Personal Protective

Equipment (PPE)
 METHODS OF CONTROLLING HAZARDS

Elimination of
HAZARD INDIVIDUAL
Decreasing order of

Hazards
effectiveness

Removal of Individual
HAZARD INDIVIDUAL
Exposure

Isolation of
HAZARD INDIVIDUAL
Hazards

Protection of the
HAZARD INDIVIDUAL Individual
HEAD PROTECTION
Brim

Construction of a Safety Helmet

 Requirements of a Helmet

◼ Resist penetration by objects.

◼ Absorb the shock of a blow.
◼ Protection from electrical hazards
◼ Be water-resistant and slow burning.
◼ Should fit appropriately for each
individual.
 Size of Helmets (IS: 2925)

Range of headband sizes

Nominal size of the Helmet (Circumference inside Headband)
Adjustable from
Small 500 to 540 mm
Medium 540 to 590 mm
Large 590 to 640 mm

Tolerance allowed +/- 10 mm

 Salient provisions of IS 2925

◼ Head band - Min Width 30 mm

◼ Min 3 holes of max. 6 mm dia in each
side of shell for ventilation.(Optional)
◼ Min distance of head band to shell - 5
mm
◼ Min top clearance - 30 mm
◼ Max mass of helmet - 400 gms
 Test conducted as per IS 2925

◼ Shock absorption resistance test

◼ Penetration resistance test
◼ Flammability resistance test
◼ Electrical resistance test
◼ Water absorption test
◼ Heat resistance test
Other Types of Helmet

Load Carrying Helmet

Helmet With Welding

Shield
Other Fittings & Accessories

Helmet should be compatible for use

with the following accessories.
◼ Ear Muff
◼ Miners cap lamp
◼ Respiratory Hoods
◼ Clear Glass Face Shields
HEARING PROTECTION
 Terminology

◼ "Decibel" means a unit of sound pressure level,

abbreviated as dB
◼ They are measured in logarithmic scale.(i.e. 20
decibels is 10 times the intensity of 10 decibels, and 30 decibels is
100 times as intense as 10 decibels)

◼ "dB(A)" means a unit of sound level expressed

in decibels (dB) and A-weighted.
◼ A - weighted means measuring the sounds
within the audible frequencies. (20hz to 20 kHz).
 Terminology

◼ Noise Reduction Rating:

◼ It is a standard measure of sound blocking
capabilities of any hearing protective
device.
◼ Attenuation - Noise Reduction.
◼ Time-weighted average sound level
◼ That sound level, which if constant over an
8-hour exposure, would result in the same
noise dose as is measured.
Noise Levels
 Ear Plugs
Disposable Type

*Manufacturer recommends reducing the NRR by 50% under actual use conditions.
Ear Muffs
 Combined Usage

◼ Sound Level more than 105 dBA

◼ combined usage of ear plug & ear muff
recommended.
◼ dual protection only adds 5 dB to the Noise
Reduction Rating (NRR) of the more
protective of the two devices.
Significance of Continuous Usage
Maximum protection provided by non-
continuous use of Hearing Protection

Percent time used Maximum Protection

50% 3 dB
60% 4 dB
70% 5 dB
80% 7 dB
90% 10 dB
95% 13 dB
99% 20 dB
99.90% 30 dB
EYE PROTECTION
Eye & Face Protection
Intended to protect against,
 Eye & Face Protection

Hazard Type Hazard Type Common related tasks

Impact Flying objects such as Chipping, grinding, machining,
large chips, fragments, masonry work, wood working, sawing,
particles, sand, and dirt. drilling, riveting, sanding, etc.
Heat Anything emitting extreme Furnace operations, pouring, casting,
heat. hot dipping, welding, etc.
Chemicals Splash, fumes, vapors, Acid and chemical handling,
and irritating mists. degreasing, plating, and working with
blood.
Dust Harmful dust. Woodworking, buffing, and general
dusty conditions.
Optical Radiant energy, glare, and Welding, torch-cutting, -brazing,
intense light -soldering, and laser work.
Radiation
 Impact Hazards

PPE Devices for Impact Hazards

Primary protectors intended to shield the

Spectacles eyes from a variety of impact hazards.
Primary protectors intended to shield the
eyes against flying fragments, objects, large
Goggles chips, and particles.
Secondary protectors intended to protect the
entire face against exposure to impact
Face Shields hazards.
 Types of Eye protectors

