June 2011

Chapter 1
Types of Structures
and Loads

،‫مذكرات شرح وتمارٌن محلولة‬

‫امتحانات سابقة للعدٌد من المواد أدناه‬
‫متاحة مجانا على الموقعٌن المذكورٌن أدناه‬

‫خُس اىنالً ٍا ق ّو‬

‫وج ّو ُوده وىٌ ََ ّو‬
ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

Types of Structures and Loads

Introduction
A structure refers to a system of connected parts used to support a
load.

Concrete beams generally have a

rectangular cross section, since it’s easy
to construct this form directly in the field.
Because concrete is rather weak in
resisting tension, steel “reinforcing rods”
are cast into the beam within regions of
the cross section subjected to tension.

Columns
Members that are generally vertical and resist
axial compressive loads are referred to as
columns,
Tubes and wide-flange cross sections are often
used for metal columns, and circular and square
cross sections with reinforcing rods are used for
those made of concrete.
Occasionally, columns are subjected to both an
axial load and a bending moment as shown in the
figure. These members are referred to be as beam
columns.
َُِِّ‫اىنالً اىيُِِّ َغية اىنالً اىث‬
ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

Beams
Beams are usually straight horizontal members
used primarily to carry vertical loads.
Beams are primarily designed to resist bending
moment; however, if they are short and carry
large loads, the internal shear force may become
quite large and this force may govern their
design.
When the material used for a beam is a metal
such as steel or aluminum, the cross section is
most efficient when it’s shaped as shown in the
Fig. 1-3.

Here the forces developed in the top and bottom flanges of the
beam form the necessary couple used to resist the applied moment
M, whereas the web is effective in resisting the applied shear V.
This cross section is commonly referred to as a "wide flange".

‫ أفقد‬،ً‫إذا اتتسٌ اى ََه ُصو‬

َّ ‫اىَْتصس‬
!! ‫ىـرج اىفَىش‬
ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
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 June 2011

Loads
The design loading for a structure is often specified in codes. In
general, the structural engineer works with two types of codes:
general building codes and design codes.
General building codes specify the requirements of governmental
bodies for minimum design loads on structures and minimum
standards for construction.
Design codes provide detailed technical standards and are used to
establish the requirements for the actual structural design.
Table 1-1 lists some of the important codes used in practice. It
should be realized, however, that codes provide only a general
guide for design.
The ultimate responsibility for the design lies with the structural
engineer.
Table 1-1

General Building Codes

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
SEI/ASCE 7-05, American Society of civil Engineers
International building Code
Design Codes
Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, Am. Conc. Inst.
(ACI)
Manual of Steel Construction, American Institute of Steel Construction
(AISC)
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, American Association of
State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
National Design Specifications for Wood Construction, American Forest
and Paper Association (AFPA)
Manual for Railway Engineering, American Railway Engineering
Association (AREA)

ْ َ‫ال ت‬
! ‫ستَح ٍِ إعطاء اىقيُو فاىحسٍاُ أقو ٍْه‬
ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

Dead Loads
Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural
members and the weights of any objects that are permanently
attached to the structure.
In some cases, a structural dead load can be estimated satisfactorily
from simple formulas based on the weights and sizes of similar
structures.
Through experience one can also derive a “feeling” for the
magnitude of these loadings. For example, the average weight for
timber buildings is 1.9-2.4 kN/m2, for steel framed building it’s
2.9-3.6 kN/m2 , and for reinforced concrete it’s 5.3-6.2 kN/m2 .
Table 1-2

Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials

kN/m2
Aluminum 26.7
Concrete, plain cinder 17.0
Concrete, plain stone 22.6
Concrete, reinforced cinder 17.4
Concrete, reinforced stone 23.6
Clay, dry 9.9
Clay, damp 17.3
Sand and gravel, dry, loose 15.7
Sand and gravel, wet 18.9
Masonry, light weight solid concrete 16.5
Masonry, normal weight 21.2
Plywood 5.7
Steel, cold-drawn 77.3
Wood, Douglas Fir 5.3
Wood, Southern Pine 5.8
Wood, spruce 4.5

