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 CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF
RAILWAY BRIDGES
FOREWORD

This code contains provisions for the design of new Railway bridges and for seismic
evaluation of existing bridges in the process of their seismic upgradation and retrofitting.
Seismic provisions earlier of Bridge rules were based upon IS:1893-1984. IS code was
completely revised in 2002 incorporating the latest design philosophy. The new methods of
IS:1893-2002 were based on the international practices and it took into account the Flexibility
and Ductility of the structure while calculating design forces. IS: 1893 (Part 3) contains
provisions for seismic design of Railways and Road Bridges. However, some of the design
parameters such as Live Load combination factor, Response reduction factor etc. need to be
Railway specific which were finalised in the BSC meetings. Therefore, our Railway specific
seismic code is based upon IS:1893 (part 3) with changes in some parameters/design factors
related to Railway loading only. The design procedure and methodology remains exactly the
same as given in the IS:1893 (part3). Unless otherwise stated, this standard shall be read
necessarily in conjunction with IS:1893 (Part 1), which contains provisions that are general in
nature and applicable to all types of structures. For the purpose of determining design seismic
forces, the country is classified into four seismic zones as per Fig 1 of IS 1893 (Part 1).

This standard has been formulated to ensure that bridges possess at least a minimum
strength to withstand earthquakes. The intention is not to prevent damage to them due to the
most severe shaking that they may be subjected to during their lifetime. Actual forces that
appear on different portions of bridge during earthquakes may be greater than the design
seismic forces specified in this standard. However, ductility arising from material behavior,
detailing and over strength arising from the additional reserve strength in them over and above
the design force are relied upon to account for this difference in actual and design lateral loads.

The reinforced and prestressed concrete components shall be designed to be under

reinforced so as to cause a tensile failure. Further, they should be suitably designed to ensure
that premature failure due to shear or bond does not occur. Ductility demand under seismic
shaking is usually not a major concern in bridge superstructures. However, the seismic
response of bridges is critically dependent on the ductile characteristics of the substructures,
foundations and connections. Provisions for appropriate ductile detailing of reinforced
concrete members given in IS:13920 shall be applicable to substructures, foundation and
connections.

Some of the major and important modifications made as compared to IS: 1893:1984 are as
follows:

a) Relative values of seismic zone factors are the same as included in IS:1893
(Part 1): 2002. Three methods, namely seismic coefficient method, response

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 spectrum method and time history method are given for estimating design seismic
forces which recognizes the flexibility of bridges.

b) The concept of ductility and over-strength is brought in the code explicitly, by introducing
the response reduction factors.
c) Different response reduction factors have been proposed for the different components
of the bridge, depending on the redundancy, expected ductility and over-strength in
them.

d) The design force level for bridge has been raised from the earlier level and brought in
line with IS1893(Part1):2002.

e) The concept of capacity design is introduced in the design of connections,

substructures and foundations.

f) The soil-foundation factor is dropped. The effect of soil on response is represented in

the response spectrum.

g) Provision for dislodging of girders in the bearings is introduced.

h) Use of vertical hold-down devices, stoppers, restrainers and horizontal linkage

elements to account for the large displacements generated during seismic shaking is
recommended for preventing falling of spans.

j) A minimum width of seating of superstructure over substructures to avoid dislodging of

spans from atop the substructure is required for all bridges.

k) The method of computing earth pressures for c- f soil is included in the section on
Retaining Walls

The units used with the items covered by the symbols shall be consistent throughout
this standard, unless specifically noted otherwise.

(Rajeev Verma)
Exe. Director/B&S/RDSO

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 Indian Railway Standard
CODE FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF
RAILWAY BRIDGES
(SEISMIC CODE)

1. SCOPE
1.1 The standard (Part 3) of IS:1893 deals with the assessment of earthquake forces and design of new
bridges on highways, railways, flyover bridges, pedestrian bridges, submersible bridges, utility bridges and
aqueducts. The earthquake effect on retaining walls and bridge abutments are also covered. The
hydrodynamic effect of water on submerged sub-structure and method of assessment of liquefaction potential
of soil is also included. The methodology of estimation of seismic forces given in this standard may be employed
for seismic evaluation of the existing bridges and retrofitting of such structures.
1.2 This standard deals with the earthquake resistant design of regular bridges in which the seismic actions
are mainly resisted at abutments or through flexure of piers, that is, bridges composed of vertical pier-
foundation system supporting the deck structure with/ without bearings. However, for all special and major
bridges, detailed dynamic studies shall be undertaken.
1.3 This standard does not deal with the construction features relating to earthquake resistant design of
bridges.
2. REFERENCES
The standards listed at Annex A contain provisions which through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject
to revision, and parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of
applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated at Annex A.
3. TERMINOLOGY
The definitions given in Part 3 of IS 1893 (Part 1) and the following shall apply.
3.1 Active Tectonic Fault - A seismotectonic fault is considered to be active when there is an average slip
rate of at least 1 mm/year and topographic evidence of seismic activity with in Holocene times
(Past 11 000 years).
3.2 Asynchronous Motion - The spatial variability of the seismic action means that the motion at different
supports of the bridge is assumed to be different and as a result, the definition of the seismic action shall not be
based on the characterization of motion at a single point, as is usually the case.
3.3 Base - It shall be the base of pier or top of well in case of well foundation, base of pier or top of pile cap in
case of pile foundation and base of pier in case of open foundation.
3.4 Capacity Design - The design procedure used in structures of ductile behaviour to secure the hierarchy
of strengths of the various structural components necessary for leading to the intended configuration of plastic
hinges and for avoiding brittle failure modes.
3.5 Dynamic Analysis Method - A seismic analysis method in which the dynamic behaviour of a structure
during an earthquake is obtained considering dynamic characteristics of the structure and characteristics of the
ground motion by solving the equations of motion of the structure.
3.6 Design Seismic Displacement - The displacement induced by design seismic actions.
3.7 Effects of Earthquake - The effects of earthquake motion that shall be considered in seismic design of
bridge include inertial force, displacements, earth pressure, hydrodynamic pressure and liquefaction of soil.

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3.8 Isolation Bearing - A bearing support used for a bridge with seismic isolation device having a
function to appropriately increase the natural period of the bridge with the controlled damping results in
decrease of forces in the structure and displacements in the bearing for better overall performance.
3.9 Special Regular Bridge - The bridges specified under regular bridges but single span more than
120 m or pier height measured from founding level to the top of pier cap to be more than 30 m. In case of
pile foundation pier height shall be considered from the point of fixity.
3.10 Modal Analysis - A dynamic analysis method in which response is calculated by combination of
response in various modes of vibration.
3.11 Retrofitting - It is upgrading the strength of existing structure in order to increase its capacity to
withstand effect of future earthquakes by addition of structural elements, dampers or similar devices. The
retrofitting may be required for, (a) seismically deficient structure; b) earthquake damaged structure; and
(c) due to modifications made to increase live load capacity of structure.
3.12 Regular Bridge - A regular bridge has no abrupt or unusual changes in mass, stiffness or
geometry along its span and has no large differences in these parameters between adjacent supports
(abutments excluded). A bridge shall be considered regular for the purpose of this standard, if
(a) it is straight or it describes a sector of an arch which subtends an angle less than 90° at the center
of the arch;
(b) the adjacent piers do not differ in stiffness by more than 25 percent (Percentage difference shall
be calculated based on the lesser of the two stiffness); and
(c) girder bridges, T-beam bridges, truss bridges, hammer head bridges, bridges having single or
multiple simply supported spans with each span less than 120 m and pier height above foundation
level less than 30 m.
3.13 Seismic Coefficient Method - A seismic analysis method in which seismic force equal to the
weight of the structure/component multiplied by design acceleration coefficient is applied statically at the
centre of mass of the structure/component.
3.14 Seating Width - The distance between the end of the girder to the top edge of a sub-structure to
prevent the girder from being dislocated in the event of an unexpectedly large relative displacement
between super and sub-structure.
3.15 Seismic Links - Restrainers through which part or all of the seismic action may be transmitted.
Used in combination with bearings and they are usually provided with appropriate slack so as to be
activated only in case when the design seismic displacements is exceeded.
3.16 Special and Irregular Types of Bridges - The bridges with innovative designs and bridges such
as suspension bridge, cable stayed bridge, arch bridge, bascule bridge and irregular bridges such as skew
bridge of angle 30° and above with span more than 60 m shall be categorized under these types.
3.17 Unseating Prevention System - A structure installed to prevent a superstructure from unseating
due to an earthquake. It may comprise of an adequate seat length, devices to prevent excessive
displacement, jumping and preventing structure from dislodging from supports. It may be in various forms
such as; stopper, cable restrainer, bolts, clamps, etc.
4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN CRITERIA
4.1 General Principles
4.1.1 All components of the bridge, that is, superstructure, sub-structure, bearing, foundation and
soil are susceptible to damage in the event of strong ground shaking. The earthquake resistant design
shall consider the effect of earthquake motions on each component of the bridge following the provisions
of this standard.
4.1.2 The design shall ensure that seismic resistance of the bridge and its components are adequate to
meet the specified design requirement so that emergency communication after an earthquake shall be
maintained for the design basis earthquake.

