Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to best, Excel and Remain

Humble
Olinsterg Bldg., Maharlika Highway, Poblacion III, Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines
Telefax Number: (042)-545-6547 / Cell No. 0922-8934738
PHYSICAL SCIENCE

I. UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 1: Connecting Chemistry to Life

II. LESSON NO. & TITLE: Lesson 8: Understanding Chemical Reactions and Equations
III. WEEK NUMBER: Week 8
IV. MODULE NUMBER: Module 8
V. OBJECTIVES: At the end of the lesson, students must be able to:
 Use simple collision theory to explain the effects of concentration, temperature,
and particle size on the rate of reaction
 Define catalyst and describe how it affects reaction rate
 Determine the limiting reactant in a reaction and calculate the amount of product
formed
VI. REFERENCE : Teaching Guide for Senior High School ( Physical Science) Published by the Commission on
Higher Education, 2016

VII. ACTIVITY: RUBBER EGG

Equipment needed for the activity:

 hard-boiled egg, with shell on

 glass of vinegar.

What to do ?

1. Put the egg into the vinegar – you should

see bubbles start to form on the egg.
2. Leave the egg undisturbed for at least a
day. You should see some wonderful
scum form.
3. Take the egg out of the vinegar and rinse
it with water. The shell will rub off.
4. Give the egg a poke with your finger and squeeze it gently.

Data and Observation

DATE & TIME OBSERVATIONS

VIII. DISCUSSION:

Chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different
substances, the products. Substances are either chemical elements or compounds. A chemical reaction rearranges the
constituent atoms of the reactants to create different substances as products.

Examples:

 iron and oxygen combining to make rust
 vinegar and baking soda combining to make sodium acetate, carbon dioxide and water
 things burning or exploding
 many reactions that happen inside living things
 electrochemical reactions when discharging or recharging batteries

The formation of bubbles is an evidence of a production of new gas during reaction. Cloudiness can indicate the
formation of a new solid substance. Furthermore, a change in temperature -sometimes accompanied by light production –
as well as can signify a chemical reaction

Representing Chemical Reactions

A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of symbols and formulae, wherein
the reactant entities are given on the left-hand side and the product entities on the right-hand side.[1] The coefficients next
to the symbols and formulae of entities are the absolute values of the stoichiometric numbers

A chemical equation consists of the chemical formulas of the reactants (the starting substances) and the chemical formula
of the products (substances formed in the chemical reaction). The two are separated by an arrow symbol (usually read as
"yields") and each individual substance's chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign.
As an example, the equation for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium can be denoted:
2 HCl + 2 Na → 2 NaCl + H2
This equation would be read as "two HCl plus two Na yields two NaCl and H two." But, for equations involving complex
chemicals, rather than reading the letter and its subscript, the chemical formulas are read using IUPAC nomenclature.
Using IUPAC nomenclature, this equation would be read as "hydrochloric acid plus sodium yields sodium
chloride and hydrogen gas."

This equation indicates that sodium and HCl react to form NaCl and H2. It also indicates that two sodium molecules are
required for every two hydrochloric acid molecules and the reaction will form two sodium chloride molecules and
one diatomic molecule of hydrogen
gas molecule for every two
hydrochloric acid and two sodium
molecules that react.
The stoichiometric coefficients (the
numbers in front of the chemical
formulas) result from the law of
conservation of mass and the law of
conservation of charge.

Word Equations

In chemistry, a word equation is

a chemical reaction expressed in
words rather than chemical
formulas. A word equation should
state the reactants (starting materials), products (ending materials), and direction of the reaction in a form that could be
used to write a chemical equation.

There are some key words to watch for when reading or writing a word equation. The words "and" or "plus" mean one
chemical and another are both reactants or products. The phrase "is reacted with" indicates the chemicals are reactants.
If you say "forms", "makes", or "yields", it means the following substances are products.

When you write a chemical equation from a word equation, the reactants always go on the lefthand side of the equation,
while the reactants are on the righthand side. This is true even if the products are listed before the reactants in the word
equation.

Word Equation Examples

The chemical reaction 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) would be expressed as:

hydrogen gas + oxygen gas → steam

As a word equation or as "Hydrogen and oxygen react to form water" or "Water is made by reacting hydrogen and
oxygen."

While a word equation doesn't ordinarily include numbers or symbols (Example: You wouldn't say "Two H two and one O
two makes two H two O", sometimes it is necessary to use a number to indicate the oxidation state of a reactant so that a
person writing a chemical equation can do it correctly. This is mostly for the transition metals, which can have multiple
oxidation states.

Balanced Chemical Equations

A balanced chemical
equation has equal numbers of
atoms for each element involved
in the reaction are represented on
 the reactant and product sides. This is a requirement the equation must satisfy to be consistent with the law of
conservation of matter.

