Abstract

The main objective of this project is to develop a TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM

using an Arduino board with by any Android As technology is advancing so
houses are also getting gradually shifting from conventional switches to
centralized control system switches. Presently, conventional wall switches
located in different parts of the house makes it difficult for the user to go near
them to operate. Even more it becomes more difficult for the elderly or
physically handicapped people to do TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM provides a
most
Arduino board at the receiver end while on the transmitter end, a GUI loads are
connected. By touching the specified location on the GUI, the loads can be
turned ON/OFF remotely through this technology. The loads are operated by
Arduino board through opto-isolators and thyristors using trcs.
 Acknowledgement
First and foremost, I would like to take this opportunity to thank our lecturer
Mr. Monish Gupta for his guidance and advice on this project. At the same time
I also won’t forget my group participant and also friends to because they quite
good with sharing some of their information to complete this final year project
successfully. Last but not least, I am very grateful to our College, lecture sand
friends where they gave us enough of time to complete this project and at the
same time I would like to thank my friends and classmates who helps me a lot
to complete this project.

Thank You.
 Contents
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………….
……………………………
INTRODUCTION
………………….........................................................................
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT………………………………………………..
BACKGROUND INFORMATION……………………………………….
REQUIREMENTS …………………................................................................
 INTRODUCTION

In modern life we have to face with many problems one of which is traffic congestion
becoming more serious day after day. It is said that the high volume of vehicles, the
inadequate infrastructure and the irrational distribution of the development are main reasons
for increasing traffic jam. The major cause leading to traffic congestion is the high number of
vehicle which was caused by the population and the development of economy. Traffic

congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized
by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. The most common
example is the physical use of roads by vehicles. When traffic demand is great enough that
the interaction between vehicles slows the speed of the traffic stream, these results in some
congestion.

As demand approaches the capacity of a road (or of the intersections along the road), extreme
traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of time, this is
colloquially known as a traffic jam or traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers
becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage.

In traffic environments, Traffic Sign Recognition (TSR) is used to regulate traffic signs, warn
the driver, and command or prohibit certain actions. A fast real-time and robust automatic
traffic sign detection and recognition can support and disburden the driver, and thus,
significantly increase driving safety and comfort. Generally, traffic signs provide the driver
various information for safe and efficient navigation.

Automatic recognition of traffic signs is, therefore, important for automated intelligent
driving vehicle or driver assistance systems. However, identification of traffic signs with
respect to various natural background viewing conditions still remains challenging tasks.
Real time automatic vision based traffic light control has been recently the interest of many
researchers, due to the frequent traffic jams at major junctions and its resulting wastage of
time. Instead of depending on information generated by costly sensors, economic situation
calls for using available video cameras in an efficient way for effective traffic congestion
estimation.
Thus, given a camera sequence, the task of vision based traffic light control list:
1) Analyze image sequences

2) Estimate traffic congestion and

3) Predict the next traffic light interval. We may focus on one or more of these tasks, and they
may also choose different measures for traffic structure or add measures.

For more comprehensive review on vision based traffic light control Due to the massive growth
in urbanization and traffic congestion, intelligent vision based traffic light controller is needed to
reduce the traffic delay and travel time especially in developing countries as the current automatic
time based control is not realistic while sensor based traffic light controller is not reliable in
developing countries. Traffic congestion is now considered to be one of the biggest problems in
the urban environments. Traffic problems will be also much more widely increasing as an
expected result of the growing number of transportation means and current low-quality
infrastructure of the roads.

In addition, many studies and statistics were generated in developing countries that proved that
most of the road accidents are because of the very narrow roads and because of the destructive
increase in the transportation means. This idea of controlling the traffic light efficiently in real
time has attracted many researchers to work in this field with the goal of creating automatic tool
that can estimate the traffic congestion and based on this variable, the traffic sign time interval is
forecasted.

