Tutorial: Intro to React

This tutorial doesn’t assume any existing React

knowledge.
Before We Start the Tutorial
We will build a small game during this tutorial. You might be tempted to
skip it because you’re not building games — but give it a chance. The
techniques you’ll learn in the tutorial are fundamental to building any React
app, and mastering it will give you a deep understanding of React.
Tip
This tutorial is designed for people who prefer to learn by doing. If you prefer
learning concepts from the ground up, check out our step-by-step guide. You
might find this tutorial and the guide complementary to each other.

The tutorial is divided into several sections:

 Setup for the Tutorial will give you a starting point to follow the tutorial.
 Overview will teach you the fundamentals of React: components, props, and
state.
 Completing the Game will teach you the most common techniques in React
development.
 Adding Time Travel will give you a deeper insight into the unique strengths
of React.

You don’t have to complete all of the sections at once to get the value out of
this tutorial. Try to get as far as you can — even if it’s one or two sections.
What Are We Building?
In this tutorial, we’ll show how to build an interactive tic-tac-toe game with
React.
You can see what we’ll be building here: Final Result. If the code doesn’t
make sense to you, or if you are unfamiliar with the code’s syntax, don’t worry!
The goal of this tutorial is to help you understand React and its syntax.

We recommend that you check out the tic-tac-toe game before continuing
with the tutorial. One of the features that you’ll notice is that there is a
numbered list to the right of the game’s board. This list gives you a history of
all of the moves that have occurred in the game, and it is updated as the game
progresses.

You can close the tic-tac-toe game once you’re familiar with it. We’ll be
starting from a simpler template in this tutorial. Our next step is to set you up
so that you can start building the game.
Prerequisites
We’ll assume that you have some familiarity with HTML and JavaScript, but
you should be able to follow along even if you’re coming from a different
programming language. We’ll also assume that you’re familiar with
programming concepts like functions, objects, arrays, and to a lesser extent,
classes.
If you need to review JavaScript, we recommend reading this guide. Note that
we’re also using some features from ES6 — a recent version of JavaScript. In
this tutorial, we’re using arrow functions, classes, let, and const statements.
You can use the Babel REPL to check what ES6 code compiles to.

Setup for the Tutorial

There are two ways to complete this tutorial: you can either write the code in
your browser, or you can set up a local development environment on your
computer.
Setup Option 1: Write Code in the Browser
This is the quickest way to get started!
First, open this Starter Code in a new tab. The new tab should display an
empty tic-tac-toe game board and React code. We will be editing the React
code in this tutorial.
You can now skip the second setup option, and go to the Overview section to
get an overview of React.
Setup Option 2: Local Development Environment
This is completely optional and not required for this tutorial!

Optional: Instructions for following along locally using your preferred

text editor
Help, I’m Stuck!
If you get stuck, check out the community support resources. In
particular, Reactiflux Chat is a great way to get help quickly. If you don’t
receive an answer, or if you remain stuck, please file an issue, and we’ll help
you out.

Overview
Now that you’re set up, let’s get an overview of React!
What Is React?
React is a declarative, efficient, and flexible JavaScript library for building user
interfaces. It lets you compose complex UIs from small and isolated pieces of
code called “components”.
React has a few different kinds of components, but we’ll start
with React.Component subclasses:
class ShoppingList extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<div className="shopping-list">
<h1>Shopping List for {this.props.name}</h1>
<ul>
<li>Instagram</li>
<li>WhatsApp</li>
<li>Oculus</li>
</ul>
</div>
);
}
}

// Example usage: <ShoppingList name="Mark" />

We’ll get to the funny XML-like tags soon. We use components to tell React
what we want to see on the screen. When our data changes, React will
efficiently update and re-render our components.
Here, ShoppingList is a React component class, or React component type. A
component takes in parameters, called props (short for “properties”), and
returns a hierarchy of views to display via the render method.
The render method returns a description of what you want to see on the screen.
React takes the description and displays the result. In particular, render returns
a React element, which is a lightweight description of what to render. Most
React developers use a special syntax called “JSX” which makes these
structures easier to write. The <div /> syntax is transformed at build time
to React.createElement('div'). The example above is equivalent to:
return React.createElement('div', {className: 'shopping-list'},
React.createElement('h1', /* ... h1 children ... */),
React.createElement('ul', /* ... ul children ... */)
);

See full expanded version.