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4.1.3 Masonry and plain concrete arch bridges with spans more than 10m shall not be built in the seismic
Zones IV and V.
4.1.4 Box, pipe and slab culverts need not be designed for earthquake forces. Bridges of total length not
more than 60 m and individual span not more than 15 m need not be designed for earthquake forces other than
in Zones IV and V.
4.1.5 Seismic forces on aqueduct structures and flyover bridges shall be calculated as for any other bridge.
The effect of inertia force of flowing water mass in aqueduct shall be calculated on the basis of assumptions in 6
(e).
4.1.6 Hydrodynamic pressure on walls of water trough in case of aqueduct shall be considered on the basis
of provision of IS 1893 (Part 2).
4.1.7 The liquefaction potential of foundation soil shall be investigated where necessary and shall be
according to 21.
4.1.8 When relative movement between two adjacent units of a bridge are designed to occur at a
separation/expansion joint, sufficient clearance shall be provided between them, to permit the relative
movement under design earthquake conditions to freely occur without inducing damage. Where the two units
may be out of phase, the clearance to be provided may be estimated as the square root of the sum of squares of
the calculated displacements of the two units under maximum elastic seismic forces.
4.1.9 Special design studies shall be called for the following cases:
a) Consideration of asynchronous ground motion when, (1) geological discontinuities or marked
topographical features are present; and (2) single span is greater than 600 m, even if there are no
geological discontinuities.
b) In case of bridges over potentially active tectonic faults, the probable discontinuity of the ground
displacement shall be estimated and accommodated either by adequate flexibility of the structure or by
provision of suitable movement of joints.
c) Bridge located in near-field, that is, within 10 km near fault area of known active tectonic fault.
4.2 Design Criteria
4.2.1 Site Specific Spectrum
For special bridges as defined in 3.9 and 3.16 in seismic Zones IV and V where soil conditions are poor
consisting of marine clay or loose fine sand and silt (for example where the soil up to 30 m depth has SPT
(N values - uncorrected) equal to or less than 20 and for bridges located near a known fault (near - field) or the
area is known for complex seismotectonic geological setting, detailed investigations shall be carried out to
obtain the site specific spectrum. Site specific spectrum is also required for bridges with spans greater than 150
m. Such a spectrum shall be used for design in place of code spectrum subject to minimum requirements
specified in this standard.
4.2.2 Seismic Safety of Bridge in Longitudinal and Transverse Directions
The design of the bridge shall be made for the effect of earthquake motions occurring in the traffic
direction (longitudinal direction), across traffic direction (transverse direction) and vertical direction. The
simultaneous action of the motions shall be considered, where necessary according to provisions of this
standard.
4.2.3 Elastomeric Bearing
Elastomeric bearings shall generally be used to transmit vertical loads, rotations and horizontal forces
other than those due to seismic. In case, in-plane horizontal seismic forces are to be transmitted using these
bearings, they shall be checked using minimum dynamic frictional value and minimum vertical load, including
combined effects of horizontal and vertical components of earthquake. In such cases, for design of foundation,
value of R is to be taken as 1. Bearings should be tested for cyclic loadings for which specialist literature should
be consulted.The bearings shall be suitably anchored in the sub-structure and super structure. Suitable devices
for preventing dislodgement of superstructure needs to be incorporated.

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In case elastomeric bearings are also placed vertically between the stoppers and the superstructure to
mitigate the dynamic effects and when seismic action is transferred to substructure through lateral
connections (monolithic or though pin bearings/guided bearings or through seismic link/seismic stoppers)
R value for foundation & substructure shall be taken from Table 3.
4.2.4 Effect of Soil-Structure-Interaction
This standard specifies design of bridges founded on rock and medium soil, which do not liquefy
or slide during the ground shaking. For bridges founded on soft soils and in cases where deep foundations
are used, detailed studies of soil structure interaction are required. The soil structure interaction may not
be considered for open foundations on rocky strata.
Soil flexibilities included in modelling sub-structure and foundation of the bridge for soil structure
interaction, generally lead to longer natural period and hence lower seismic forces. However, on the other
hand, consideration of soil flexibilities shall result in larger lateral deflections. Soil parameters, like, elastic
properties and spring constants shall be properly estimated. In many cases one obtains a range of values
of soil properties. In such cases, the highest values of soil stiffness shall be used for calculating natural
period and lowest value shall be used for calculating deflection. For this purpose, dynamic soil stiffness
shall be considered. In order to calculate dynamic soil stiffness of soil specialist literature shall be
followed.
4.2.5 Design for Strength and Ductility
The earthquake resistant design of bridge shall be based on both strength and ductility.
Reinforced and pre- stressed concrete members shall be suitably designed to ensure that premature
failure due to shear or bond does not occur, subject to the provisions of IS 456 and IS 1343 and as per
relevant codes of Indian Roads Congress or Indian Railways Code.
4.2.6 Inter Linking of Spans
The interlinking of spans to prevent it from being dislodged off its bearings is desirable
alternatively continuous construction should be encouraged. The greater redundancy and energy
dissipation capacity in the structure are desirable features for better performance in earthquake.
4.2.7 Capacity Design
The design seismic force in this standard for bridges is lower than the maximum expected
seismic force on them. However, to ensure good performance at low cost, the difference in the design
seismic force and the maximum expected seismic force shall be accounted for through additional
safety provisions. The capacity design provisions shall be applicable to important bridges in seismic
Zone III and to all bridges in seismic Zones IV and V. These provisions are meant for bridges having
reinforced concrete sub-structures; however, if steel sub-structures are used in high seismic zones,
reference should be made to specialist literature. Annex B describes the detailing procedure for
Reinforced Concrete Structures.
4.2.8 Earthquake Damaged Bridges
For seismic retrofitting of earthquake damaged bridges,seismic evaluation should be carried out
following the methods of seismic analysis recommended in this standard taking into consideration the
reduced stiffness and capacity due to cracking and damage.
4.2.9 Retrofitting of Existing Bridges
Seismically deficient bridges should be evaluated using the provisions of this standard to
determine the need of retrofitting. The prioritization of bridges for retrofitting should be based upon
seismicity, age, deterioration and importance of the bridge. The retrofitting of bridges shall consist of
upgrading the strength to meet the requirement of this standard.
5 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5.1 Serviceability Limit State
The design of bridge should meet the serviceability limit state under design basis earthquake
(DBE). The parts of the bridge intended to contribute to energy dissipation shall undergo minor damage
without giving rise to need for reduction of traffic or immediate repair.

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5.2. Ultimate Limit State
The design of bridge should meet non-collapse requirement that is, ultimate limit state under
maximum considered earthquake (MCE). While designing as per IRS concrete bridge code, DBE may be
considered. The bridge shall be retain its structural integrity and adequate residual resistance, although
considerable damage may occur in some portions of the bridge. The structure should be able to sustain
emergency traffic, inspections and repair could be performed easily after the earthquake.
The bridge superstructure however shall in general be protected from the formation of plastic hinges
and from unseating due to extreme seismic displacements under MCE.
5.3 Ductile Behavior
The reinforced and pre-stressed concrete components shall be designed as under-reinforced so
as to cause a tensile failure. Further, they should be suitably designed to ensure that premature failure due
to shear or bond does not occur. Stresses induced in the superstructure due to earthquake ground motion
are usually quite nominal. Therefore, ductility demand under seismic shaking has not been a major
concern in the bridge superstructures during past earthquakes. However, the seismic response of bridges
is critically dependent on the ductile characteristics of the sub-structures. Provisions for appropriate
ductile detailing of reinforced concrete members given in Annex B shall be applicable to sub-structures.
Bridges shall be designed such that under severe seismic shaking plastic hinges form in the sub-structure,
rather than in the deck or foundation. Ductile detailing is mandatory for piers/portals of bridges located in
seismic III, IV & V.
NOTE - Specialist literature to be consulted for asynchronous ground motion.
6 ASSUMPTIONS
The following assumptions shall be made in the earthquake analysis of bridges:
a) The seismic forces due to design basis earthquake (DBE) should not be combined with design
wind forces.
b) The scour to be considered for design shall be based on mean design flood. In the absence of
detailed data, the scour to be considered for design shall be 0.9 times the maximum design scour
depth (see Note).
NOTE - The designer is cautioned that the maximum seismic scour case may not always govern
in design condition.
c) The earthquake accelerations should be applied to full mass in case of submerged structures and
not on buoyant mass.
d) The seismic force on live load in bridges should not be considered in longitudinal direction. The
seismic force on live load should be considered in transverse direction as explained in 7.1.
e) The seismic force on flowing mass of water in the longitudinal direction in case of aqueducts
should not be considered, however seismic force on this water mass be considered in transverse
direction. The hydrodynamic action of water on the walls of water carrying trough shall be
considered according to the provisions of code on liquid retaining structures.
f) The earthquake accelerations on embedded portion of bridge foundations should be reduced as
explained in 9.3.
g) The value of static elastic modulus of material, where required, may be taken for dynamic
analysis unless a more definite value is available for use in seismic condition.
7. LOAD COMBINATIONS
When earthquake forces are combined with other forces such as dead load and live load, the load
factor for plastic design of steel structures and partial safety factors for limit state design of reinforced
concrete structures and pre-stressed concrete structures shall be considered.
7.1 Seismic Force on Live Load
The seismic force due to live load shall not be considered when acting in the direction of traffic, but
shall be considered in the direction perpendicular to traffic.

