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Isoparametric Formulation

The document discusses the isoparametric formulation in finite element analysis. It introduces the concept of isoparametric elements which allows curved boundaries to be properly modeled by mapping regular element shapes from natural to global coordinates. This mapping requires coordinate transformations and integrating shape functions over the element domain using Gaussian quadrature for numerical integration, which provides more accurate results than simpler methods like trapezoidal rule. The document also covers assembling the element stiffness matrix using the isoparametric concept and provides examples of applying Gaussian quadrature.

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ravali chintha
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50 views40 pages

Isoparametric Formulation

The document discusses the isoparametric formulation in finite element analysis. It introduces the concept of isoparametric elements which allows curved boundaries to be properly modeled by mapping regular element shapes from natural to global coordinates. This mapping requires coordinate transformations and integrating shape functions over the element domain using Gaussian quadrature for numerical integration, which provides more accurate results than simpler methods like trapezoidal rule. The document also covers assembling the element stiffness matrix using the isoparametric concept and provides examples of applying Gaussian quadrature.

Uploaded by

ravali chintha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Isoparametric Formulation

BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Introduction

The various elements so far we have seen are having straight edges. To take care of curved boundaries
refined meshes are to be used when straight edged elements are employed. Even with refined meshes
analysts were not happy with the results since unnecessary stress concentrations are introduced. Higher
order elements also do not overcome the problem of suitably approximating curved boundaries. The
isoparametric concept brought out by Taig [1] and latter on generalized by B.M. Irons [2] revolutionized
the finite elements analysis and it also helped in properly mapping the curved boundaries. They brought out
the concept of mapping regular triangular and rectangular elements in natural coordinate system, to
arbitrary shapes in global system as shown in Fig. Mapped element in
Parent elements in natural global coordinate system
coordinate system

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Introduction (contd…)

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Coordinate Transformation

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Basic theorems of Isoparametric Concept

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Assembling Stiffness Matrix

Assembling element stiffness matrix is a major part in finite element analysis. Since it involves coordinate
transformation from natural local coordinate system to Cartesian global system, isoparametric elements
need special treatment. In this article assembling of element stiffness matrix for 4 noded quadrilateral
element is explained in detail. The procedure can be easily extended to higher order elements by using
suitable functions and noting the increased number of nodes.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Numerical Integration

Newton-Cotes method for one and two intervals of integration – Based on


Trapezoid and Simpson 1/3rd rule

Gauss Method for definite integrals

Advantage of using Gauss Quadrature method in finite element.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 That is, to approximate the integral, we evaluate the function at several sampling points n, multiply
each value yi by the appropriate weight Wi , and add the terms.

 Gauss's method chooses the sampling points so that for a given number of points, the best possible
accuracy is obtained.

 Sampling points are located symmetrically with respect to the center of the interval.

 In general, Gaussian quadrature using n points (Gauss points) is exact if the integrand is a
polynomial of degree 2n - 1 or less.

 In using n points, we effectively replace the given function y = f(x) by a polynomial of degree 2n-
1.

 The accuracy of the numerical integration depends on how well the polynomial fits the given curve.

 If the function f(x) is not a polynomial, Gaussian quadrature is inexact, but it becomes more accurate as
more Gauss points are used.

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Examples

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
b
1
So if the table is given for  g ( x)dx integrals, then how to solve for  f ( x)dx
a
1

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Evaluation of the Stiffness Matrix and Stress Matrix by
Gaussian Quadrature

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


In the above Eq. we need not use the same number of Gauss points in each direction (that is, i does not have
to equal j), but this is usually done.
For example, a four-point Gauss rule (often described as a 2 x 2 rule) is shown below with i = 1, 2 and j =
1, 2 yields

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Solution

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Contd…

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Contd..

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Contd..

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Contd..

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Contd..

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


Contd..

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus


BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

THANK YOU!

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