If you’re curious, createElement() is described in more detail in the API
reference, but we won’t be using it in this tutorial. Instead, we will keep using
JSX.
JSX comes with the full power of JavaScript. You can put any JavaScript
expressions within braces inside JSX. Each React element is a JavaScript object
that you can store in a variable or pass around in your program.
The ShoppingList component above only renders built-in DOM components
like <div /> and <li />. But you can compose and render custom React
components too. For example, we can now refer to the whole shopping list by
writing <ShoppingList />. Each React component is encapsulated and can
operate independently; this allows you to build complex UIs from simple
components.
Inspecting the Starter Code
If you’re going to work on the tutorial in your browser, open this code in a
new tab: Starter Code. If you’re going to work on the tutorial locally, instead
open src/index.js in your project folder (you have already touched this file
during the setup).

This Starter Code is the base of what we’re building. We’ve provided the CSS
styling so that you only need to focus on learning React and programming the
tic-tac-toe game.

By inspecting the code, you’ll notice that we have three React components:

 Square

 Board

 Game
The Square component renders a single <button> and the Board renders 9
squares. The Game component renders a board with placeholder values which
we’ll modify later. There are currently no interactive components.
Passing Data Through Props
To get our feet wet, let’s try passing some data from our Board component to
our Square component.

We strongly recommend typing code by hand as you’re working through the

tutorial and not using copy/paste. This will help you develop muscle memory
and a stronger understanding.
In Board’s renderSquare method, change the code to pass a prop called value to
the Square:
class Board extends React.Component {
renderSquare(i) {
return <Square value={i} />; }
}

Change Square’s render method to show that value by replacing {/* TODO

*/} with {this.props.value}:
class Square extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<button className="square">
{this.props.value} </button>
);
}
}

Before:
After: You should see a number in each square in the rendered output.

View the full code at this point

Congratulations! You’ve just “passed a prop” from a parent Board component

to a child Square component. Passing props is how information flows in React
apps, from parents to children.
Making an Interactive Component
Let’s fill the Square component with an “X” when we click it. First, change the
button tag that is returned from the Square component’s render() function to
this:
class Square extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
 <button className="square" onClick={function() { console.log('click');
}}> {this.props.value}
</button>
);
}
}

If you click on a Square now, you should see ‘click’ in your browser’s devtools
console.
Note
To save typing and avoid the confusing behavior of this, we will use the arrow
function syntax for event handlers here and further below:
class Square extends React.Component {
render() {
return (
<button className="square" onClick={() => console.log('click')}>
{this.props.value}
</button>
);
}
}

Notice how with onClick={() => console.log('click')}, we’re passing a

function as the onClick prop. React will only call this function after a click.
Forgetting () => and writing onClick={console.log('click')} is a common
mistake, and would fire every time the component re-renders.
As a next step, we want the Square component to “remember” that it got
clicked, and fill it with an “X” mark. To “remember” things, components
use state.
React components can have state by setting this.state in their
constructors. this.state should be considered as private to a React component
that it’s defined in. Let’s store the current value of the Square in this.state, and
change it when the Square is clicked.

First, we’ll add a constructor to the class to initialize the state:

class Square extends React.Component {
constructor(props) { super(props); this.state = { value: null,
}; }
render() {
return (
<button className="square" onClick={() => console.log('click')}>
{this.props.value}
 </button>
);
}
}

Note
In JavaScript classes, you need to always call super when defining the
constructor of a subclass. All React component classes that have
a constructor should start with a super(props) call.
Now we’ll change the Square’s render method to display the current state’s
value when clicked:
 Replace this.props.value with this.state.value inside the <button> tag.
 Replace the onClick={...} event handler with onClick={() =>
this.setState({value: 'X'})}.
 Put the className and onClick props on separate lines for better readability.
After these changes, the <button> tag that is returned by the
Square’s render method looks like this:
class Square extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
value: null,
};
}

render() {
return (
<button
className="square" onClick={() => this.setState({value: 'X'})}
>
{this.state.value} </button>
);
}
}

By calling this.setState from an onClick handler in the Square’s render method,

we tell React to re-render that Square whenever its <button> is clicked. After the
update, the Square’s this.state.value will be 'X', so we’ll see the X on the game
board. If you click on any Square, an X should show up.
When you call setState in a component, React automatically updates the child
components inside of it too.
View the full code at this point
Developer Tools
The React Devtools extension for Chrome and Firefox lets you inspect a React
component tree with your browser’s developer tools.