The heart of any system is the processing unit which controls the working of various hardware
components. In our project we are using Arduino UNO as the processing unit. The Arduino UNO
is a Microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. Arduino is an open source electronics
prototyping platform based on flexible, east-to-use hardware and software. The microcontroller
board is programmed using the Arduino programming language under an open-source license; we
are free to adapt them according to our needs. Arduino UNO microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328 are then programmed as per our need to perform the desired operations.
 a) Smart City Mission launched by PM of India under Ministry of Urban development.

b) To fulfill the demands of Smart city model

c) In modern life we have to face many problems one of which is traffic congestion, thus
solution to this problem will solve many interlinked issues like fuel consumption, time
management, ease of transportation and environmental pollution.

d) Core infrastructure elements in a Smart City include “efficient urban mobility and
transportation system”.

The Arduino UNO Microcontroller Development Board was selected as it satisfies all the
requirements. As was fundamental to the course, the assembly language was utilized for the
project. The ARDUINO programmer is based on the processing IDE and uses a variation of the C
and C++ programming languages. It was more than adequate to satisfy design objectives while
enhancing level of understanding of the programming language.

Another aspect of this project is to present a practical design of an automatic system for opening a
gate without mounting any signal transmitter on the car. License plate recognition (LPR) is an
image processing technology used to identify vehicles by their license plates. This project’s goal
is to build a practical prototype system, which is capable of recognizing a license plate number
from a standard license plate, in case of any emergency or VIP needs. The system will be based
on a personal computer and software packages available such as MATLAB and a digital camera
that helps in capturing images of vehicles. The software recognizes the plate number, compares
the plate number with a built-in database, and decides whether a vehicle is allowed for emergency
override or not. The general algorithm involves the following steps: Image capturing which can
be achieved by a digital camera. Plate localization and extraction to obtain the vehicle plate sub
image. Character segmentation to determine exactly where characters exist inside the plate.
Recognition which identifies the numbers contained in the plate. Evaluating the performance of
the algorithm. Designing a database to store the numbers of authorized vehicles that are allowed
to enter the parking. Designing a graphical user interface (GUI) to simplify the interaction with
the software.

MOTIVATION

a) Smart City Mission launched by PM of India under Ministry of Urban development.

b) To fulfill the demands of Smart city model

c) In modern life we have to face many problems one of which is traffic congestion,

thus solution to this problem will solve many interlinked issues like fuel consumption, time
management, ease of transportation and environmental pollution.

d) Core infrastructure elements in a Smart City include “efficient urban mobility and
transportation system”.
 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
This project is a basic step towards smart city plan of India. In today’s world where basic
electronics is finding its place in many days to day fields like home automation, car automation,
automatic water storage system and so on, this will also take us one step further in Smart City
plan. Recently government of India is spending round about 2 crores per city on 98 cities in India
which are competing to become India’s first Smart city thus this concept of traffic light control
and transferring the traffic congestion scenarios of the city on real time basis on devices like
smart phones can prove to be a good use of technology to solve day to day problems. The scope
of this project is not just limited till controlling of traffic light timings based on density of
vehicles but can go further by using GSM technology to transfer traffic density information to the
mobile phones of travelers or controlling traffic based on priority.
 Background Information
In this section of the report, background information concerning the project will be provided.

2.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION AND LIMITATION

Researchers now are so much interested in automatic real-time traffic congestion estimation tool
as it is the most significant factor on which intelligent transportation systems are based. Some of
the researchers have focused in their work on traffic flow estimation. It is measured as the rate at
which vehicles pass a fixed point (e.g. vehicles per minute). They used spot sensors such as loop
detectors and pneumatic sensors to quantify the traffic flow however; the sensors are very
expensive and need a lot of maintenance especially in developing countries because of the road
ground de-formations.