Safety Safety Goggle

Spectacle

Face Shield
 Dust Hazards

Goggles form a protective seal

around the eyes, preventing
nuisance dust from entering under
or around the goggles. Ventilation
should be adequate, but well
protected from dust entry.
 Optical Radiation Hazards

◼ Welding
◼ Gas Cutting
◼ Laser
◼ Glare
◼ Appropriate Filter Lenses to be
used.
Welders Helmet
Filters for Welding Operation
Filters for Gas Cutting Operation

Flow rate of Oxygen Designations for filters

(litres / hour) for Oxygen cutting

900 to 2000 5

2001 to 4000 6

4001 to 8000 7

IS 5983 - 1980 Table 10

FOOT PROTECTION
 Impact Resistance

◼ Steel toe cap

◼ IS: 5852 - 1992
◼ EN 345
◼ Provides protection from shock of up to
200 joules (mass of 20 kg dropped from
1 metre)
◼ Both Steel toe (conductive) & hard toe
(non conductive) are available.
 Specifications

Electrically Conductive
◼ Protect against built-up of static electricity.

◼ to be used by workers while working in

explosive and hazardous location.

Electrically Non-conductive
◼ Non conductive.

◼ To be used in workplace electrical hazards.

 Specifications

Slip Resistant
◼ Microscopic particles of out-sole provides

grip even in oil, water or fat…….

◼ Nitrile rubber soles are the best for slip
resistance.
Chemical Resistant
◼ MSDS to be studied before selection.

◼ General types natural rubber, Nitrile & PU

soles.
 Specifications

Pierce Resistant (or) penetration proof

◼ Achieved by incorporating a steel mid sole.

◼ To be used to protect against the objects

like nails etc.

Water Proof
◼ Pores in the leather are plugged to provide

resistance from water penetration.

◼ Not to be used in place of gum-boots which

are meant for corrosive submerged

conditions.
 Mass of Safety Shoe

◼ Pair of size no: 8 shoe shall not weigh more

than 1100 gms per pair. The mass of shoes
shall increase 100 gms +/-20 gms per pair for
bigger or smaller sizes respectively.
Respiratory Protection

To protect the employees

from potential Occupational
diseases caused by inhaling
air contaminated with
hazardous dusts, gases or
vapours, lack of oxygen or
heat stress conditions.
 Respirators

Atmosphere
Air Purifying Type Supplying Type

◼ Removes contaminants from the air ◼ supply clean air directly to the
by passing the ambient air through user from a source other than
the air-purifying element the air surrounding the user
◼ Have filters, cartridges, or canisters

Particulate Air Supplied

respirators respirators
Combination Combination
respirator respirator
Self Contained
Gas & Vapour Breathing
respirator Apparatus (SCBA)
 Air Purifying Type

Particulate Combination Gas & Vapour

respirators respirator respirator

◼ capture particles in the air,

such as dusts, mists, and
fumes
◼ do not protect against gases or
vapours
◼ generally become more
effective as particles
accumulate on the filter and
plug spaces between the fibers
◼ filters should be replaced when
user finds it difficult to breath
through them
 Air Purifying Type

Particulate Combination Gas & Vapour

respirators respirator respirator

◼ are normally used in

atmospheres that contain
hazards of both
particulates and gases
◼ have both particulate
filters and gas/vapor
filters
◼ may be heavier
 Air Purifying Type

Particulate Combination Gas & Vapour

respirators respirator respirator

◼ are normally used when there are only

hazardous gases and vapours in the air
◼ uses chemical filters (called cartridges
or canisters) to remove dangerous
gases or vapours
◼ do not protect against airborne particles
◼ are made to protect against specific
gases or vapours
◼ provide protection only as long as the
filter's absorbing capacity is not
depleted
 Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied Combination Self Contained Breathing

respirators Apparatus (SCBA)
respirator

◼ makes use of a hose to deliver

clean, safe air from a stationary
source of compressed air
◼ limits the range of user-mobility
and may fail due to hose
damage
◼ also called airline respirators
◼ normally used when there are
extended work periods that are
not immediately dangerous to
life and health (IDLH)
 Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied Combination Self Contained Breathing

respirators Apparatus (SCBA)
respirator

◼ have an auxiliary self-contained air

supply that can be used if the
primary supply fails
◼ the self-contained portion can be
small since it only needs to supply
enough air for escape
◼ can be used for entry into confined
spaces
◼ normally used when there are
extended work periods that are
immediately dangerous to life and
health (IDLH)
 Atmosphere Supplying Type

Air Supplied Combination Self Contained

respirators respirator
Breathing Apparatus
(SCBA)

◼ consists of a wearable, clean-air

supply pack
◼ do not restrict movement with a
hose connection
◼ normally used when there is a
short-time need to enter and
escape from atmospheres which
are immediately dangerous to
life and health (IDLH)
When Must Hand Protection be
Provided?