The React DevTools let you check the props and the state of your React
components.

After installing React DevTools, you can right-click on any element on the
page, click “Inspect” to open the developer tools, and the React tabs (“⚛️
Components” and “⚛️Profiler”) will appear as the last tabs to the right. Use “⚛️
Components” to inspect the component tree.
However, note there are a few extra steps to get it working with
CodePen:

1. Log in or register and confirm your email (required to prevent spam).

2. Click the “Fork” button.

3. Click “Change View” and then choose “Debug mode”.

4. In the new tab that opens, the devtools should now have a React tab.

Completing the Game

We now have the basic building blocks for our tic-tac-toe game. To have a
complete game, we now need to alternate placing “X”s and “O”s on the board,
and we need a way to determine a winner.
Lifting State Up
Currently, each Square component maintains the game’s state. To check for a
winner, we’ll maintain the value of each of the 9 squares in one location.
We may think that Board should just ask each Square for the Square’s state.
Although this approach is possible in React, we discourage it because the code
becomes difficult to understand, susceptible to bugs, and hard to refactor.
Instead, the best approach is to store the game’s state in the parent Board
component instead of in each Square. The Board component can tell each
Square what to display by passing a prop, just like we did when we passed a
number to each Square.
To collect data from multiple children, or to have two child components
communicate with each other, you need to declare the shared state in
their parent component instead. The parent component can pass the
state back down to the children by using props; this keeps the child
components in sync with each other and with the parent component.

Lifting state into a parent component is common when React components are
refactored — let’s take this opportunity to try it out.

Add a constructor to the Board and set the Board’s initial state to contain an
array of 9 nulls corresponding to the 9 squares:
class Board extends React.Component {
constructor(props) { super(props); this.state = { squares:
Array(9).fill(null), }; }
renderSquare(i) {
return <Square value={i} />;
}

When we fill the board in later, the this.state.squares array will look something

like this:
[
'O', null, 'X',
'X', 'X', 'O',
'O', null, null,
]

The Board’s renderSquare method currently looks like this:

renderSquare(i) {
return <Square value={i} />;
}
In the beginning, we passed the value prop down from the Board to show
numbers from 0 to 8 in every Square. In a different previous step, we replaced
the numbers with an “X” mark determined by Square’s own state. This is why
Square currently ignores the value prop passed to it by the Board.
We will now use the prop passing mechanism again. We will modify the Board
to instruct each individual Square about its current value ( 'X', 'O', or null). We
have already defined the squares array in the Board’s constructor, and we will
modify the Board’s renderSquare method to read from it:
renderSquare(i) {
return <Square value={this.state.squares[i]} />; }

View the full code at this point

Each Square will now receive a value prop that will either be 'X', 'O', or null for
empty squares.

Next, we need to change what happens when a Square is clicked. The Board
component now maintains which squares are filled. We need to create a way
for the Square to update the Board’s state. Since state is considered to be
private to a component that defines it, we cannot update the Board’s state
directly from Square.
Instead, we’ll pass down a function from the Board to the Square, and we’ll
have Square call that function when a square is clicked. We’ll change
the renderSquare method in Board to:
renderSquare(i) {
return (
<Square
value={this.state.squares[i]}
onClick={() => this.handleClick(i)} />
);
}

Note
We split the returned element into multiple lines for readability, and added
parentheses so that JavaScript doesn’t insert a semicolon after return and
break our code.
Now we’re passing down two props from Board to Square: value and onClick.
The onClick prop is a function that Square can call when clicked. We’ll make
the following changes to Square:
 Replace this.state.value with this.props.value in
Square’s render method
  Replace this.setState() with this.props.onClick() in
Square’s render method
 Delete the constructor from Square because Square no longer keeps track of
the game’s state

After these changes, the Square component looks like this:

class Square extends React.Component { render() { return (
<button
className="square"
onClick={() => this.props.onClick()} >
{this.props.value} </button>
);
}
}

When a Square is clicked, the onClick function provided by the Board is called.

