12. Dhruva 13. Vyaghata 14. Harshana 15. Vajra
16. Sidhi 17. Vyatipata 18. Vriyana 19. Paridhi 20. Shiva 21. Sidha 22. Sadhya 23. Shubha 24.
Shukla
25. Brahma 26. Indra 27. Vaidhriti
Nakshatra
 Nakshatras are the stellar constellations or Lunar mansions.

Literally this word means “that which does not decay.”
 There are twenty-seven Nakshatras considered in Vedic
Astrology.
 Each one of them has thirteen degree and twenty minutes of
the zodiac.
 Nakshatra can be known with help of degrees of Moon in a
particular sign at the time of birth.
 The Nakshatras influence the quality of the rashi or sign in
which they are positioned.
 The 27 Nakshatras include Ashwini, Bharani, Krittika, Rohini,
Mrighasira, Ardra, Punarvasu, Pushya, Ashlesha, Magha, Purva
Phalguni, Uttara Phalguni, Hasta, Chitra, Swati, Vishaka,
Anuradha, Jyestha, Moola, Purvashada, Uttarashada, Sharavan,
Dhanishta, Shatabisha, Purvabhadra, Uttarabhadra, and Revati.
Tools for calculation for Ascendants
• Table of Ascendants : - This is a small booklet

containing several tables for casting a horoscope.
The pre dominantly used table of ascendants is
written by N.C. Lahiri.
• Ephemeris :- This is a booklet containing
longitudes of various celestial objects/planets in
an orderly sequence for one complete year. Most
common used Ephemeris is the one by N. C.
Lahiri
Horoscope A horoscope is an astrological chart or diagram representing the
positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, astrological aspects, and sensitive angles at the
time of an event, such as the moment of a person's birth.
• Types of horoscope
a. North Indian form
In this form, the rising sun will be depicted on the top middle position always. From
here remaining signs will be marked in anticlockwise manner. In this form the houses
are always fixed on the top of middle portion as first house counting in an
anticlockwise direction ends up to right hand side of triangle box.
b. South Indian form

Here the signs are fixed starting from second box from top left. This is always sign
Aries/Mesh. The remaining signs follow in a clockwise fashion. In this form, the rising
sign is marked as ASC/ lagna in the appropriate sign . In this form, the houses are
movable and the signs are fixed in a clockwise fashion.
c. Eastern Indian form.

This type of horoscope is predominantly used in Eastern India, Bengal etc. The signs
Aries to Pisces are arranged n an anticlockwise fashion and are fixed. The ascendant is
written in the sign marked as “Asc”.
Components of horoscope
House :- Houses in Vedic Astrology defines and divides the
exact areas of a person’s life depending on his horoscope
which is found out on the basis of a person’ accurate time
and location and date of birth. There are 12 houses in
total governing different areas of life . (significations).
Planets : In Vedic astrology, there are 9 planets in all
including shadow planets Rahu and Ketu. All planets have
been responsible for specific areas and are called karaka
for those areas.
Signs : Like houses, there are 12 zodiac signs which are Aries,
Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Libra, Virgo, Scorpio,
Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces. Like planets and
houses, signs have their own properties and they impact
the planets deposited. Also every sign has been assigned
a ruling planet.

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M

Cyclic Nature of Time.

Lunar Calendar :- A lunar year is made up of 12 lunar months or Chandra maan.

• Standard Time :- Standard time is referred to as the synchronization of

 Sunrise : For astrological purpose, the moment at which

 On an average approx 3 years ( 2 years and 8.5 months), this difference

 The rule to determine an adhikamasa is that in a particular lunar month there

 Surya Siddhanta system is used to calculate the movement

 Drigganitha :- Drigganitha system gives accurate results. This

Group Tithi Result

 Nakshatras are the stellar constellations or Lunar mansions.

• Table of Ascendants : - This is a small booklet

b. South Indian form

c. Eastern Indian form.

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