Activity Data Type

Number of beatings from Wife Discreate

Results of rolling a dice Discreate
Weight of a person Continuous
Weight of Gold Continuous
Distance between two places Continuous
Length of a leaf Continuous
Dog's weight Continuous
Blue Color Discreate
Number of kids Discreate
Number of tickets in Indian railways Discreate
Number of times married Discreate
Gender (Male or Female) Discreate
Q1) Identify the Data type for the Following:

Q2) Identify the Data types, which were among the following
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
Data Data Type
Gender Nominal
High School Class Ranking Ordinal
Celsius Temperature Interval
Weight Ratio
Hair Color Nominal
Socioeconomic Status Ordinal
Fahrenheit Temperature Interval
Height Ratio
Type of living accommodation Nominal
Level of Agreement Ordinal
IQ(Intelligence Scale) Interval
Sales Figures Ratio
Blood Group Nominal
Time Of Day Interval
Time on a Clock with Hands Interval
Number of Children Ratio
Religious Preference Nominal
 Barometer Pressure Interval
SAT Scores Interval
Years of Education Ratio

Q3) Three Coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads and one tail are
obtained?
n(S) = {(HHH),(HHT),(HTH),(THH),(TTH),(HTT),(THT),(TTT)}
n(two heads and one tail) = 3
p(two heads and one tail) = 3/8

Q4) Two Dice are rolled, find the probability that sum is
a) Equal to 1
b) Less than or equal to 4
c) Sum is divisible by 2 and 3
Possible outcomes = {(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5)
(2,6) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6) (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) (5,1) (5,2)
(5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6) (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6) }
n(S) = Total number of events = 36
a) n(A) = 0
Hence p(A) = 0

b) n(A) = 7
p(A) = n(A)/n(S)
= 7/36
c) n(A) = 6
p(A) = n(A)/n(S)
= 6/36
= 1/6
Q5) A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?

n(S) = Total ways of drawing two balls from 7 balls = 7C2 = 21

n(A) = Total ways of drawing two balls from 2 red and 3 green balls = 5C2 = 10
p(A) = 10/21

Q6) Calculate the Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child
Below are the probabilities of count of candies for children (ignoring the nature of
the child-Generalized view)
CHILD Candies count Probability
A 1 0.015
B 4 0.20
C 3 0.65
D 5 0.005
E 6 0.01
F 2 0.120
Child A – probability of having 1 candy = 0.015.
Child B – probability of having 4 candies = 0.20
Ans =
Expected value = ∑ p(Xi) * Xi
= (0.015*1) + (0.20 * 4) + (0.65 * 3) + (0.005 * 5) + (0.01 * 6) +
(0.120 * 2)
= 3.09
The expected number of candies for randomly selected child is 3.09

Q7) Calculate Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, Range &
comment about the values / draw inferences, for the given dataset
- For Points,Score,Weigh>
 Find Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range
and also Comment about the values/ Draw some inferences.
Ans: Mean = sum of values/ total number of values
Median = if n is odd, n+1/2 th term
If n is even , (n/2)+((n/2)+1)/2 th term
Mode = Value that appeared most in the dataset or which have high frequency
Variance = 1/(n-1) * ∑ (xi – x)2
Where xi = each data point
x = mean
n = number of records
Standard Deviation = square root of variance
Range = Maximum Value – Minimum Value
Points
Mean = 3.596
Median = 3.695
Mode = 3.07 and 3.92
Variance = 0.2809

Standard Deviation = 0.53

Range = 4.93 – 2.76 =2.17
Inference = 1) The average number of points given to 32 cars lies around 3.5 and
there are no outliers present in this column as median is almost equal to mean.
2)Since mean, median and mode are almost equal, the distribution of this column
will be normal.
3)All the points for 32 cars are very close to mean as standard deviation is very
small.
4)The graph for this column will have two peaks as it have two modes

Score
Mean = 3.596
Median = 3.3
Mode = 3.440
Variance = 0.9604

Standard Deviation = 0.98

Range = 5.424 – 1.513 = 3.911
Inference: 1) The average number of scores scored by each cars lie around 3.5
2) There are no extreme values present in this column of scores as mean and
median are almost similar
3)Scores of 32 cars are clustered around mean as the standard deviation is very
small.
Weigh
Mean = 17.85
Median = 17.71
Mode = 18.90 and 17.02
Variance = 3.193

Standard Deviation = 1.787

Range = 22.9 – 14.5 = 8.4
Inference: 1)The average weight of the cars is about 17.85.
2) There is no outlier or extreme value in this column as mean and median are
almost similar
3)All the data points are clustered around mean as standard deviation is very
small

Use Q7.csv file

Q8) Calculate Expected Value for the problem below
a) The weights (X) of patients at a clinic (in pounds), are
108, 110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199
Assume one of the patients is chosen at random. What is the Expected
Value of the Weight of that patient?

Ans: Expected Value = (108+110+123+134+135+145+167+187+199)/9

= 145.33 pounds
So, the expected value of weight is 145 pounds

Q9) Calculate Skewness, Kurtosis & draw inferences on the following data
Cars speed and distance
Use Q9_a.csv
Ans: Skewness
 Speed: The distribution of data for this column is approximately symmetric
as it is lying between (-0.5,0.5)
 Distance: The distribution of data for this column is moderately skewed
Kurtosis
In both the cases of speed and distance, kurtosis is smaller than 3. This
means that the datasets have lighter tails than the normal distribution
and can be considered to have a negative kurtosis. In this case, there will
be no chances of presence of outliers.
SP and Weight(WT)
Use Q9_b.csv

Q10) Draw inferences about the following boxplot & histogram

Ans:10.a

1. The distribution of data is right skewed or positively skewed and most of

the data lie on the left side of the graph. Also, it’s a unimodal
distribution.
2. Majority of chicks are having weight less than 200
3. The frequency of chicks having weight between 50 to 100 is maximum
4. The mean in this case of distribution will be greater than the median
Ans:10.b 1. The boxplot is skewed right and most of the data is concentrated in
the lower quartile.
2. There are seven outliers present in the data records which can affect the mean.
Hence, a correct way to measure the central tendency will be median.