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 The live load on Railway bridges, to be considered as seismic mass, for calculations of
Earthquake loads in both horizontal and vertical direction, shall betaken as 50 percent of design live load
(without impact). In Load combination also, only 50% of the Live load shall be combined with Earthquake
load along with Dead Loads.
7.2 Combination of Seismic Design Forces with Other Forces
The design seismic force resultant at a cross-section of a bridge component shall be
appropriately combined with those due to other forces as per Table 12 of IRS Concrete Bridge Code
(reprint 2014). However, in lieu of combination 2 of Clause 11.0 of IRS Concrete Bridge Code, following
load combinations shall be used:
(A) Ultimate limit state design
1) 1.25DL + 1.5 DL(S) +1.5EQ + 1.4 PS+ 1.7 EP
2) 1.25DL + 1.5DL(S) + 0.5(LL + LL (F)) + 1.2EQ + 1.7 EP + 1.4PS + 1. 4HY + 1.4BO
3) 0.9DL + 0.8DL(S) + 1.5EQ + 1.4 PS + 1.7 EP
(B) Serviceability Limit State
1) 1.0 DL+1.2 DL(S) +1.0 EQ + 1.0 EP + 1.0PS + 1.0HY+ 1.0BO
2) 1.0 DL + 1.2 DL(S) + 0.5(LL+LL(F)) + 1.0EQ + 1.0 EP + 1.0PS + 1.0HY + 1.0 BY
Oil Type Definition

· Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand (SW) both with less than
5% passing 75 ìm sieve (Fines);
Type I: Rock or · Well graded Gravel Sand mixtures with or without fines (GW-SW);
Hard Soils · Poorly graded Sand (SP) or clayey sand (SC), all having N above 30;
· Stiff to hard clays having N above 16, where N is the Standard
Penetration Test value.

· Poorly graded sands or Poorly graded sands with gravel (SP) with little
Type II: Stiff Soils or no fines having N between 10 and 30;
· Stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils, like Silts of Low compressibility
(ML) or Clays of Low Compressibility (CL) having N between 10 and 16.

All soft soils other than SP with N<10. The various possible soils are
· Silts of Intermediate compressibility (MI);
· Silts of High compressibility (MH);
Type III: Soft Soils · Clays of Intermediate compressibility (CI);
· Clays of High compressibility (CH);
· Silts and Clays of Intermediate to High compressibility (MI-MH or CICH);
· Silt with Clay of Intermediate compressibility (MI-CI);
· Silt with Clay of High compressibility (MH-CH).

(C) During the construction stage, following load combination shall be used:
1.0 DL + 1.2DL(S) + 0.8EQ + 1.0ER + 1.3EP + 1.0PS + 1.0HY + 1.0BO
The symbols used in above equation are explained as below
DL = dead load,
DL(S) = superimposed dead load,
LL = Full live load (without any reduction)

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 The live load (LL) includes impact effect, longitudinal forces (tractive and braking), and centrifugal
force.
LL (F) = live load on footpath,
EQ = earthquake load,
EP = earth pressure,
ER = erection load such as cranes, machines etc.
PS = prestressing load,
HY = hydrodynamic load,
BO = buoyancy load,
SH = shrinkage load,
CR = creep load,
TE = temperature load.

7.3 Seismic Load Combinations

7.3.1 The seismic forces shall be assumed to come from any horizontal direction. For this purpose, two
separate analysis shall be performed for design seismic forces acting along two orthogonal horizontal
directions. The design seismic force resultant (that is axial force, bending moments, shear forces, and
torsion) at any cross-section of a bridge component resulting from the analyses in the two orthogonal
horizontal directions shall be combined according to the expressions below:
a) ± ELx ± 0.3ELy
b) ± 0.3ELx ± ELx
where
ELx= force resultant due to full design seismic force along x direction, and
ELy= force resultant due to full design seismic force along y direction.
When vertical seismic forces are also considered, the design seismic force resultants at any cross-
section of a bridge component shall be combined as below:
1) ± ELx ±0.3ELy ± 0.3ELz
2) ± 0.3ELx ± ELy ± 0.3ELz
3) ± 0.3ELx ± 0.3ELy ± ELz
Where ELx and Ely are as defined above and ELz is the force resultant due to full design seismic force
along the vertical direction.
As an alternative to the procedure given above, the forces due to the combined effect of two or three
components can be obtained on the basic of square root of sum of square (SRSS), that is

EL2x + EL2y or EL2x + EL2y + EL2z

7.4 Vertical Component of Seismic Action

7.4.1 The vertical accelerations should be specially considered in briges with large spans, those in
which stability is the criteria of design and in situations where bridges are located in near field. However
the effect of vertical seismic component is particularly important in the following components/situations
and needs to be investigated.

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a) Pre stressed concrete decks
b) Bearing and lindages; and
c) Horizontal cantilever structural elements.

7.4.2 The seismic zone factor for vertical ground motions, when required may be taken as two-thirds of
that for horizontal motions given in Table 2 of IS 1893 (Part 1). However, the time period for the
superstructure has to be worked out separately using the characteristic of the superstructure for vertical
motion, in order to estimate Sa/g for vertical acceleration. The natural time period of superstructure can be
estimated using appropriate modelling and free vibration analysis using computer. However, for simply
supported superstructure with uniform flexural rigidity, the fundamental time period Tv , for vertical motion
can be estimated using the expression:

2 2 m
Tv = l
EI
where
l = span;
m = mass per unit length; and
EI= flexural rigidity of the superstructure.
8. CALCULATION OF NATURAL PERIOD OF BRIDGE
8.1 Simply Supported Bridges
Where the vibration unit of sub-structure can be idealized as a single cantilever pier carrying the
superstructure mass, resting on well, pile or open foundation, the fundamental period shall be calculated
from the following equation:

T = 2
g
Where d = horizontal displacement at the top of pier due to horizontal force (= mg)
where m = lumped mass at the top of pier.
In general pier shall be considered fixed at the foundation level. However, in case of soft
soil or deep foundations, soil flexibility may be considered in the calculation of natural period as per
6.4 of IS 1893 (Part 1)
Moment of Inertia may be considered for calculation of time period. In case of RCC bridge piers,
75% of gross moment of Inertia may be considered as cracked moment of inertia, in absence of detailed
calculation.
8.2 Other Types of Bridges
Where idealization by a single cantilever pier model is not possible, the natural periods of vibration may be
calculated by free vibration analysis of an appropriate mathematical model of bridge superstructure,
bearing, sub-structure, foundation and soil.
9 METHOD OF CALCULATING SEISMIC FORCES
9.1 The following methods of seismic analysis may be employed for calculation of seismic forces in
bridges:
a) Seismic coefficient method (SCM);
b) Response spectrum method (RSM);
c) Time history method (THM); and
d) Nonlinear pushover analysis (NPA).
The recommended method of analysis for different category of bridges and earthquake level is
given in Table 1. The linear analysis considering elastic behaviour is required for DBE.

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9.2 Seismic Co-efficient Method
The seismic force to be resisted by bridge components shall be computed as follows:
F = AhW
where
F = horizontal seismic force to be resisted;
W = weight of mass under consideration ignoring reduction due to buoyancy or uplift; and
Ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient as determined from 9.4.1.
9.3 For embedded portion of foundation at depths exceeding 30 m below scour level, the seismic
force due to foundation mass may be computed using design seismic coefficient equal to 0.5 Ah.
For portion of foundation between the scour level and up to 30 m depth, the seismic force due to that portion of
foundation mass may be computed using seismic coefficient obtained by linearly interpolating between Ah at
scour level and 0.5 Ah at a depth 30 m below scour level.

Table 1 Method of Seismic Analysis of Bridges

(Clause 9.1)

Earthquake level Category of Bridge Type

Regular Special Special

Regular Irregular
(1) (2) (3) (4)
DBE SCM RSM RSM
THM
NPA
NOTE : In case of MCE, non-linear analysis and Tie History Method shall be adopted for
regular, special regular and special irregular bridges.

9.4 Response Spectrum Method (RSM)

The following steps are required in RSM:
a) Formulation of an appropriate mathematical model consisting of lumped mass system using
2D/3D beam elements. The mathematical model should suitably represent dynamic characteristics of
superstructure, bearings, sub-structure, foundation and soil/ rock springs. In rock and very stiff soil fixed
base may be assumed.
c) Determination of natural frequency and mode shapes following a standard transfer matrix,
stiffness matrix, finite element method or any other standard approach.
c) Determine total response by combining responses in various modes by: (1) by mode combination
procedure such as SRSS, CQC, etc, or (2) time-wise superposition of responses using ground motion
time history(s). In 9.1 (a) and 9.1 (b), Ah shall be computed as explained below.
9.4.1 Horizontal Seismic Coefficient, Ah
The design horizontal seismic coefficient, Ah shall be determined from following expression of
6.4.2 of IS1893 (Part 1)
Z I Sa
Ah = . .
2 R g
Provided that for any structure with T <0.1 s, the value of Ah shall not be taken less than Z/2, whatever be
the value of I/R.

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where
Z = zone factor;
I = importance factor (see Table 2);
R = response reduction factor (see Table 3); and
Sa /g = average acceleration coefficient for rock or soil sites as given in Fig. 1.
3.0
Type I (Rock, or Hard Soil)
Spectral Accelaration Coefficient (Sa/g)

2.5 Type II (Medium Soil)

Type III (Soft Soil)
2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Period(s)
Fig. 1 : RESPONSE SPECTRA FOR ROCK AND SOIL SITES FOR 5 PERCENT DAMPING
9.4.2 Design Vertical Seismic Coefficient, Av
The design vertical seismic coefficient may be adopted as in 7.3.2.
9.4.3 Design Seismic Coefficient for Different Soils and Damping
Mathematical expressions of 6.4 of IS 1893 (Part 1) can be used to compute Sa/g for different
soil/rock types. Table 3 of IS 1893 (Part I) can be used for damping other than 5 percent.
9.4.4 Importance Factor, I
Bridges are designed to resist design basis earthquake (DBE) level, or other higher or lower
magnitude of forces, depending on the consequences of their partial or complete non-availability, due to
damage or failure from seismic event. The level of design force is obtained by multiplying (Z/2) by factor 'I';
which represents seismic importance of the structure. Combination of factors considered in assessing the
consequences of failure, and hence choice of factor 'I', include inter alia.
Importance factor depends upon the following:
a) Extent of disturbance to traffic and possibility of providing temporary diversion;
b) Availability of alternative routes;
c) Cost of repairs and time involved, which depend on the extent of damages, minor or major;
d) Cost of replacement, and time involved in reconstruction in case of failure; and
e) Indirect economic loss due to its partial or full non-availability.
Importance factors are given in Table 2 for different types of bridges.
9.4.5 Response Reduction Factor, R
The response reduction factor for different components is given in Table 3.

12
9.4.6 Seismic Zone Map
For the purpose of determining design seismic forces, the country is classified into four seismic
zones. A seismic zone map of India is shown in Fig. 1A. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) (or zero
period acceleration, ZPA), associated with each zone, is called zone factor, Z. The zone factor is given in
Table 1A. Zone factors for some important towns are given in Appendix E.

Table 1A - Zone Factor Z for Horizontal Motion

Seismic Zone II III IV V
Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

Note: Near Source Effect

For bridges which are within a distance of 10 km from a known active fault, seismic hazard shall be specified after
detailed geological study of the fault and the site condition. In absence of such detailed investigation, the near-source
modification in the form of 20% increase in zone factor may be used.

9.5 TIME HISTORY METHOD (THM)

The dynamic analysis of a bridge by time history method may be carried out using direct step-by-step
method of integration of equations of motion. At least three spectrum compatible time histories shall be used,
when site-specific time histories are not available. The spectrum used to generate these time histories shall be
the same as used for the modal analysis. The duration shall be consistent with their magnitude and source
characteristics of design basis earthquake. The total duration of time history shall be about 30s of which the
strong motion part shall be not less than 6s. This analysis can be carried out using a standard software
package.
9.6 Non-linear Pushover Analysis (NPA)
It is a static non-linear analysis carried out to determine lateral load versus displacement at control
point in the structure for the purpose of determining capacity of the structure. The analysis can be performed
using a standard software package. The method can be employed for design of special bridges and to
determine capacity of existing structures for the purpose of retrofitting.

Table 2 Importance Factor

(Clause 9.4.4)

NOTE : While checking for seismic effect during construction, the importance factor of I shall be considered for all bridges in all zones.

13
 Table 3 Response Reduction Factor R for Bridge Components
(Clause 9.4.5)

i)
j)
k)
l)

NOTE - Response reduction factor, R should be taken as 1.0 for calculating displacements.
10 HYDRODYNAMIC FORCE ON SUB-STRUCTURE
10.1 The hydrodynamic force on submerged portion of pier and foundation up to mean scour level
shall be assumed to act in a horizontal direction corresponding to that of earthquake motion. The total
horizontal force is given by the following formula:
F = CeAhWe
where
Ce = Coefficient(see table 4);
Ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient;
We = weight of the water in the enveloping cylinder,
2
= rwB a H, See 10.3
rw = unit weight of water;
H = height of submerged portion of pier; and
a = radius of enveloping cylinder.
10.2 Hydrodynamic Pressure Distribution
The hydrodynamic pressure distribution on submerged portion of bridge pier is given in Fig. 2.
The coefficients C1, C2, C3 and C4 are given in Table 5. The pressure distribution, Fig. 2, along the height of
pier is drawn by assuming the value of C1 from 0.1 to 1.0 in Table 5;
Table 4 Values of Ce
(Clause 10.1)

14
Fig. 1A Seismic zone map of India

15
 C 3 F = RESULTANT PRESSURE ON C 1H
C 1H

H C 2 Pb
C 4H

Pb= 1.2 F
H
FIG. 2 DIAGRAM SHOWING HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
this implies selecting a point on the vertical axis with origin at top, then other coefficients are read
horizontally from the table to generate the pressure curve and determine other coefficients mentioned on
the curve.

DIRECTION OF
SEISMIC FORCE
FIG. 3 CASES OF ENVELOPING CYLINDER
Table 5 Coefficients C1, C2, C3, and C4
(Clause 10.1)
Sl.No. C1 C2 C3 C4
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
i) 0.1 0.410 0.026 0.934
ii) 0.2 0.673 0.093 0.871
iii) 0.3 0.832 0.184 0.810
iv) 0.4 0.922 0.289 0.751
v) 0.5 0.970 0.403 0.694
vi) 0.6 0.990 0.521 0.639
vii) 0.8 0.999 0.760 0.532
viii) 1.0 1.000 1.000 0.428

16
10.3 Typical cases of submerged portions of piers and the enveloping cylinders are shown in Fig. 3.
10.4 The earth pressure on the back of abutments, wing walls and return walls of bridge shall be
calculated as given in 22 (see also Note).
NOTE - The hydrodynamic suction from the water side and dynamic increment in earth pressures from the
earth side shall not be considered simultaneously. The water level on earth side may be treated as the
same as on the river side.
11 SUPERSTRUCTURE
11.1 The superstructure shall be designed for the design seismic forces as specified in para 9 plus other
loads required in design load combinations.
11.2 Under simultaneous action of horizontal and vertical accelerations, the superstructure shall have
a factor of safety of at least 1.5 against overturning under DBE condition.
11.3 The superstructure shall be secured, when necessary to the sub-structure in all zones through
bearings possessing adequate vertical holding down devices and/or unseating prevention system for
superstructure. These devices should be used for suspended spans also with the restrained portion of the
superstructure. However, frictional forces in the devices should not be relied upon for preventing
dislodging and jumping of superstructure.
12 BEARINGS
12.1 The fixed bearings should be designed to withstand the horizontal and vertical seismic forces,
which are expected to transmit these forces in the event of ground motion.
12.2 In the case of movable bearings, the bearings shall be able to accommodate designed
displacements. The displacements beyond design values shall be restrained by stoppers.
12.3 Any out of phase motion of piers, if envisaged, shall be considered in working out design seismic
displacement in bearings.
12.4 The bearings that are permitted to move in longitudinal direction but restrained in transverse
direction shall be designed for estimated design seismic force in transverse direction.
13 VERTICAL HOLD-DOWN DEVICES
13.1 Vertical hold-down devices shall be provided at all supports (or hinges in continuous structures),
where resulting vertical force U due to the maximum elastic horizontal and vertical seismic forces (combined
as per 7) opposes and exceeds 50 percent of the dead load reaction D.
13.2 Where vertical force U, due to the combined effect of maximum elastic horizontal and vertical
seismic forces, opposes and exceeds 50 percent, but is less than 100 percent, of the dead load reaction D,
the vertical hold-down device shall be designed for a minimum net upward force of 10 percent of the
downward dead load reaction that would be exerted if the span were simply supported.
13.3 If the vertical force U, due to the combined effect of maximum horizontal and vertical seismic
forces, opposes and exceeds 100 percent of the dead load reaction D, then the device shall be designed
for a net upward force of 1.2 (U-D); however, it shall not be less than 10 percent of the downward dead load
reaction that would be exerted if the span were simply supported.