In addition, metal barriers near the road might prevent effective detection using radar sensors. It
is also found that traffic congestion also occurred while using the electronic sensors for
controlling the traffic. In contrast, video based systems are much better compared to all other
techniques as they provide more traffic information and they are much more scalable with the
progress in image progressing techniques. This is the main reason for the motivation to develop
vision based tool for traffic light control in this work.

In recent years, vision based traffic light control, which is based on video processing for traffic
flow or traffic density estimation, has attracted the attention of many researchers. The value of
traffic density measures only the ratio between the density of the vehicles and the total density of
the road.

So based on this measure, the traffic control system will compare between different roads in the
intersection to take the decision for the traffic light and the time interval given.

However, most of the previous vision based monitoring systems suffered from lack of robustness
on dealing with continuously changing environment such as lighting conditions, weather
conditions and unattended vehicles. All these mentioned factors considerably affect the traffic
density estimation. Changes in lightening conditions and weather conditions have been
tackled in many of the previous approaches and they are going to be considered also in our
proposed approach, but the problem that has never been addressed before and has a
significant effect on the traffic pace is the stationary vehicles, especially the unattended ones.
The problem with the traffic density measurement is that the traffic density of a road with
stationary or unattended vehicles is the same as the traffic density of a road with no stationary
vehicles.

Traffic flow counts the number of vehicles that passes through the frame during a certain
time interval. However, it may give an empty road a higher priority than a congested road,
because fewer vehicles are passing though the given point in that empty road. Therefore, we
will concentrate on the detection of the delayed and unattended vehicles in the proposed
approach for computing more informative metric about the traffic congestion in order to have
more effective way of traffic. This metric is very similar to the traffic density, but with taking
the traffic flow into consideration. So it can be considered as a combination of both traffic
density and traffic flow
 Requirements
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
This section will outline the requirements of the project. As well, the components will be
explained.
Hardware

a) Arduino UNO

Arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use

hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, hobbyists, and anyone interested in creating
interactive objects or environments. It’s an open-source physical computing platform based
on a microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the
board and we can see the image of Arduino Uno in
In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to connect to
your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up to external
electronics, such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser diodes, loudspeaker, microphones, etc.,
They can either be powered through the USB connection from the computer or from a 9V
battery. They can be controlled from the computer or programmed by the computer and then
disconnected and allowed to work independently. Anyone can buy this device through online
auction site or search engine. Since the Arduino is an open-source hardware designs and
create their own clones of the Arduino and sell them, so the market for the boards is
competitive. The name “Arduino” is reserved by the original makers. However, clone
Arduino designs often have the letters “duino” on the end of their name, for example,
Freeduino or DFR duino. The software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and also
freely available for Windows, Mac, and LINUX computers at no cost.

Microcontroller can be described as a computer embedded on a rather small circuit board. To

describe the function of a microcontroller more precisely, it is a single chip that can perform
various calculations and tasks, and send/receive signals from other devices via the available
pins. Precisely what tasks and communication with the world it does, is what is governed by
what instructions we give to the Microcontroller. It is this job of telling the chip what to do, is
what we refer to as programming on it. However, the microcontroller by itself cannot
accomplish much; it needs several external inputs: power, for one; a steady clock signal, for
another. So typically, a microcontroller is used along with a circuit which provides these
things to it; this combination is called a microcontroller board. The Arduino Uno that we are
using is one such microcontroller board. The actual microcontroller at its heart is the chip
called Atmega328. The advantages that Arduino offers over other microcontroller boards are
largely in terms of reliability of the circuit hardware as well as the ease of programming and
using it.

Open-source hardware shares much of the principles and approach of free and open-source
software. The founders of Arduino wanted people to study their hardware, to understand how
it works, make changes to it, and share those changes with the world. To facilitate this, they
release all of the original design files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are
licensed under a Creative Common Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for both
personal and commercial derivative works, as long as they (people) credit Arduino and
release their designs
under the same license. The Arduino software is also open source. The source code for the Java
environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ microcontroller libraries are under the
LGPL.