‫تسي اى َعُِ مو شٍء إال ذاتها‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
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 June 2011

Table 1-3
Minimum Design Dead Loads
Walls kN/m2
100 mm clay brick 1.87
200 mm clay brick 3.78
300 mm clay brick 5.51
Frame Partitions and Walls
Exterior stud walls with brick veneer 2.30
Window, glass, frame and sash 0.38
Wood studs 50 x 100 mm unplastered 0.19
Wood studs 50 x 100 mm plastered one side 0.57
Wood studs 50 x 100 mm plastered two sides 0.96
Floor fill
Cinder concrete, per mm 0.017
Light weight concrete, plain, per mm 0.015
Stone concrete, per mm 0.023
Ceilings
Acoustical fiberboard 0.05
Plaster on tile or concrete 0.24
Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster 0.48
Asphalt shingles 0.10
Fireboard, 13 mm 0.04

ٍ‫قاه ُعثَاُ تِ عفَّاُ (زض‬

‫سد‬
ِ ‫ "ََنفُل ٍِ اىحا‬:)‫هللا عْه‬
"‫س ُسو َزك‬
ُ ً‫أّه َغتٌ َى‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
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 June 2011

1-1 The floor beam in Fig. 1-8 is used to

support the 1.83-m width of a lightweight
plain concrete slab having a thickness of
102 mm. the slab serves as portion of the
ceiling for the floor below, and therefore its
bottom is coated with plaster. Furthermore,
a 2.44-m-high, 305-mm-thick lightweight
solid concrete block wall is directly over the
top flange of the beam. Determine the
loading on the beam measured per foot of
the length of the beam.

Solution:
Using the data in Tables 1-2 and 1-3, we have
Concrete slab: [0.015 kN / (m2 . mm)] (102 mm) (1.83 m)
= 2.80 kN / m
Plaster ceiling: (0.24 kN / m2) (1.83 m) = 0.44 kN / m
Block wall: (16.5 kN / m3) (2.44 m) (0.305 m) = 12.26 kN / m
_____________
Total Load: 15.50 kN / m

‫ساُ اىطىَو دالىح‬ َ ‫اىي‬

ِ ‫عيً اىُد اىقَـ‬
!! ‫صُ َسج‬
ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
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 June 2011

Live Loads
The minimum live loads specified in codes are determined from
studying the history of their effects on existing structures.
Table 1-4

Minimum Live Loads

Live Load
Occupancy or Use
kN / m2
Assembly areas and theaters
Fixed seats 2.87
Movable seats 4.79
Dance halls and ballrooms 4.79
Garages (passenger cars only) 2.40

Office buildings
Lobbies 4.79
Offices 2.40

Storage warehouse
Light 6.00
Heavy 11.97

Residential
Dwelling (one – and two – family) 1.92
Hotels and multifamily houses
Private rooms and corridors 1.92
Public rooms and corridors 4.79

Schools
Classroom 1.92
Corridors above first floor 3.83

.‫فًنس ساعح وتنيٌ دقُقح‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

For some types of buildings having very large floor areas, many
codes will allow a reduction in the uniform live load for a floor,
since it’s unlikely that the prescribed live load will occur
simultaneously throughout the entire structure at any one time. For
example, ASCE 7-05 allows a reduction of live load on a member
having an influence area (KLL AT) of 37.2 m2 or more. This
reduced live load is calculated using the following equation:
.5
o . 5 Eq. 1-1
T

Where,
L = reduced design live load per square meter of area .
Lo = unreduced design live load per square meter .
KLL = live load element factor, for interior columns KLL = 4.
AT = tributary area in square meters.
The reduced live load defined by Eq.1-1 is limited to not less than
50% of (Lo) for members supporting one floor, or not less than
40% of (Lo) for members supporting more than one floor. No
reduction is allowed for loads exceeding 4.97 kN/m2, or for
structures used for public assembly, garages, or roofs.

…..‫إذا اإليمان ضاع فال حياة‬

.‫وال دنيا لمن لم ُيحيي دينا‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

1-2 A two-story office building has

interior columns that are spaced
6.71 m apart in two perpendicular
directions. If the (flat) roof loading
is 0.96 kN/m2, determine the
reduced live load supported by a
typical interior located at the ground
level.

Solution:
Each interior column has a tributary area or effective loaded area of:
AT = (6.71 m) (6.71 m) = 45.0 m2
ground–floor column therefore supports a roof live load of:
FR = (0.96 kN / m2) (45.0 m2) = 43.1 kN
This load can’t be reduced, since it’s not a floor load. For the
second floor, the live load is taken from Table 1-4:
Lo = 2.4 kN / m2. Since KLL = 4, Then: 4 AT = 4 (45.0 m2)
= 180 m2 > 37.2m2, the live load can be reduced:
.5
o . 5 = (1.42) kN / m2

The load reduction here is (1.42 / 2.4)100% = 59.1% > 50% OK.
FF = (1.42 kN / m2) (45.0 m2) = 63.9 kN
Ttotal = FR + FF = 43.1k N + 63.9 kN = 107.0 kN ٌ‫إذا اشدحٌ اىسأ‬
َّ ‫َخفِ ٍَ اى‬
.‫صىاب‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

1-2. The building wall consists of 200-mm clay brick. In the

interior, the wall is made from 50 mm * 100 mm wood studs,
plastered on one side. If the wall is 3 m high, determine the load in
kN per meter of length of wall that the wall exerts on the floor.

Solution:

Wclay = 3.78 x 3
= 11.34 kN / m

Wstuds = 0.57 x 3
= 1.71 kN / m

WTotal = 11.34 +1.71

= 13.05 kN / m

‫منننننن اسننننن ن بعقننننن نفسنننننو‬

‫اخ ننننن ّ ومنننننن أعجننننن برأينننننو‬
. ّ ‫ض ّ ومن صارع الحق ذ‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
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 June 2011

1-5. The floor of a classroom is made of 125-mm thick lightweight plain

concrete. If the floor is a slab having a length of 8 m and a width of 6 m,
determine the resultant force caused by the dead load and the live load.

Solution:

Area = 6 x 8
= 48 m2

Wdead = 0.015 x 125 x 48

= 90 kN

Wlive = 1.92 x 48
= 92.2 kN

WTotal = 90 + 92.2
= 182.2 kN

‫من فكر في ِن َعم اهلل ثم فَ َّكر في‬

. ‫َقصيره في الشكر اس حيا من السؤا‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
C++, Java, MATLAB, Data Structures, Algorithms, Discrete Math, Digital Logic, Concepts :‫مواد كمبٌوتر‬
Mechanical Design I/II, Structural Analysis I/II, Concrete I/II, Soil, Fluid Mechanics, System Dynamics :ٌَُ‫ٍىاد تص‬
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 June 2011

1-6. The precast T-beam has the cross

section shown. Determine its weight
per foot of length if it’s made from
reinforced stone concrete and eight
20-mm cold-formed steel reinforcing
rods.

Solution:
‫ٍساحح اىَقطع تتنىُ ٍِ ٍستطُيُِ وشثه ٍْحسف‬

Area concrete = (1.02 * 0.2) + ( ) + (0.15 * 0.5)

= 0.34 m2

Wconcrete = 0.34 * 23.6

= 8.024 kN / m

Wsteel = 8 * ( π * 0.012 ) * 77.3

= 0.194 kN / m

WTotal = 8.024 + 0.194 ‫مهما قدمت لالسد من طعام‬

= 8.218 kN / m ‫فإنو يظ يحن إل ال ابة‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

1-7 the second floor of a light

manufacturing building is constructed
from a 125-mm-thick stone concrete
slab with an added 100-mm cinder
concrete slab with an added 100-mm
cinder concrete fill as shown. If the
suspended ceiling of the first floor
consists of metal lath and gypsum
plaster, determine the dead load for
design in kN per square meter of floor
area.