SE

SE

FIG. 4 BRIDGE SEATS ON PIER TOP OR AT SUSPENDED JOINT

17
14 SEATING WIDTH
The bearing seat width SE , in mm, between the end of girder and edge of sub-structure, Fig. 4 and
minimum SE between the ends of girder at suspended joint should be not less that the following values:

SE = 203 + 1.67 L + 6.66 H for seismic Zones II and III

SE = 305+2.50 L + 10.0 H for seismic Zones IV and V
where
L = length of the superstructure to the adjacent expansion joints or to the end of
superstructure. In case of bearings under suspended spans, it is the sum of the lengths
of two adjacent portions of the superstructure. In case of single span bridges, it is equal to
the length of the superstructure, in m.
H = average height of all columns or piers supporting the superstructure to the next
expansion joint, for bearings at abutments, in m. It is equal to zero for single span
bridges. For bearings at column or piers, it is the height of column or pier. For bearings
under suspended spans, it is the average height of two adjacent columns or piers.

15 ANTI-DISLODGING ELEMENTS IN THE HORIZONTAL DIRECTION

Anti-dislodgement elements shall be provided between adjacent sections of the superstructure at
supports and at expansion joints. Anti-dislodgement elements like reaction blocks and seismic arrestors
shall be designed for, at least twice the seismic force.
The linkages, if provided, shall be designed for at least, elastic seismic acceleration coefficient,
Ah times the weight of the lighter of the two adjoining spans or parts of the structure as in the case of
suspended spans.
If the linkage is at locations where relative deformations are designed to occur, then sufficient
slack must be allowed in the linkage so that linkages start functioning only when the design relative
displacement at the linkage is exceeded and linkage becomes effective, after overcoming the designed
slack in the linkage.
When linkages are provided at columns or piers, the linkage of each span may be connected to
the column or pier instead of to the adjacent span.
16 SUBMERSIBLE BRIDGES
For submerged superstructure of submersible bridges, the hydrodynamic pressure shall be
determined by the following equation:
Where
p = 8.75 Ah Hy
p = hydrodynamic pressure, in kPa;
Ah = design horizontal seismic coefficient as given in 9.4.1;
H = height of water surface from the level of deepest scour (see 4.5.2) in m; and
y = depth of the section below the water surface, in m.
The total horizontal shear and moment per meter width about the centre of gravity of the base at
any depth y, due to hydrodynamic pressure are given by the following relations:
Vy = 2/3 py
2
My = 4/15 py
Where
Vy = hydrodynamic shear, in kPa; and
My = hydrodynamic moment, in kPa-m.

18
17 SPECIAL DUCTILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR BRIDGES
17.1 General Requirement
The bridge shall be designed so that its behaviour under design seismic action is ductile. The
capacity design provisions shall be applicable to regular, special and irregular types of bridges in Zones III,
IV and V.
The intended plastic hinges shall be provided with adequate ductility measures to ensure the
required overall structure ductility.
17.2 Detailing for Ductility
The compliance with provisions of Annex B should be made in general to ensure the availability of
adequate local and overall structure ductility.
18 DETAILING FOR CONTROL OF DISPLACEMENTS
In addition to ensure overall ductility, structural and non-structural detailing must ensure
satisfactory behaviour of the bridge under design seismic displacement. The design value of the
displacement dED under seismic condition for providing clearances in critical components shall be
determined as follows:
dED= dE+ dG ± dTS
where
dE = design seismic displacement determined from linear analysis considering R = 1;
dG = displacement due to permanent and quasi-permanent action measured in long
term such as shrinkage, creep and post-tensioning;
dTS = displacement due to thermal movements =0.4 dT ; and
dT = design displacement due to thermal movement.
19 SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF BRIDGES
19.1 General Provision
The decision to retrofit shall be based on the overall consideration of seismicity, vulnerability and
importance of the bridge.
The need to retrofit shall be determined on the basis of one of the standard procedures such as
capacity- demand ratio method, non-linear pushover analysis and time history method.
The objective of retrofitting should be to meet at least the requirement of present seismic code
considering residual life of the structure.
19.2 Retrofit Techniques
19.2.1 On the basis of deficiency observed after seismic evaluation, suitable retrofit techniques should be
selected. Some retrofit techniques for various components are given below.
19.2.2 Superstructure
Horizontal or vertical motion restrainers, inter linking of spans, pre-stressing, using dampers.
19.2.3 Sub-structure
Concrete jacketing, steel jacketing, carbon fiber winding, composite jacket of fibre glass and other
composites.
19.2.4 Bearings
Replacement of bearings by new bearings that could accommodate displacements, provision of
stoppers, clamps/vertical holding down devices, replacement of bearings by isolation devices.
19.2.5 Foundation
Strengthening of existing foundation by enlargement of size, increasing number of piles, jacketing.
19.3 Effectiveness of Retrofit Techniques
The retrofit structure should be analyzed and re-designed to check its effectiveness following
standard procedures. The experimental methods of testing effectiveness of techniques may be carried
out on components/models by quasi-static testing or on shaking table.

19
20 SPECIAL EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION AND RESISTANT DEVICES
20.1 Seismic Base Isolation
Seismic base isolation devices can be designed and introduced on the top of piers to increase
fundamental period of bridge and thus reduce the seismic forces in sub-structure. Seismic base isolation
devices can be used in place of traditional bearings. The devices may comprise of elastomeric bearings, high
damping rubber bearing, lead rubber bearing and friction-pendulum system. In addition to isolation bearing a
damping device in the form of a damper is also provided. The isolation device shall be useful when natural
period of bridge is less than 2s.
20.1.1 The isolation system should be designed following the standard procedure. The choice of
characteristics of future ground motion is important in this design approach.

20.2 Shock Transmission Units (STU)

In the case of bridge spans with continuous superstructure, the seismic force developed at deck
level can be distributed uniformly to various piers by providing special devices such as STUs. The design
is made such that these units permit slow movements, while under severe shaking these devices restrain
the movement and engage various piers in sharing the shear forces. The STUs may consist of viscous
dampers or such similar devices installed between sub-structure and superstructure. The STUs should be
designed following a standard literature.
20.3 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN WITH SPECIAL FEATURES
The bridges with typical site conditions can be designed with special earthquake resistant
features. The earthquake force generated in the superstructure can be resisted by one or more specially
made abutments, the earthquake force in superstructure can be resisted by one or more piers with fixed
bearings, while other supports may be provided with movable bearings. A balance should be maintained
between the strength and the flexibility requirements of the horizontal supports. High flexibility reduces the
level of design force but increases movement at the joints and moveable bearings and may lead to high
second order effects.
21 FOUNDATIONS
21.1 Liquefaction may occur in the case of saturated cohesion-less soil during earthquake vibrations.
The liquefaction potential of sites liable to liquefy should be estimated by specialist literature.
21.2 The remedial measures for liquefaction should be undertaken, if necessary. The structural design
of bridge may be modified if required to account for such effects.
21.3 Safety against overturning/sliding shall be checked as per relevant IRC/IRS Codes.
22 RETAINING WALLS
22.1 This clause is applicable to N soil only. The reference may be made to 25 for soil with cohesion.
22.1.1 Dynamic Active Earth Pressure Due to Backfill
Figure 5 shows a wall of height h, inclined with an angle a with vertical, retaining dry/moist
cohesionless earth fill. The dynamic active earth pressure exerted against the wall shall be:
1 g h2C
( PA g )dyn =
2 a
where
(P Ag)dyn = dynamic total active earth pressure, in kN/m length of wall;
g = unit weight of soil, in kN/m3; and
h = height of wall, in m.