Here’s a review of how this is achieved:
1. The onClick prop on the built-in DOM <button> component tells React to set
up a click event listener.
2. When the button is clicked, React will call the onClick event handler that is
defined in Square’s render() method.
3. This event handler calls this.props.onClick(). The Square’s onClick prop
was specified by the Board.
4. Since the Board passed onClick={() => this.handleClick(i)} to Square,
the Square calls this.handleClick(i) when clicked.
5. We have not defined the handleClick() method yet, so our code crashes. If
you click a square now, you should see a red error screen saying something
like “this.handleClick is not a function”.
Note
The DOM <button> element’s onClick attribute has a special meaning to React
because it is a built-in component. For custom components like Square, the
naming is up to you. We could give any name to the Square’s onClick prop or
Board’s handleClick method, and the code would work the same. In React, it’s
conventional to use on[Event] names for props which represent events
and handle[Event] for the methods which handle the events.
When we try to click a Square, we should get an error because we haven’t
defined handleClick yet. We’ll now add handleClick to the Board class:
class Board extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
 this.state = {
squares: Array(9).fill(null),
};
}

handleClick(i) { const squares = this.state.squares.slice();

squares[i] = 'X'; this.setState({squares: squares}); }
renderSquare(i) {
return (
<Square
value={this.state.squares[i]}
onClick={() => this.handleClick(i)}
/>
);
}

render() {
const status = 'Next player: X';

return (
<div>
<div className="status">{status}</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(0)}
{this.renderSquare(1)}
{this.renderSquare(2)}
</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(3)}
{this.renderSquare(4)}
{this.renderSquare(5)}
</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(6)}
{this.renderSquare(7)}
{this.renderSquare(8)}
</div>
</div>
);
}
}

View the full code at this point

After these changes, we’re again able to click on the Squares to fill them, the
same as we had before. However, now the state is stored in the Board
component instead of the individual Square components. When the Board’s
state changes, the Square components re-render automatically. Keeping the
state of all squares in the Board component will allow it to determine the
winner in the future.
Since the Square components no longer maintain state, the Square
components receive values from the Board component and inform the Board
component when they’re clicked. In React terms, the Square components are
now controlled components. The Board has full control over them.
Note how in handleClick, we call .slice() to create a copy of the squares array to
modify instead of modifying the existing array. We will explain why we create a
copy of the squares array in the next section.
Why Immutability Is Important
In the previous code example, we suggested that you use the .slice() method
to create a copy of the squares array to copy instead of modifying the existing
array. We’ll now discuss immutability and why immutability is important to
learn.
There are generally two approaches to changing data. The first approach is
to mutate the data by directly changing the data’s values. The second
approach is to replace the data with a new copy which has the desired
changes.
Data Change with Mutation
var player = {score: 1, name: 'Jeff'};
player.score = 2;
// Now player is {score: 2, name: 'Jeff'}

Data Change without Mutation

var player = {score: 1, name: 'Jeff'};

var newPlayer = Object.assign({}, player, {score: 2});

// Now player is unchanged, but newPlayer is {score: 2, name: 'Jeff'}

// Or if you are using object spread syntax proposal, you can write:
// var newPlayer = {...player, score: 2};

The end result is the same but by not mutating (or changing the underlying
data) directly, we gain several benefits described below.
Complex Features Become Simple

Immutability makes complex features much easier to implement. Later in this

tutorial, we will implement a “time travel” feature that allows us to review the
tic-tac-toe game’s history and “jump back” to previous moves. This
functionality isn’t specific to games — an ability to undo and redo certain
actions is a common requirement in applications. Avoiding direct data
mutation lets us keep previous versions of the game’s history intact, and reuse
them later.
Detecting Changes

Detecting changes in mutable objects is difficult because they are modified

directly. This detection requires the mutable object to be compared to
previous copies of itself and the entire object tree to be traversed.