When any of these hazards are present:

◼ Burns
◼ Bruises
◼ Abrasions
◼ Cuts
◼ Punctures
◼ Chemical Exposures
 Selection Criteria

◼ Physical Conditions
◼ Hazards to which the glove will be subjected such
as punctures, temperature extremes, & abrasion.
◼ Chemical Resistance
◼ Ability of the glove material to withstand chemical
penetration.
◼ Glove Design and Configuration
◼ Strength, sensitivity, dexterity, finish.
 Types of gloves
Cut Resistant Gloves
◼ made of special materials to lessen the
risk of being cut.
◼ should provide the best level of protection
for tasks ranging from handling sharp
objects to using moving blades.
◼ Stainless steel knit, metal mesh and
tough synthetic yarns are used.

Chemical Resistant Gloves

◼ protects against chemical penetration.
◼ made from many different synthetic
materials like latex, polyvinyl chloride
(PVC), nitrile, butyl, or neoprene.
 Types of Gloves
Voltage Resistant Gloves
◼ made of natural rubber for protection in
tasks involving electrical voltage.
◼ special features to be noted are cuff
length, style, and voltage classifications.

General Purpose Gloves

◼ provide protection against abrasion, punctures,
and cuts.
◼ Ideal for lifting, moving, and handling.
◼ Made from a variety of materials, which often are
combined, such as cotton knit, leather, or
synthetics.
 Types of Gloves

Temperature Resistant Gloves

◼ designed for special purpose tasks
involving temperature extremes, flame
retardancy, or welding.
◼ Made of special materials and features
such as thick leather, special synthetic
coatings, insulation, glass cloth, or
aluminised backing.
 Size of the gloves
◼ Length
◼ Measured from the tip of the
middle finger to where the cuff
edge should be on the wrist / arm

◼ Size
◼ measure your hand size,
around the palm at its widest
point
◼ 7" to 8" = Small
◼ 8" to 9" = Medium
◼ 9" to 10" = Large
◼ 10"+ = X-Large
Personal Fall Protection
Methods of Personal Fall
Protection - Fall Arrest System
Methods of Personal Fall
Protection - Fall Restraint System
Methods of Personal Fall Protection -
Work Positioning System
Methods of Personal Fall
Protection - Climbing
Methods of Personal Fall Protection -
Personal Riding System
Full Body Harness
Rope Grab Fall Arrestor
 Requirements (Clause 7.1 of IS 3521)

◼ Flammability Resistance Test

◼ Scope - Webbing, Lanyard
◼ Picked at random of length 150 mm.
◼ Flame from burner applied for - 10 sec
◼ the material should not burn for more than
5 sec from removal of flame.
 Components of safety belt
Requirements of IS 3521
◼ Webbing
◼ Material - Nylon, polyester or any synthetic material
◼ Uniform thickness & width.
◼ Min Breaking Strength - 2000 kg
◼ Test Specimen
◼ Width- 44+/- 1Thickness - 3 +/- 5

◼ Threads for sewing

◼ Material - Nylon, polyester
◼ properties similar to that of webbing.
 Components of safety belt
Requirements of IS 3521
◼ Rivets & Washer
◼ Should be made of copper

◼ Lanyard
◼ Material - Nylon, polyester or synthetic fibre
◼ Breaking strength - 2000 kg
◼ Test Specimen - 10 mm

◼ All metal components

◼ Solid or forged - Joints should not be visible
◼ Chromium plated or equivalent protective coating
◼ Aluminium , magnesium & titanium not allowed.
 Components of safety belt
Requirements of IS 3521

◼ Hook ( carabiner)
◼ Self closing type
◼ Should not disengage on accidental
pressure against the tongue / latch.
◼ Min Breaking strength - 2000 kg

◼ In case of spring loaded type

◼ In closed condition should be in rest
position and free from movement.
◼ Should not disengaged until pressure
is applied to release.