20
 2
é ù
ê ú
Ca =
(1 ± Av )cos 2 (f - l - a ) ê
´ê
1 ú
1 ú
cos l cos a cos(d + a + l ) ê
2
ì sin(f + d )sin(f - i - l ) ü 2 ú
ê1 + í ý ú
ë î cos(a - i )cos(d + a + l )þ û

i0

COHESION LESS
BACKFILL g, Æ
h

FIG. 5 CROSS-SECTION OF RETAINING WALL

where
Av = vertical seismic coefficient - its direction being taken consistently throughout the
2
stability analysis of wall and equal to A ;
3 h
N = angle of internal friction of soil;

-1 Ah
8 = tan
1 +_ Av
" = angle with earth face of the wall makes with the vertical;
i = slope of earth fill;
* = angle of friction between the wall and earth fill; and
Ah = horizontal seismic coefficient.
The expression of (Ca)dvn gives two values depending on the sign of Av. For design purpose higher of
the two values shall be taken.

22.1.1.1 The active pressure may be determined graphically by means of the method described in
Annex C.
22.1.1.2 Point of application
From the total earth pressure computed as above subtract the static active pressure obtained
by putting Ah= Av= 8 = 0 in the expression given in 22.1.1. The remainder is the dynamic increment. The
static component of the total pressure shall be applied at an elevation h/3 above the base of the wall. The
point of application of the dynamic increment shall be assumed to be at an elevation 0.5 h above the base.
22.1.1 Dynamic Passive earth Pressure Due to Backfill
The dynamic passive earth pressure against the walls shall be given by the following formula:

(Ppg )dyn = 12 gh C p 2

21
 where
(Ppy)dyn = dynamic passive earth pressure length of wall, in kg/m; and
2
é ù
ê ú
(1 ± Av )cos 2 (f + a - l ) ê 1 ú
Cp = ´ê ú
2
cos l cos a cos (d + a + l ) ê 1 ú
ê 1 + ìí sin (f + d ) sin (f + i - l ) üý 2 ú
êë î cos (a - i )cos (d - a + l )þ úû

For design purposes, the lesser value of Cp shall be taken out of its two values corresponding to ±Av·
22.1.2.1 The passive pressure may be determined graphically by means of the method described in
Annex D.
22.1.2.2 Point of application
From the total passive earth pressure computed as above subtract the static earth pressure
obtained by putting Ah = Av = l= 0 in the expression given in 22.1.2. The remainder is the dynamic
decrement. The static component of the total pressure shall be applied at an elevation h/3 above the base
of the wall. The point of application of the dynamic decrement shall be assumed to be at an elevation 0.5 h
above the base of the wall.
22.1.3 Active Pressure Due to Uniform Surcharge
The active pressure against the wall due to a uniform surcharge of intensity q, kN per unit
area of the inclined earthfill surface shall be:

qh cos a
(P )Aq = Ca
dyn
c o s (a - i )
22.1.3.1 Point of application
The dynamic increment in active pressure due to uniform surcharge shall be applied at an
elevation of 0.66 h above the base of the wall, while the static component shall be applied at mid-height of
the wall.
22.1.4 Passive Pressure Due to Uniform Surcharge
The passive pressure against the wall due to a uniform surcharge of intensity q per unit area
of the inclined earth fill shall be:
q h co s a
(P )p q d yn =
co s (a - i )
C p

22.1.4.1 Point of application

The dynamic decrement in passive pressure due to uniform surcharge shall be applied at an
elevation of 0.66h above the base of the wall while the static component shall be applied at an elevation
0.5 h above the base.
23 EFFECT OF SATURATION ON LATERAL: EARTH PRESSURE
23.1 For saturated earthfill, the saturated unit weight of the soil shall be adopted as in the formulae
described in 22.1.1
23.2 For submerged earthfill, the dynamic increment (or decrement) in active and passive earth pressure
during earthquakes shall be found from expressions given in 22.1.1 and 22.1.2 with the following modifications:
a) The value of * shall be taken as 1/2 the value of * for dry/moist backfill.
b) The value of 8 shall be taken as follows:

22
 é gs A ù
l = tan -1 ê ´ h ú
ëê g s - 10 1 ± Av ûú
2
(s = saturated unit weight of soil , in kN/m
Ah = horizontal seismic coefficient (see 10.4.1); and
Av = vertical seismic coefficient which is 2/3 Ah

c) Buoyant unit weight shall be adopted.

d) From the value of earth pressure found out as above, subtract the value of static earth
pressure determined by putting Ah = Ay = 8 = 0. The remainder shall be dynamic increment.

23.3 Hydrodynamic pressure on account of water contained in earth fill shall not be considered
separately as the effect of acceleration of water has been considered indirectly.
24 PARTIALLY SUBMERGED BACKFILL
24.1 The ratio of the lateral dynamic increment in active pressure due to backfill to the vertical
pressures at various depths along the height of wall may be taken as shown in Fig. 6a.
The pressure distribution of dynamic increment in active pressures due to backfill may be
obtained by multiplying the vertical effective pressures by the coefficients in Fig. 6a at corresponding
depths.
NOTE : Ca is computed as in 22.1.1 for dry, moist and saturated backfills and C'a is computed as in 22.1.1
and 23.2 for sub-merged backfills.
Ka = value of Ca when Ah= Av = 8= 0

K' a = value of C' a when Ah = Av =8= 0

h' = height of submergence above the base of the wall

Lateral dynamic increment due to surcharge multiplying with q is shown in Fig. 6b.
24.2 Concrete or masonry inertia forces due to horizontal and vertical earthquake accelerations are
the products of the weight of wall and the horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients respectively.
25 ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE DUE TO c-N SOIL
25.1 Active earth pressure due to c-N soil as backfill, Fig. 7 shows a section of retaining wall retaining
c-n soil as backfill which also carries a uniform surcharge of intensity q.

25.2 AFCD is cracked zone in c-N soil, CD being 'Hc' given by following expression:
2c
Hc = Nj = nH
g
Where
2
Nj = tan (45° +f/2);
n = Non-dimensional factor describing the depth of tension crack; and
g = Dry or moist unit weight of soil.

23
 cos a
3(Ca - Ka)
cos (a-i)

3(C'a - K'a) cos a

h h'
h cos (a-i)

h'

LATERAL DYNAMIC INCREMENT DUE TO BACKFILL WITH HEIGHT OF WALL

FIG. 6A DISTRIBUTION OF THE RATIO =
VERTICAL EFFECTIVE PRESSURE

cos a
2(Ca - Ka)
cos(a-i)

2(C'a - K'a) cos a

h'
h h cos(a-i)

h'

LATERAL DYNAMIC INCREMENT DUE TO SURCHARGE WITH HEIGHT OF WALL

FIG. 6B DISTRIBUTION OF THE RATIO =
SURCHARGE INTENSITY

24
 Q(1±an)

D
q
Q.ah nH

C
I E
A i G
a H
K
a

F W.ah c.g

W.(1±ag)

q
H1

f
H
a
d

R
P

aq

B
Fig. 7 FORCES ACTING ON FAILURE WEDGE IN ACTIVE STATE FOR SEISMIC CONDITION IN C- f SOIL

1
A dyn
2
(
g H 2 N agm )
dyn
(
+ qH N aqm )
dyn
- cH (N acm )dyn

é n cos i cos a ù
ê 1 - cos (a - i ) ú
ë û

25
 f (Deg.)
Fig. 8 (Nacm)st VERSUS f For n = 0, i = 00

f (Deg.)
9A (Naqm)st versus f for n = 0, i = 00
(Naqm)

f (Deg.)
9B (Naqm)st versus f for n = 0.2, i = 00

26
 (Naqm)st

f(Deg.)

9C (Naqm)st versus f for n = 0.4, i = 00

0
(Fig. 9 EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Naqm)st for 0 SLOP
(Naqm)st

f (Deg.)
0
10A (Naqm)st versus f for n = 0, i = 10
(Naqm)st

f (Deg.)
0
10B (Naqm)st versus f for n = 0.2, i = 10

27
(Naqm)st

f(Deg.)
0
10C (Naqm)st versus f for n = 0.4, i = 10
0
(Fig. 10 EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Naqm)st for 10 SLOP E
(Naym)st

f(Deg.)

11A (Naym)st versus f for n = 0.2, i = 00

(Naym)st

f(Deg.)

0
11B (Naym)st versus f for n = 0.4, i = 0
0
(Fig. 11 EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Naym)st for 0 SLOP E

28
(Naym)st

f(Deg.)
0
12A (Naym )st versus f for n = 0, i = 10
(Naym)st

f(Deg.)