Detecting changes in immutable objects is considerably easier. If the

immutable object that is being referenced is different than the previous one,
then the object has changed.
Determining When to Re-Render in React
The main benefit of immutability is that it helps you build pure components in
React. Immutable data can easily determine if changes have been made, which
helps to determine when a component requires re-rendering.
You can learn more about shouldComponentUpdate() and how you can build pure
components by reading Optimizing Performance.
Function Components
We’ll now change the Square to be a function component.
In React, function components are a simpler way to write components that
only contain a render method and don’t have their own state. Instead of
defining a class which extends React.Component, we can write a function that
takes props as input and returns what should be rendered. Function
components are less tedious to write than classes, and many components can
be expressed this way.

Replace the Square class with this function:

function Square(props) {
return (
<button className="square" onClick={props.onClick}>
{props.value}
</button>
);
}

We have changed this.props to props both times it appears.

View the full code at this point
Note
When we modified the Square to be a function component, we also
changed onClick={() => this.props.onClick()} to a
shorter onClick={props.onClick} (note the lack of parentheses on both sides).

Taking Turns
We now need to fix an obvious defect in our tic-tac-toe game: the “O”s cannot
be marked on the board.

We’ll set the first move to be “X” by default. We can set this default by
modifying the initial state in our Board constructor:
class Board extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
squares: Array(9).fill(null),
xIsNext: true, };
}

Each time a player moves, xIsNext (a boolean) will be flipped to determine

which player goes next and the game’s state will be saved. We’ll update the
Board’s handleClick function to flip the value of xIsNext:
handleClick(i) {
const squares = this.state.squares.slice();
squares[i] = this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O'; this.setState({
squares: squares,
xIsNext: !this.state.xIsNext, });
}

With this change, “X”s and “O”s can take turns. Try it!
Let’s also change the “status” text in Board’s render so that it displays which
player has the next turn:
render() {
const status = 'Next player: ' + (this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O');
return (
// the rest has not changed

After applying these changes, you should have this Board component:
class Board extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
squares: Array(9).fill(null),
 xIsNext: true, };
}

handleClick(i) {
const squares = this.state.squares.slice(); squares[i] =
this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O'; this.setState({ squares: squares,
xIsNext: !this.state.xIsNext, }); }

renderSquare(i) {
return (
<Square
value={this.state.squares[i]}
onClick={() => this.handleClick(i)}
/>
);
}

render() {
const status = 'Next player: ' + (this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O');
return (
<div>
<div className="status">{status}</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(0)}
{this.renderSquare(1)}
{this.renderSquare(2)}
</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(3)}
{this.renderSquare(4)}
{this.renderSquare(5)}
</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(6)}
{this.renderSquare(7)}
{this.renderSquare(8)}
</div>
</div>
);
}
}

View the full code at this point

Declaring a Winner
Now that we show which player’s turn is next, we should also show when the
game is won and there are no more turns to make. Copy this helper function
and paste it at the end of the file:
function calculateWinner(squares) {
const lines = [
[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5],
[6, 7, 8],
[0, 3, 6],
[1, 4, 7],
[2, 5, 8],
[0, 4, 8],
[2, 4, 6],
];
for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
const [a, b, c] = lines[i];
if (squares[a] && squares[a] === squares[b] && squares[a] === squares[c])
{
return squares[a];
}
}
return null;
}

Given an array of 9 squares, this function will check for a winner and
return 'X', 'O', or null as appropriate.
We will call calculateWinner(squares) in the Board’s render function to check if a
player has won. If a player has won, we can display text such as “Winner: X” or
“Winner: O”. We’ll replace the status declaration in Board’s render function with
this code:
render() {
const winner = calculateWinner(this.state.squares); let status; if
(winner) { status = 'Winner: ' + winner; } else { status = 'Next
player: ' + (this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O'); }
return (
// the rest has not changed

We can now change the Board’s handleClick function to return early by

ignoring a click if someone has won the game or if a Square is already filled:
handleClick(i) {
const squares = this.state.squares.slice();
if (calculateWinner(squares) || squares[i]) { return; }
squares[i] = this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O';
this.setState({
squares: squares,
 xIsNext: !this.state.xIsNext,
});
}

View the full code at this point

Congratulations! You now have a working tic-tac-toe game. And you’ve just
learned the basics of React too. So you’re probably the real winner here.