Q11) Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in

Mexico. We draw a random sample of 2,000 men from a population of
3,000,000 men and weigh them. We find that the average person in our
sample weighs 200 pounds, and the standard deviation of the sample is 30
pounds. Calculate 94%,98%,96% confidence interval?

Ans 11:
For 94% = (134.85077199775026, 265.14922800224974)
For 98% = (122.6512694143423, 277.3487305856577)
For 96% = (130.15355671679083, 269.84644328320917)

Q12) Below are the scores obtained by a student in tests

34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56
 1) Find mean, median, variance, standard deviation.
2) What can we say about the student marks?
Ans:
1) mean = (34+36+36+38+38+39+39+40+40+41+41+41+41+42+42+45+49+56)/18
Mean = 41
Median = 40.5
Variance = 1/(n-1) * ∑ (xi – x)2
= 156/17
= 9.17
S.D = square root of variance
= (9.17) 1/2
= 3.02
2)The average marks obtained by student in tests is 41 and we can say that
student is maintaining his/her marks around 41 as deviation is very less.

Q13) What is the nature of skewness when mean, median of data are equal?
Ans: When mean and median are equal, then there is no skewness and there will
be symmetric distribution or normal distribution.

Q14) What is the nature of skewness when mean > median?

Ans: When mean > median, then the distribution will be right skewed or positively
skewed.

Q15) What is the nature of skewness when median > mean?

Ans: When median > mean, then distribution will be left skewed or negatively
skewed.
Q16) What does positive kurtosis value indicates for a data ?
Ans: Kurtosis is the measure use to describe the degree to which the data cluster
in the tails. It is actually measure of outliers present in the distribution.
Positive kurtosis indicates data possess thick or heavy tails. Due to this, it has
chances of having outliers.
Positive kurtosis = means distribution is larger = means tails are fatter = means
peak is higher

Q17) What does negative kurtosis value indicates for a data?

Ans: Negative kurtosis indicates that the distribution of data is flat and has thin
tails. There is no chance of presence of outliers.
Negative kurtosis = means distribution is shorter = means tails are thinner =
means peak is lower

Q18) Answer the below questions using the below boxplot visualization.

What can we say about the distribution of the data?

Ans: We can say that the distribution of data is not symmetrical. In other words,
most of the data lies on the right side or in the upper quartile.

What is nature of skewness of the data?

Ans: Nature: Data is left skewed or negatively skewed.

What will be the IQR of the data (approximately)?

Ans: IQR = Q3 – Q1
= 18 – 10
=8

Q19) Comment on the below Boxplot visualizations?

Draw an Inference from the distribution of data for Boxplot 1 with respect
Boxplot 2.
Ans: 1. Both the box plots have uniform distribution and same medians.
2. The IQR for boxplot 1 is lower than the IQR for boxplot 2. Hence, the data
points in boxplot 1 are consistently hovered around the central value than in
boxplot 2.
3.The range of data of boxplot 1 is smaller than the range of data of boxplot 2.
Hence, the overall data is widely distributed in boxplot 2 as compared to boxplot
1.
4.There are no outliers present in both the boxplots.
 Q 20) Calculate probability from the given dataset for the below cases

Data _set: Cars.csv

Calculate the probability of MPG of Cars for the below cases.
MPG <- Cars$MPG
a. P(MPG>38)
Ans: 0.32

b. P(MPG<40)
Ans: 0.74

c. P (20<MPG<50)
Ans: 0.90

Q 21) Check whether the data follows normal distribution

a) Check whether the MPG of Cars follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: Cars.csv
Ans: 1. It is not following normal distribution as the mean, median and
mode for each of the column in data is not equal.
2.Also the graphical distribution of each column proves that either it is left
skewed or right skewed and does not follow normal distribution.

b) Check Whether the Adipose Tissue (AT) and Waist Circumference(Waist)

from wc-at data set follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: wc-at.csv

Ans: The data is not following normal distribution as the mean, median and
mode are not equal for the columns in data.
 Q 22) Calculate the Z scores of 90% confidence interval,94% confidence
interval, 60% confidence interval

Ans:
C.I Z-score
90% 1.644
94% 1.88
60% 0.841

Q 23) Calculate the t scores of 95% confidence interval, 96% confidence

interval, 99% confidence interval for sample size of 25ew
Ans:
C.I t-score
95% 2.06
96% 2.171
99% 2.79

Q 24) A Government company claims that an average light bulb lasts 270
days. A researcher randomly selects 18 bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs
last an average of 260 days, with a standard deviation of 90 days. If the
CEO's claim were true, what is the probability that 18 randomly selected
bulbs would have an average life of no more than 260 days

Hint:

rcode  pt(tscore,df) p

df  degrees of freedom

Ans: t = difference in sample mean/(s.d/√n)

(Find the attached script )

The probability that 18 randomly selected bulbs would have an average life
of no more than 260 days is 0.32