12B (Naym)st versus f for n = 0.2, i = 100

(Naym)st

40

f(Deg.)
0
12C (Naym)st versus f for n = 0.4, i = 10
0
Fig. 12 EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Naym )st for 10 SLOP E

29
 Table 5 Values of l1 and l2
(Clause 26)
0
n = 0, i = 0 , l1 = l2
f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a = 00 a = 200
20
0
1.153 1.117 1.098 1.327 1.247 1.208 1.52 1.393 1.333
30
0
1.187 1.133 1.108 1.392 1.278 1.228 1.62 1.438 1.36
0
40 1.241 1.156 1.123 1.51 1.327 1.258 1.807 1.513 1.407
0
n = 0, i = 10 , l1 = l2
f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a = 00 a = 200
200 1.193 1.153 1.136 1.435 1.345 1.313 1.773 1.618 1.574
30
0
1.206 1.151 1.128 1.441 1.323 1.276 1.712 1.52 1.449
0
40 1.254 1.168 1.137 1.542 1.356 1.292 1.869 1.566 1.466
0
n = 0.4, i = 0 , l1
f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a = 00 a = 200
200 1.206 1.117 1.073 1.44 1.247 1.154 1.773 1.618 1.574
0
30 1.259 1.133 1.086 1.554 1.279 1.182 1.712 1.52 1.449
0
40 1.382 1.155 1.101 1.827 1.327 1.21 1.869 1.566 1.466
0
n = 0.4, i = 10 , l1
f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a = 00 a = 200
200 1.254 1.153 1.104 1.582 1.345 1.239 2.055 1.618 1.436
0
30 1.281 1.151 1.105 1.616 1.323 1.225 2.009 1.52 1.364
0
40 1.394 1.168 1.114 1.868 1.357 1.242 2.424 1.566 1.384
0
n = 0.4, i = 0 , l1
f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a=0 a = 20
20
0
1.169 1.117 1.09 1.356 1.247 1.192 1.57 1.393 1.307
0
30 1.205 1.133 1.102 1.433 1.279 1.214 1.684 1.438 1.337
0
40 1.27 1.156 1.116 1.575 1.327 1.243 1.917 1.513 1.382
0
n = 0.4, i = 10 , l1
f Ah = 0.05 Ah = 0.10 Ah = 0.15
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a=0 a = 20 a = -20 a = 00 a = 200
200 1.211 1.153 1.127 1.478 1.345 1.292 1.854 1.618 1.536
0
30 1.226 1.151 1.122 1.488 1.323 1.262 1.79 1.52 1.425
0
40 1.287 1.168 1.13 1.619 1.357 1.277 1.997 1.566 1.442

30
 ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

456 : 2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)
1343 : 2012 Code of practice for pre-stressed concrete (first revision)
1786 : 2008 High strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete reinforcement - Specification
(fourth revision)
1893 : Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures
(Part 1) : 2002 General provisions and buildings
(Part 2) : 2014 Liquid retaining tanks - Elevated and ground supported

ANNEX B
(Foreword, Clauses 4.2.7,5.3 and 17.2)
DUCTILE DETAILING

B-0 GENERAL
The detailing rules given have been chosen with the intention that reliable plastic hinges should
form at the top and bottom of each pier column, or at the bottom only of a single stem pier under horizontal
loading and that the bridge should remain elastic between the hinges (see Fig. 13). The aim is to achieve
a reliable ductile structure. Repair of plastic hinges is relatively easy.
Design strategy to be used is based on assumption that the plastic response shall occur in sub-
structure.
B-1 SPECIFICATION
B-1.1 Minimum grade of concrete should be M25 (fck = 25 MPa).

B-1.2 Steel reinforcement having elongation more than 14.5 percent and conforming to other
requirements of IS 1786 shall be used.
B-2 LAYOUT
a) The use of circular column is preferred for better plastic hinge performance and ease of
construction.
b) The bridge must be proportioned and detailed by the designer so that plastic hinges occur only at
the controlled locations (for example pier column ends) and not in other uncontrolled places.
B-3 LONGTUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
The area of the longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less than 0.8 percent and not more than
6 percent of the gross cross-section area Ag. Splicing of flexural region is not permitted in the plastic
hinge region. Lap shall not be located within a distance of 2 times the maximum column cross-sectional
dimension from the end at which hinge may occur. The splices should be proportioned as a tension
splice.
B-3.1 Curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement in piers due to reduction in seismic bending
moment towards top.

31
B-3.1.1 The reduction of longitudinal reinforcement at mid-height in piers should not be carried
out except in tall pier.
B-3.1.2 In case of high bridge piers such as of height equal to 30m or more, the reduction of
reinforcement at mid height may be done. In such cases the-following method should be
adopted :
a) The curtailment of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be carried out in the section six
times the least lateral column dimension from the location where plastic hinge in likely to
occur.
b) The interval between hoop ties is specified to be less than 150mm in a reinforcement
position. The interval between hoop ties shall not change abruptly, the change must be
gradual.
B-4 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
The transverse reinforcement for circular columns shall consist of spiral or circular hoops
continuity of these reinforcement should be provided by either [see Figs.(14a) and 14(b)] :
a) Welding - The minimum length of weld should be 12 times the bar diameter and the minimum
weld throat thickness should be 0.4 times the bar diameter.
b) Lapping - The minimum length of lap should be 30 times the bar diameter and - each

EARTHQUAKE A
FORCE
COLUMN CAP EARTHQUAKE

POTENTIAL PLASTIC
HINGE REGIONS PILE CAP

PILE CAP
PILE

ELEVATION SECTION AA

a) SINGLE COLUMN OR PIER TYPE SUBSTRUCTURES

EARTHQUAKE A
FORCE
COLUMN CAP EARTHQUAKE

POTENTIAL PLASTIC
HINGE REGIONS

PILE

ELEVATION SECTION AA

b) MULTI-COLUMN OR FRAME TYPE SUBSTRUCTURES

Fig. 13 POTENTIAL LOCATION OF PLASTIC HINGES IN SUBSTRUCTURES

32
end of the bar anchored with 1350 hooks with a 10 diameter extension into the confined core.
Splicing of the spiral reinforcement in the plastic hinge region should be avoided.
In rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may be used. A rectangular hoop is a closed stirrup,
having a 1350 hook with a 10 diameter extension at each end that is embedded in the confined core Fig. 14
(c). When hoop ties are joined in any place other than a corner the hoop ties shall overlap each other by a
length 40 times the bar diameter of the reinforcing bar which makes the hoop ties with hooks as specified
above.
Joint portion of hoop ties for both circular and rectangular hoops should be staggered.

B-5 DESIGN OF PLASTIC HINGE REGIONS

B-5.1 Seismic Design Force for Sub-structure Provisions given for the ductile detailing of RC members
subjected to seismic forces shall be adopted for supporting components of the bridge. Further, the
design shear force at the critical section(s) of sub-structures shall be the lower of the following :
a) Maximum elastic shear force at the critical section of the bridge component divided by the
response reduction factor for the components as per table
12
d

WELD 0
135 BEND

CONTINOUS BAR
OF DIAMETER d

0 - 4d

a) WELDING IN CIRCULAR HOOPS b) LAPPING IN CIRCULAR HOOPS

c) RECTANGULAR HOOPS

FIG. 14 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN COLUMN

33
c) In a single-column type or pier type sub-structure, the critical section is at the bottom of the
column or pier as shown in Figs .13(a) And, in multi-column frame-type sub-structures or multi-pier sub-
structures, the critical sections are at the bottom and/or top of the columns/piers as shown Figs 13(b).
B-5.2 Over Strength Plastic Moment Capacity
The over strength plastic moment capacity at the reinforced concrete section shall be taken as
1.3 times the ultimate moment capacity based on the usual partial safety factors recommended by
relevant design codes for materials and loads, and on the actual dimensions of members and the actual
reinforcement detailing adopted.
B-5.3 Special Confining Reinforcement
Special confining reinforcement shall be provided at the ends of pier columns where plastic hinge
can occur. This transverse reinforcement should extend for a distance from the point of maximum moment
over the plastic hinge region over a length , the length shall not be less than, 1.5 times the column
diameter of 1.5 times the large cross sectional dimension where yielding occurs, 1/6 of clear height of the
column for frame pier (that is when hinging can occur at both ends of the column), 1/4 of clear height of the
column for cantilever pier (that is when hinging can occur at only one end of the column) or 600mm.
B-5.4 Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement
The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed 1/5 times the
least lateral dimension of the cross-section of column or 6 times the diameter of the longitudinal bar or
150mm.
The parallel legs of rectangular stirrups shall be spaced not more than 1/3 of the smallest
dimension of the concrete core or more than 300mm centre to centre. If the length of any side of the
stirrup exceeds 300mm, a cross tie shall be provided. Alternatively, overlapping stirrups may be provided
within the column.
B-5.5 Amount of Transverse Steel to be Provided
B-5.5.1 The area of cross-section, A sh , of the bar forming circular hoops or spiral, to be used as special
confining reinforcement, shall not be less than

Asw = 0.09SD k
[ Ag
Ac
1.0
] f ck
fy

OR,

f ck
Asw = 0.024SD k
fy

34
Whichever is the greater
where
Ash = area of cross-section of circular hoop;
S = pitch of spiral or spacing of hoops, in mm;
Dk = Diameter of core measured to the outside of the spiral or hoops, in mm;
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete;
fy = yield stress of steel (of circular hoops or - spiral);
Ag = gross area of the column cross-section; and

p 2
Ac = Area of the concrete core Dk
4

B-5.5.2 The total area of cross section of the bar forming rectangular hoop and cross ties, Ash to
be used as special confining reinforcement shall not be less than
é Ag ù f
A sw = 0.24 Shê - 1.0 ú ck
ë Ak û fy

Or
f ck
Asw = 0.096 Sh
fy
Where
h = longer dimension of the rectangular confining
Ak = hoop measured to its outer face; and area of confined core concrete in the rectangular
hoop measured to its outer side dimensions

B-5.5.2.1 Unsupported length of rectangular hoops shall not exceed 300mm

B-5.5.3 For ductile detailing of hollow cross-section of pier, special literature may be referred.
B-6 DESIGN OF COMP0ONENTS BETWEEN THE HINGES
Once the position of the plastic hinges has been determined and these regions detailed to ensure
a ductile performance, the structure between the plastic hinges is designed considering the capacity of
the plastic hinges. The intention here is,
a) to reliably protect the bridge against collapse so that it shall be available for service after a major
shaking.
b) to localize structural damage to the plastic hinge regions where it can be controlled and repaired.
The process of designing the structure between the plastic hinges is known as 'capacity design.'
B-6.1 Column Shear and Transverse Reinforcement
To avoid a brittle shear failure, design shear force for pier shall be based on over strength moment
capacities of the plastic hinges and given by :
0

Vu =
åM
h

35
Where

SM° = sum of the over strength moment capacities of the hinges resisting lateral loads, as detailed.
In case of twin pier this would be the sum of the over strength moment capacities at the top
and bottom of the column. For single stem piers the over strength moment capacity at the
bottom only should be used.

h = clear height of the column in the case of a column in double curvature; height to be calculated
from point of contra-flexure in the case of a column in single curvature.
Outside the hinge regions, the spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension
of the column or 300mm.

B-7 DESIGN OF JOINTS

Beam-column joints should be designed properly to resist the forces caused by axial load,
bending and shear forces in the joining members. Forces in the joint should be determined by
considering a free body of the joint with the forces on the joint member boundaries properly represented.

The joint shear strength should be entirely provided by transverse reinforcement. Where the
joint is not confined adequately (that is where minimum pier and pile cap width is less than three column
diameters) the special confinement requirement should be satisfied.

36
 ANNEX C
(Clause 22.1.1.1)
GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

C-I MODIFIED CULMANN'S GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION (see Fig. 15)

Different steps in modified construction for determining dynamic active earth pressure are as
follows :
a) Draw the wall section along with backfill surface on a suitable scale.

b) Draw BS at an angle ( F - y ) with the horizontal.

c) Draw BL at an angle of (90 - a - d - Y ) below BS.

d) Intercept BD1 equal to the resultant of the weight W1 of first wedge ABC and inertial forces
( ± W1av and W1ah).
The magnitude of this resultant is W1

W = W1 (1 m a v )2 + a h2
e) Through D1 draw D1 E1 parallel to BL intersecting BC1 at E1.
f) Measure D1E1 to the same force scale as BD1. The D1E1 is the dynamic earth pressure for
trial wedge.
g) Repeat steps (d) to (f) with BC2, BC3 etc., as trial wedges.
h) Draw a smooth curve through E1, E2 and E3. This is the modified Culumann's line.
i) Draw a line parallel to BS and tangential to this curve. The maximum coordinate in the
direction of BL is obtained from the point of tangent and is the dynamic active earth pressure
(PA)dyr.

A C1 C2 C3
2(C'a -K'a ) cos" E3 MODIFIED
h'
h' cos(" - i) CULMANN'S LINE
E2

E S
E1 D3

D2
D1 D

B 90 ( )

FIG. 15 MODIFIED CULMANN'S CONSTRUCTION FOR DYNAMIC ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE

37
 ANNEX D
(Clause 22.1.2.1)
GRAPHICAL DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

D-1 MODIFIED CULMANN'S GRAPHICAL CONSTRUCTION

For determining the passive earth pressure draw BS at ( F - y ) below horizontal. Next draw
BL at (90 - a - d - Y ) below BS. The other steps for construction remain unaltered (see Fig. 16)
Effect of uniformly distributed load and line load on the back fill surface may be handed in the
similar way as for the static case.

C4 MODIFIED
C3 CULMANN'S LINE

C2 ASSUMED PLANE
OF RUPTURE
C1
E1 i
E3 E2 A
E4

B f-y
D1
D2 L
D3
D4
S =90-(a+d+y)
MINIMUM PASSIVE
PRESSURE VECTOR

FIG. 16 MODIFIED CULMANN'S CONSTRUCTION FOR DYNAMIC PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE

38
 ANNEX E
(Clause 9.4.6)
Appendix (E) Zone Factors for Some Important Towns
Agra III 0.16 Kanchipuram III 0.16
Ahmedabad III 0.16 Kanpur III 0.16
Ajmer II 0.10 Karwar III 0.16
Allahabad II 0.10 Kohima V 0.36
Almora IV 0.24 Kolkata III 0.16
Ambala IV 0.24 Kota II 0.10
Amritsar IV 0.24 Kurnool II 0.10
Asansol III 0.24 Lucknow III 0.16
Aurangabad II 0.10 Ludhiyana IV 0.24
Bahraich IV 0.24 Madurai II 0.10
Bangalore II 0.10 Mandi V 0.36
Barauni IV 0.24 Mangalore III 0.16
Bareilly III 0.16 Monghyr IV 0.24
Belgaum III 0.16 Moradabad IV 0.24
Bhatinda III 0.16 Mumbai III 0.16
Bhilai II 0.10 Mysore II 0.10
Bhopal II 0.10 Nagpur II 0.10
Bhubaneswar III 0.16 Nagarjunasagar II 0.10
Bhuj V 0.36 Nainital IV 0.24
Bijapur III 0.16 Nasik III 0.16
Bikaner III 0.16 Nellore III 0.16
Bokaro III 0.16 Osmanabad III 0.16
Bulandshahr IV 0.24 Panjim III 0.16
Burdwan III 0.16 Patiala III 0.16
Calicut III 0.16 Patna IV 0.24
Chandigarh IV 0.24 Pilibhit IV 0.24
Chennai III 0.16 Pondicherry II 0.10
Chitradurga II 0.10 Pune III 0.16
Coimatore III 0.16 Raipur II 0.10
Cuddalore III II 0.16 Rajkot III 0.16
Cuttack III 0.16 Ranchi II 0.10
Darbhanga V 0.36 Roorkee IV 0.24
Darjeeling IV 0.24 Rourkela II 0.10
Dharwad III 0.16 Sadiya V 0.36
Dehra Dun IV 0.24 Salem III 0.16
Dharampuri III 0.16 Simla IV 0.24
Delhi IV 0.24 Sironj II 0.10
Durgapur III 0.16 Solapur III 0.16
Gangtok IV 0.24 Srinagar V 0.36
Guwahati V 0.36 Surat III 0.16
Goa III 0.16 Tarapur III 0.16
Gulbarga II 0.10 Tezpur V 0.36
Gaya III 0.16 Thane III 0.16
Gorakhpur IV 0.24 Thanjavur II 0.10
Hyderabad II 0.10 Thiruvananthapuram III 0.16
Imphal V 0.36 Tiruchirappali II 0.10
Jabalpur III 0.16 Thiruvennamalai III 0.16
Jaipur II 0.10 Udaipur II 0.10
Jamshedpur II 0.10 Vadodara III 0.16
Jhansi II 0.10 Varanasi III 0.16
Jodhpur II 0.10 Vellore III 0.16
Jorhat V 0.36 Vijayawada III 0.16
Kakrapara III 0.16 VIshakhapatnam II 0.10
Kalapakkam III 0.16

39