Adding Time Travel

As a final exercise, let’s make it possible to “go back in time” to the previous
moves in the game.
Storing a History of Moves
If we mutated the squares array, implementing time travel would be very
difficult.
However, we used slice() to create a new copy of the squares array after every
move, and treated it as immutable. This will allow us to store every past
version of the squares array, and navigate between the turns that have already
happened.
We’ll store the past squares arrays in another array called history.
The history array represents all board states, from the first to the last move,
and has a shape like this:
history = [
// Before first move
{
squares: [
null, null, null,
null, null, null,
null, null, null,
]
},
// After first move
{
squares: [
null, null, null,
null, 'X', null,
null, null, null,
]
},
// After second move
{
squares: [
null, null, null,
 null, 'X', null,
null, null, 'O',
]
},
// ...
]

Now we need to decide which component should own the history state.

Lifting State Up, Again
We’ll want the top-level Game component to display a list of past moves. It
will need access to the history to do that, so we will place the history state in
the top-level Game component.
Placing the history state into the Game component lets us remove
the squares state from its child Board component. Just like we “lifted state
up” from the Square component into the Board component, we are now lifting
it up from the Board into the top-level Game component. This gives the Game
component full control over the Board’s data, and lets it instruct the Board to
render previous turns from the history.

First, we’ll set up the initial state for the Game component within its
constructor:
class Game extends React.Component {
constructor(props) { super(props); this.state = { history: [{
squares: Array(9).fill(null), }], xIsNext: true, }; }
render() {
return (
<div className="game">
<div className="game-board">
<Board />
</div>
<div className="game-info">
<div>{/* status */}</div>
<ol>{/* TODO */}</ol>
</div>
</div>
);
}
}

Next, we’ll have the Board component receive squares and onClick props from

the Game component. Since we now have a single click handler in Board for
many Squares, we’ll need to pass the location of each Square into
the onClick handler to indicate which Square was clicked. Here are the required
steps to transform the Board component:
 Delete the constructor in Board.
 Replace this.state.squares[i] with this.props.squares[i] in
Board’s renderSquare.
 Replace this.handleClick(i) with this.props.onClick(i) in
Board’s renderSquare.

The Board component now looks like this:

class Board extends React.Component {
handleClick(i) {
const squares = this.state.squares.slice();
if (calculateWinner(squares) || squares[i]) {
return;
}
squares[i] = this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O';
this.setState({
squares: squares,
xIsNext: !this.state.xIsNext,
});
}

renderSquare(i) {
return (
<Square
value={this.props.squares[i]} onClick={() =>
this.props.onClick(i)} />
);
}

render() {
const winner = calculateWinner(this.state.squares);
let status;
if (winner) {
status = 'Winner: ' + winner;
} else {
status = 'Next player: ' + (this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O');
}

return (
<div>
<div className="status">{status}</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(0)}
 {this.renderSquare(1)}
{this.renderSquare(2)}
</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(3)}
{this.renderSquare(4)}
{this.renderSquare(5)}
</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(6)}
{this.renderSquare(7)}
{this.renderSquare(8)}
</div>
</div>
);
}
}

We’ll update the Game component’s render function to use the most recent

history entry to determine and display the game’s status:
render() {
const history = this.state.history; const current =
history[history.length - 1]; const winner =
calculateWinner(current.squares); let status; if (winner) { status
= 'Winner: ' + winner; } else { status = 'Next player: ' +
(this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O'); }
return (
<div className="game">
<div className="game-board">
<Board squares={current.squares} onClick={(i)
=> this.handleClick(i)} /> </div>
<div className="game-info">
<div>{status}</div> <ol>{/* TODO */}</ol>
</div>
</div>
);
}

Since the Game component is now rendering the game’s status, we can
remove the corresponding code from the Board’s render method. After
refactoring, the Board’s render function looks like this:
render() { return ( <div> <div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(0)}
{this.renderSquare(1)}
{this.renderSquare(2)}
</div>
 <div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(3)}
{this.renderSquare(4)}
{this.renderSquare(5)}
</div>
<div className="board-row">
{this.renderSquare(6)}
{this.renderSquare(7)}
{this.renderSquare(8)}
</div>
</div>
);
}

