INTERNET PROTOCOLS & IP

ADDRESS

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBIMITTED BY :-
MRS. MANISHA GAHLAWAT ANKITA (Roll No. 36)
AMAN KINHA (Roll No. 72)
SHEETAL (Roll No. 92)
SHIVANI (Roll No. 96)
INTERNET PROTOCOLS
• Protocol is set of rules for communication over the network.
• Internet protocol is the method by which data is sent from
one computer to another computer on the internet .
NETWORKING

• It refers to the total process of creating and using computer

networks .
• In computer networks , computing devices exchange data
with each other using connection between nodes . These
data links are established over cables media such as wires or
optic cables or wireless media such as Wi-Fi .
TYPES OF NETWORKS
INTERNET

• It refers to connecting a computer to any other computer

anywhere in the world via dedicated routers and servers .
When two computer are connected over the internet , they
can send and receive all kind of information such as text ,
graphics , voice , video and computer programs .
OSI MODEL
• OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference
model that describes how information from a software
application in one computer moves through a physical
medium to the software application in another computer.

• OSI model was developed by the International Organization

for Standardization (ISO) in 1984, and it is now considered as
an architectural model for the inter-computer
communications.
• OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular
network function.
• Each layer is self-contained, so that task assigned to each layer
can be performed independently.
• It is also used to trace how data is sent or received over a
network.
Media Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
These layers manage the
3 Network
information out in the LAN or WAN
2 Data Link between the source and
1 Physical destination hosts.

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Host Layers
7 Application
These layers only exist in
6 Presentation the source and
5 Session destination host
computers.
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical

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Why do we need the OSI Model?

To address the problem of networks increasing in size and in number, the

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) researched many network
schemes and recognized that there was a need to create a network model that
would help network builders implement networks that could communicate and
work together and therefore, released the OSI reference model in 1984.

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The OSI Model
7 Application The OSI Model will be used
throughout in entire networking!
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
Memorize it!
2 Data Link
1 Physical

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Don’t Get Confused.

ISO - International Organization for Standardization

OSI - Open System Interconnection
IOS - Internetwork Operating System

The ISO created the OSI to make the IOS more efficient. The “ISO” acronym is
correct as shown.
To avoid confusion, some people say “International Standard Organization.”

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Layer 1 - The Physical Layer
This is the physical media through which the
7 Application data, represented as electronic signals, is
6 Presentation sent from the source host to the destination
host.
5 Session
4 Transport Examples:
 CAT5 (what we have)
3 Network
 Coaxial (like cable TV)
2 Data Link  Fiber optic
1 Physical
PDU(Protocol Data Unit) - Bits

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Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer
7 Application This layer provides reliable transit of data
across a physical link.
6 Presentation
5 Session Makes decisions based on physical
4 Transport addresses (usually MAC addresses).

3 Network PDU - Frames

2 Data Link
1 Physical

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Layer 3 - The Network Layer
7 Application Sometimes referred to as the “Cisco Layer”.
6 Presentation
Makes “Best Path Determination” decisions
5 Session based on logical addresses (usually IP
4 Transport addresses).

3 Network PDU - Packets

2 Data Link
1 Physical

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Layer 4 - The Transport Layer
7 Application This layer breaks up the data from the
sending host and then reassembles it in the
6 Presentation
receiver.
5 Session
4 Transport It also is used to insure reliable data
transport across the network.
3 Network
2 Data Link PDU - Segments
1 Physical

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Layer 5 - The Session Layer
7 Application This layer establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between two
6 Presentation
communicating hosts.
5 Session
Example:
4 Transport
 Client Software
3 Network ( Used for logging in)
2 Data Link
PDU - Formatted Data
1 Physical

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Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer
7 Application This layer is responsible for presenting
the data in the required format which
6 Presentation
may include:
5 Session  Encryption
4 Transport  Compression

3 Network PDU - Formatted Data

2 Data Link
1 Physical

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Layer 7 - The Application Layer
7 Application This layer deal with networking
applications.
6 Presentation
5 Session Examples:
4 Transport  Email
 Web browsers
3 Network
2 Data Link PDU - User Data
1 Physical

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 Some Important Protocols
APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS:
a) Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-
It is designed for transferring a hypertext among two or more systems.
HTTP is designed on Client – Server principles which allow a client system for establishing a
connection with the server for making a request.
b) File Transfer Protocol (FTP):
A method of transferring one or more file from one system to another system
over a network.It may be Text file,Multimedia file,documents etc.

c) Telnet:
It is known as REMOTE LOGIN.
It is designed for connecting one system with another.
d) Post Office Protocol (POP):
It is designed for receiving incoming E-mails.

e) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP):

It is designed to send and distribute
outgoing E-mail.

f) Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP):

It is used by E-mail clients to retrieve E-mail
messages from a mail server.
g) Domain Name Servers (DNS):
They maintain a directory of Domain names and translate them to
Internet Protocol (IP) address.
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Why Another Model?

Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open
standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).

The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible
between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) created the TCP/IP reference model because it wanted
a network that could survive any conditions, even a nuclear war.

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Don’t Confuse the Models

7 Application
6 Presentation Application
5 Session
4 Transport Transport
3 Network Internet
2 Data Link Network Access
1 Physical
The Network Access Layer
The network access layer is also called the host-to-network layer. It the layer that is concerned
with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make a physical link to the network
media. It includes LAN and WAN details, and all the details contained in the OSI physical and
data-link layers.

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The Internet Layer
The purpose of the Internet layer is to select the best path through the
network for packets to travel. The main protocol that functions at this layer
is the Internet Protocol (IP). Best path determination and packet switching
occur at this layer.

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The Transport Layer

The transport layer provides transport services from the source host to the
destination host. It constitutes a logical connection between these
endpoints of the network. Transport protocols segment and reassemble
upper-layer applications into the same data stream between endpoints.
The transport layer data stream provides end-to-end transport services.

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Transport Layer Protocols:
a) Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
It is very popular protocol and it divides any
message into series of packets that are sent
from source to destination and then it gets
reassembled at the destination.
b) User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
It is a substitute Communication Protocol to TCP
implemented for creating loss- tolerating and
low-latency linking between different
applications.
The Application Layer
The application layer of the
TCP/IP model handles high-
level protocols, issues of
representation, encoding,
and dialog control.

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Comparing TCP/IP & OSI Models

NOTE: TCP/IP transport layer using UDP does not always guarantee reliable delivery of packets as the transport layer in
the OSI model does.

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IP Addressing
What is an IP Address?
The IP address is the address of the connection ,not the host or
router.
The IP address may be changed if the device is moved to another
network.
The IP addresses are unique i.e. a unique identifier.
A way to identify devices on the network.
An IP address is a 32-bit sequence of 1s and 0s.
Network Layer Protocols
a) Internet Protocol (IP):
It is designed as Addressing protocol.
It is mostly used with TCP.
It is responsible for addressing host
interfaces, encapsulating data into datagrams
including fragmentation and re-assembly and
routing datagrams.

The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4(IPv4), is the dominant protocol of
the Internet. Its successor, Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6), has been growing in
adoption, reaching almost 25% of all Internet traffic as of October,2018.
Which Protocol Relates to which Layer
IP versions
IPv4 Address
An IPv4 is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally identifies
the connection to the Internet.
An IPv4 protocol that defines address has an Address Space (total
number of addresses used by the protocol).
If a protocol uses n bits to define an address, then address space is
2^n.
FACT an IPv4 uses 32-bit address , which means
2^32 =(4,294,967,296) i.e. more than 4 billion devices
could be connected to Internet.
Notations in IPv4 Addressing
• There are three notations used to show an IPv4 address:
a) Binary Notation (base 2)
b) Dotted-Decimal Notation (base 256)
c) Hexadecimal (base 16)
Different Notations in IPv4 Addressing

Binary : 10000000 00001011 00000011

11 00011111

Dotted Decimal: 128 . 11 . 3 . 31

Hexadecimal: 80 0B 03 1F
Hierarchy in Addressing
32 bits

n bits (32 – n) bits

Prefix Suffix

Defines Defines Connection

network to the node
 A Prefix can be of two types-

Fixed Length Variable Length

Classful Addressing Classless Addressing

Class A which has n=8 bits Short term IPv4

Class B which has n=16 bits Long term IPv6

Class C which has n=24 bits

Class D is for Multicast
Class E is for Research
The IPv4 address which is designed using Fixed-
Length prefix is called as Classful Addressing.
Classful Addressing
 Occupation of Address Space in Classful Addressing

Address Space: 4,294,967,296 addresses

A B C D E
50% 25% 12.5% 6.25% 6.25%
It is used by large It is used by It is used by Multicast Exp
organisations mid-size org. small org.

Size of the Network is inversely proportional to Prefix Length i.e.

A small prefix means larger network and vice versa.
Network Classes
 Example 1

Change the following IP address from binary notation to

dotted-decimal notation.
10000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
Solution
Class type is B
129.11.11.239
 Example 2

Find the class of the following IP addresses

00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

Solution

•00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111

1st is 0, hence it is Class A
•11000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
1st and 2nd bits are 1, and 3rd bit is 0 hence, Class C
Subnetting and Supernetting
• To alleviate Address Depletion,two strategies were formed:-
a) Subnetting: In this, class A or B is divided into several subnets,i.e. divide a
large block into a smaller one.
b) Supernetting: It is used to combine several class C blocks into a larger
block to be attractive to organisations that need more than 256 addresses.
How to determine an IP address
• Click Start/Run and type: cmd or command to open a Windows
Command line.
• From the prompt , type ipconfig and press enter and this gives: