Scribd
Upload
86 views28 pages

Transformer Protection 22-10-2020

The document discusses various types of transformer faults including incipient faults caused by contamination or moisture in the insulating oil. It describes common faults like inter-turn and insulation failures. Major causes of faults are insulation breakdown from aging, overheating, deterioration of oil quality, and overloads. Protection methods are discussed including non-electrical protections based on temperature, pressure and gases and electrical protections like differential, overcurrent, overflux and restricted earth fault protections. Restricted earth fault protection is needed for star connected windings but not delta connected windings due to the lower phase-to-earth voltage at the center of a delta winding during a fault.

Uploaded by

abu sayed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
86 views28 pages

Transformer Protection 22-10-2020

The document discusses various types of transformer faults including incipient faults caused by contamination or moisture in the insulating oil. It describes common faults like inter-turn and insulation failures. Major causes of faults are insulation breakdown from aging, overheating, deterioration of oil quality, and overloads. Protection methods are discussed including non-electrical protections based on temperature, pressure and gases and electrical protections like differential, overcurrent, overflux and restricted earth fault protections. Restricted earth fault protection is needed for star connected windings but not delta connected windings due to the lower phase-to-earth voltage at the center of a delta winding during a fault.

Uploaded by

abu sayed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Transformer Protection:

Power Transformer Fault


There are basically following types of fault related to Transformers:
1. Incipient faults
2. Internal Short-Circuit faults.

INCIPIENT FAULTS :
Incipient faults are one among the internal faults of power transformers. They are slowly occurring
uncommon faults in an electrical transformer. They are not serious at the beginning but they
gradually develop into severe faults and eventually longer outages. The incipient faults in
transformers are due to the following reasons.
 Contamination of the insulating oil in the transformer.
 Core bolt insulation failure.
 Rust or other materials on the core.
 Short circuits in the core lamination.
 Moisture content in the insulating oil.
Common faults in transformer are:
(1) Inter turn fault.
(2) Insulation failure between HV winding and LV winding.
(3) Insulation failure between HV winding and earth.
(4) Insulation failure between LV winding and earth.
(5) Insulation failure of other winding, if any, e.g. tertiary winding.
(6) Bushing failure.
Major causes of faults in the transformer are:
1. Insulation Breakdown
2. Over heating due to over excitation/over flux
3. Fault due to deterioration in oil quality or loss of oil
4. Fault due to excessive temperature rise due to reduced /loss of cooling.
5. Transformer Overload.
6. System over voltages or surges due to lightning /switching.
7. External Fault Persist.

Insulation Breakdown:
The major reasons for the insulation breakdown are, ageing of insulation, Partial
discharges in the insulation, Transient over voltages due to lightning or switching in the
network, Current forces on the windings due to external faults with high current.
Insulation Breakdown of the windings will cause short circuits and /or earth faults. These
faults cause severe damaging on the windings and the transformer core.
Overheating:
The overexcited transformer flux is forced through metal tank and other un-laminated parts of the
transformer and result in heating up.
Phase to phase faults:
Short circuits between the phases will give rise to substantial fault current only limited by the source
impedance and the leakage impedance of the transformer.
Phase to ground faults:
When the fault current flows through earth return path, the fault is called ground fault.
Turn-to-turn or Inter Turn Faults:
Turn to turn faults between a few turns is difficult to detect by current measuring relays. Fault current
is of the order of rated current when 2 to 4% of the turns are short circuited. The current in the short
circuited loop is high (50-100 times In) and causes local damage and release of gas. Therefore rate of
rise of pressure relay may detect this fault.
Type 1(Self protection): Base on non-electrical Measurement Like Temperature, Pressure, Gas,
Oil Force.

1. PRD

2. Buchholz

3. WTT

4. OTT
Type 2: Base on Electrical Measurement Like Current, Voltage and Frequency.

1. Differential Protection.

2. Overcurrent/Earth fault protection.

3. Over Flux Protection.

4. Neutral Earth Fault Protection.

5. Restricted Earth Fault Protection.

6. Thermal Overload Protection.


Restricted Earth Fault(Star connected Winding):
The earth-fault current is a maximum
for a fault close to the neutral point,
the current flowing into the winding from
the phase terminal is a minimum value
at that point.
1. High Impedance REF

2. Low Impedance REF


REF
Metrosil Guide Line:
Stabilizing Resistor Specification:
Continuous Power Rating:
Pcon= ∗
=>Pcon=0.12 ∗ 420
=>Pcon=6.048
Over Flux = V/f
Normal=110/50=2.2
110% of Normal
=2.2*1.1=2.42
Thermal Overload :
The protection of a transformer against the overloads is performed by a dedicated protection usually
called thermal overload relay. This type of protection simulates the temperature of the transformer’s
windings. The simulation is based on the measure of the current and on the thermal time constant of the
transformer. Some relays are able to take into account the effect of harmonics of the current due to non-
linear loads such as rectifiers, computers, variable speed drives etc. This type of relay is also able to
evaluate the remaining time before the emission of the tripping order and the time delay before re-
energizing the transformer.
In addition, oil-filled transformers are equipped with thermostats controlling the temperature of the oil.
Dry-type transformers use heat sensors embedded in the hottest part of the windings insulation.
Each of these devices (thermal relay, thermostat, heat sensors) generally provides two levels of
detection:
A low level used to generate an alarm to advise the maintenance staff,
A high level to de-energize the transformer.
Why no Restricted Earth Fault protection is required at Delta connected Winding:
In the case of the delta-connected winding,
that the pre-fault phase-to-earth voltage has a
minimum value when the fault is at the Centre
of the affected winding, this minimum value
being one half of the phase-to-neutral voltage.

You might also like