Finally, we need to move the handleClick method from the Board component

to the Game component. We also need to modify handleClick because the
Game component’s state is structured differently. Within the
Game’s handleClick method, we concatenate new history entries onto history.
handleClick(i) {
const history = this.state.history; const current =
history[history.length - 1]; const squares = current.squares.slice(); if
(calculateWinner(squares) || squares[i]) {
return;
}
squares[i] = this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O';
this.setState({
history: history.concat([{ squares: squares, }]),
xIsNext: !this.state.xIsNext,
});
}

Note
Unlike the array push() method you might be more familiar with,
the concat() method doesn’t mutate the original array, so we prefer it.
At this point, the Board component only needs
the renderSquare and render methods. The game’s state and
the handleClick method should be in the Game component.
View the full code at this point
Showing the Past Moves
Since we are recording the tic-tac-toe game’s history, we can now display it to
the player as a list of past moves.
We learned earlier that React elements are first-class JavaScript objects; we
can pass them around in our applications. To render multiple items in React,
we can use an array of React elements.
In JavaScript, arrays have a map() method that is commonly used for mapping
data to other data, for example:
const numbers = [1, 2, 3];
const doubled = numbers.map(x => x * 2); // [2, 4, 6]

Using the map method, we can map our history of moves to React elements

representing buttons on the screen, and display a list of buttons to “jump” to
past moves.
Let’s map over the history in the Game’s render method:
render() {
const history = this.state.history;
const current = history[history.length - 1];
const winner = calculateWinner(current.squares);

const moves = history.map((step, move) => { const desc = move ?

'Go to move #' + move : 'Go to game start'; return ( <li>
<button onClick={() => this.jumpTo(move)}>{desc}</button> </li> );
});
let status;
if (winner) {
status = 'Winner: ' + winner;
} else {
status = 'Next player: ' + (this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O');
}

return (
<div className="game">
<div className="game-board">
<Board
squares={current.squares}
onClick={(i) => this.handleClick(i)}
/>
</div>
<div className="game-info">
<div>{status}</div>
<ol>{moves}</ol> </div>
</div>
);
}

View the full code at this point

For each move in the tic-tac-toe game’s history, we create a list
item <li> which contains a button <button>. The button has a onClick handler
which calls a method called this.jumpTo(). We haven’t implemented
the jumpTo() method yet. For now, we should see a list of the moves that have
occurred in the game and a warning in the developer tools console that says:
Warning: Each child in an array or iterator should have a unique “key”
prop. Check the render method of “Game”.

Let’s discuss what the above warning means.

Picking a Key
When we render a list, React stores some information about each rendered list
item. When we update a list, React needs to determine what has changed. We
could have added, removed, re-arranged, or updated the list’s items.

Imagine transitioning from

<li>Alexa: 7 tasks left</li>
<li>Ben: 5 tasks left</li>

to
<li>Ben: 9 tasks left</li>
<li>Claudia: 8 tasks left</li>
<li>Alexa: 5 tasks left</li>

In addition to the updated counts, a human reading this would probably say
that we swapped Alexa and Ben’s ordering and inserted Claudia between
Alexa and Ben. However, React is a computer program and does not know
what we intended. Because React cannot know our intentions, we need to
specify a key property for each list item to differentiate each list item from its
siblings. One option would be to use the strings alexa, ben, claudia. If we were
displaying data from a database, Alexa, Ben, and Claudia’s database IDs could
be used as keys.
<li key={user.id}>{user.name}: {user.taskCount} tasks left</li>

When a list is re-rendered, React takes each list item’s key and searches the
previous list’s items for a matching key. If the current list has a key that didn’t
exist before, React creates a component. If the current list is missing a key that
existed in the previous list, React destroys the previous component. If two keys
match, the corresponding component is moved. Keys tell React about the
identity of each component which allows React to maintain state between re-
renders. If a component’s key changes, the component will be destroyed and
re-created with a new state.
key is a special and reserved property in React (along with ref, a more
advanced feature). When an element is created, React extracts the key property
and stores the key directly on the returned element. Even though key may look
like it belongs in props, key cannot be referenced using this.props.key. React
automatically uses key to decide which components to update. A component
cannot inquire about its key.
It’s strongly recommended that you assign proper keys whenever you
build dynamic lists. If you don’t have an appropriate key, you may want to
consider restructuring your data so that you do.
If no key is specified, React will present a warning and use the array index as a
key by default. Using the array index as a key is problematic when trying to re-
order a list’s items or inserting/removing list items. Explicitly
passing key={i} silences the warning but has the same problems as array
indices and is not recommended in most cases.