It may be confirmed by simply summing the numbers of atoms on either side of the arrow and comparing these sums to ensure they
are equal.

Note that the number of atoms for a given element is calculated by multiplying the coefficient of any formula containing that element
by the element’s subscript in the formula. If an element appears in more than one formula on a given side of the equation, the
number of atoms represented in each must be computed and then added together. For example, both product species in the
example reaction, CO2 and H2O, contain the element oxygen, and so the number of oxygen atoms on the product side of the
equation is

A balanced chemical equation often may be derived from a qualitative description of some chemical reaction by a fairly simple
approach known as balancing by inspection. Consider as an example the decomposition of water to yield molecular hydrogen and
oxygen. This process is represented qualitatively by an unbalanced chemical equation:

The numbers of H atoms on the reactant and product sides of the equation are equal, but the numbers of O atoms are not. To
achieve balance, the coefficients of the equation may be changed as needed. Keep in mind, of course, that the formula
subscripts define, in part, the identity of the substance, and so these cannot be changed without altering the qualitative meaning of
the equation. For example, changing the reactant formula from H2O to H2O2 would yield balance in the number of atoms, but doing so
also changes the reactant’s identity (it’s now hydrogen peroxide and not water). The O atom balance may be achieved by changing
the coefficient for H2O to 2.
 Types of Chemical Reactions
Several general types of chemical reactions can occur based on what happens when going from reactants to products. The more
common types of chemical reactions are as follows:

 Combination
 Decomposition
 Single Replacement
 Double Replacement

Combination chemical reactions

In combination reactions, two or more reactants form one product. The reaction of sodium and chlorine to form sodium chloride,

and the burning of coal (carbon) to give carbon dioxide,

are examples of combination reactions.

Decomposition chemical reactions

Decomposition reactions are really the opposite of combination reactions. In decomposition reactions, a single compound breaks down
into two or more simpler substances (elements and/or compounds).
The decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases,

and the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to form oxygen gas and water,

are examples of decomposition reactions.

Single displacement chemical reactions

In single displacement reactions, a more active element displaces (kicks out) another less active element from a compound. For
example, if you put a piece of zinc metal into a copper(II) sulfate solution, the zinc displaces the copper, as shown in this equation:

The notation (aq) indicates that the compound is dissolved in water — in an aqueous solution. Because zinc replaces copper in this
case, it’s said to be more active. If you place a piece of copper in a zinc sulfate solution, nothing will happen.

Double-Replacement Reactions
A double-replacement reaction is a reaction in which the positive and negative ions of two ionic compounds exchange places to form
two new compounds. The general form of a double-replacement (also called double-displacement) reaction is:
AB+CD→AD+CB
In this reaction, AA and CC are positively-charged cations, while BB and DD are negatively-charged anions. Double-replacement
reactions generally occur between substances in aqueous solution. In order for a reaction to occur, one of the products is usually a
solid precipitate, a gas, or a molecular compound such as water.
A precipitate forms in a double-replacement reaction when the cations from one of the reactants combine with the anions from the other
reactant to form an insoluble ionic compound. When aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead (II) nitrate are mixed, the following
reaction occurs.
2KI (aq )+ Pb (NO3)2 (aq) → 2KNO3 (aq) + PbI2 (s)

IX. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS: (See worksheet #8)

X. ASSESSMENT: (See worksheet #8)
XI. REFLECTION: (See worksheet #8)
 Achieve Great Things, Initiate Changes, Transform from Better to best, Excel and Remain
Humble
Olinsterg Bldg., Maharlika Highway, Poblacion III, Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines
Telefax Number: (042)-545-6547 / Cell No. 0922-8934738

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
WORK SHEET NO. 8
Name: ______________________________ Grade & Section:___________________
I. PRACTICE/APPLICATION/SYNTHESIS:
Write the word equation and chemical equation representing the following reactions.
1. Solid potassium (K) and chlorine ( Cl 2) gas combine to form potassium powder (KCl)

Word Equation

Chemical Equation

2. The reaction between aqueous calcium hydroxide [ Ca(OH) 2] and Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas produces
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitate and liquid water (H2O)

Word Equation

Chemical Equation

II. ASSESSMENT: Test Yourself !

Balance each of the following equations
III. REFLECTION:

List down the activities that you did for this week and identify among those activities where you can apply
the lesson/s that you have learned from this module. Write your answer below with minimum of at least five
sentences.

IV. FEEDBACK: (Teacher’s comments or reactions after submission and checking.)

Prepared by: Checked By:

VI-JAY D. SALCEDO,LPT JOAN B. DIMACULANGAN,LPT

Subject Teacher Academic Coordinator
Noted By:

LAARNI L. TOLENTINO,LPT
School Principal