Solution:
125 mm concrete slab = (125)(0.023) = 2.875 kN/m2
100 mm cinder fill = (100)(0.017) = 1.7 kN/m2
metal lath & plaster = 0.24 kN/m2
ρtotal = 4.815 kN/m2

‫القلقققققققل مسقققققققل الكرسقققققققً ال ققققققق ا‬

‫سقققققٌجعلر تتحقققققرر دائمقققققا ولكنقققققق‬
.‫لن ٌوصلر إلى أي مكان‬
ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
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 June 2011

1-9 The beam supports the roof

made from asphalt shingles and
wood sheathing boards, if the board
have a thickness of 38 mm and a
specific weight of 7.86 kN/m2, and
the roof's angle of slope is ,
determine the dead load of the
roofing – per square foot – that is
supported in the x and y direction
by the purlins.

Solution:
Weight per square m

From table 1-3

Shingles kN/m2

‫اضقققققققحر ٌضقققققققحر العقققققققالم‬

.‫معر وابر تبر وحدر‬
ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

1-10. A two-story school has interior columns that are spaced 4.5 m apart in
two perpendicular directions. If the loading on the flat roof is estimated to be
1kN/m2, determine the reduced live load supported by a typical interior
column at: (a) the ground-floor level, (b) the second-floor level.

Solution:
AT = 4.5 * 4.5 = 20.25 m2
Wroof = 20.25 * 1 = 20.25 kN
(This load cannot be reduced since it’s not a floor load)]
KLL = 4 (Interior column)

4 AT = 4 * 20.25
= 81 > 37.2 (Live load can be reduced for floor load)
.5
o . 5
T
.5
. . 5
= 1.45 kN / m2

Wfloor = 1.45 x 20.25 = 29 kN

(a) Wground = W roof + W floor

= 20.25 + 29.5
= 49.7 kN

(b) Wsecond floor = W roof ‫سننن َّأننننو يجعننن‬

َ ‫نند منننا فننني ال َك‬
ّ ‫أشن‬
= 20.25 kN
‫كأنو أعما كثيرة‬ َّ ‫العم الواحد‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
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 June 2011

1-13 determine the resultant force

acting on the face of the truss-
supported sign if is located near Los
Angeles, California on open flat
terrain. The sign has width of 6 m and
a height of 3 m as indicated. Use an
importance factor of I = 0.87.

Solution:
From the wind map V = 38 m/s

‫المصٌبة إذا ن لت ف ً واحدة‬

.‫فإن ج ع صاحب ا كانت اسنٌن‬

ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
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 June 2011

1-19 A hospital located in Chicago, Illinois, has a flat roof, where the
ground snow load is 1.2 kN/m2. Determine the design snow load on the
roof of the hospital.

Solution:

‫ تعب عاجل‬:‫ستدفع أحد سمنٌن‬

‫ أو متعة عاجلة‬،‫عاقبت نجاح‬
.‫مؤقتة سمن ا فشل مؤلم‬
ٍّ‫ أو تاىثسَد االىنتسو‬SMS ‫دَْازاُ هدَح عْـد اىتْثُه عيً مـو خطـأ تَرمساخ اىَىقع تسساىح‬
Physics I/II, Circuits, English 123, Numerical, Dynamics, Strength, Statics:‫مواد عامة‬
C++, Java, MATLAB, Data Structures, Algorithms, Discrete Math, Digital Logic, Concepts :‫مواد كمبٌوتر‬
Mechanical Design I/II, Structural Analysis I/II, Concrete I/II, Soil, Fluid Mechanics, System Dynamics :ٌَُ‫ٍىاد تص‬
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