Keys do not need to be globally unique; they only need to be unique between
components and their siblings.
Implementing Time Travel
In the tic-tac-toe game’s history, each past move has a unique ID associated
with it: it’s the sequential number of the move. The moves are never re-
ordered, deleted, or inserted in the middle, so it’s safe to use the move index
as a key.
In the Game component’s render method, we can add the key as <li
key={move}> and React’s warning about keys should disappear:
const moves = history.map((step, move) => {
const desc = move ?
'Go to move #' + move :
'Go to game start';
return (
<li key={move}> <button onClick={() =>
this.jumpTo(move)}>{desc}</button>
</li>
);
});

View the full code at this point

Clicking any of the list item’s buttons throws an error because
the jumpTo method is undefined. Before we implement jumpTo, we’ll
add stepNumber to the Game component’s state to indicate which step we’re
currently viewing.
First, add stepNumber: 0 to the initial state in Game’s constructor:
class Game extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props);
this.state = {
history: [{
squares: Array(9).fill(null),
}],
stepNumber: 0, xIsNext: true,
};
}

Next, we’ll define the jumpTo method in Game to update that stepNumber. We

also set xIsNext to true if the number that we’re changing stepNumber to is even:
handleClick(i) {
// this method has not changed
}

jumpTo(step) { this.setState({ stepNumber: step, xIsNext: (step

% 2) === 0, }); }
render() {
// this method has not changed
}

We will now make a few changes to the Game’s handleClick method which fires

when you click on a square.
The stepNumber state we’ve added reflects the move displayed to the user now.
After we make a new move, we need to update stepNumber by
adding stepNumber: history.length as part of the this.setState argument. This
ensures we don’t get stuck showing the same move after a new one has been
made.
We will also replace reading this.state.history with this.state.history.slice(0,
this.state.stepNumber + 1). This ensures that if we “go back in time” and then
make a new move from that point, we throw away all the “future” history that
would now become incorrect.
handleClick(i) {
const history = this.state.history.slice(0, this.state.stepNumber + 1);
const current = history[history.length - 1];
const squares = current.squares.slice();
if (calculateWinner(squares) || squares[i]) {
return;
}
squares[i] = this.state.xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O';
 this.setState({
history: history.concat([{
squares: squares
}]),
stepNumber: history.length, xIsNext: !this.state.xIsNext,
});
}

Finally, we will modify the Game component’s render method from always

rendering the last move to rendering the currently selected move according
to stepNumber:
render() {
const history = this.state.history;
const current = history[this.state.stepNumber]; const winner =
calculateWinner(current.squares);

// the rest has not changed

If we click on any step in the game’s history, the tic-tac-toe board should
immediately update to show what the board looked like after that step
occurred.
View the full code at this point
Wrapping Up
Congratulations! You’ve created a tic-tac-toe game that:

 Lets you play tic-tac-toe,

 Indicates when a player has won the game,

 Stores a game’s history as a game progresses,

 Allows players to review a game’s history and see previous versions of a

game’s board.

Nice work! We hope you now feel like you have a decent grasp of how React
works.
Check out the final result here: Final Result.

If you have extra time or want to practice your new React skills, here are some
ideas for improvements that you could make to the tic-tac-toe game which
are listed in order of increasing difficulty:
 1. Display the location for each move in the format (col, row) in the move history
list.

2. Bold the currently selected item in the move list.

3. Rewrite Board to use two loops to make the squares instead of hardcoding
them.

4. Add a toggle button that lets you sort the moves in either ascending or
descending order.

5. When someone wins, highlight the three squares that caused the win.

6. When no one wins, display a message about the result being a draw.
Throughout this tutorial, we touched on React concepts including elements,
components, props, and state. For a more detailed explanation of each of
these topics, check out the rest of the documentation. To learn more about
defining components, check out the React.Component API reference.