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Chemsitry Assignment-03
‡gŠ‡ji ch©vqe„Ëag© I ivmvqwbK eÜb

D`vniYmn s,p, d I f ‡gŠjmg~‡ni eY©bv:

B‡jKUªb web¨vm Abyhvqx †gŠjmg~‡ni †kÖYxwefvM:

B‡jKUªb web¨vm Abyhvqx †gŠjmg~n‡K PviwU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
(1) s-eøK †gŠj,
(2) p-eøK †gŠj,
 (3) d-eøK †gŠj,
(4) f-eøK †gŠj|
(1) s-eøK †gŠj: †h me †gŠ‡ji †ÿ‡Î me©‡kl B‡jKUªbwU s AiweUv‡j hvq, Zv‡`i‡K s-eøK †gŠj ejv
nq| G‡`i me©ewnt¯’ mvaviY B‡jKUªb web¨vm nj ns1-2| ch©vq mviwYi MÖæc 1 I 2 †kÖYxi †gŠjmg~n
Ges He-G MÖæ‡ci AšÍf©y³| s-eø‡Ki †gŠ‡ji msL¨v nj 14wU| †hgb,
1
(1)H = 1s
2
(2)He = 1s
2 1
(3)Li = 1s 2s

𝒔 − eøK avZe †gŠjmg~‡ni mvaviY ag©vewj:

(1) 𝑠 −eø‡Ki avZe †gŠjmg~n wb¤œ Mjbv¼ I wb¤œ ùzUbv¼wewkó avZz| †hgb MÖæc 1 Gi m‡e©v”P Mjbv¼wewkó avZz n‡jv
Li Gi Mjbv¼ n‡jv 180. 50 𝐶 Ges 𝐶𝑠 Gi Mjbv¼ n‡jv 28. 40 𝐶 | Aciw`‡K 𝐵𝑒 Gi Mjbv¼ 12780 𝐶, 𝑅𝑎 Gi
Mjbv¼ n‡jv 7000 𝐶 |
(2) Gi big I bgbxq avZz, †hgb 𝑁𝑎avZz‡K Qzwi w`‡q KvUv hvq|
(3) MÖæcÑ1 Gi avZzmg~n, G‡`i †hvR¨Zv B‡jKÆb (𝑛𝑠1 ) Z¨vM K‡i GKK abvZ¥K Avqb (𝐿𝑖 + , 𝑁𝑎+ ) Ges MÖæc 2 Gi
avZzmg~n, G‡`i †hvR¨Zv B‡jKÆb (𝑛𝑠2 ) Z¨vM K‡i wØabvZ¥K Avqb (𝐵𝑒 2+ , 𝑀𝑔2+ ) ˆZwi K‡i|
(4) MÖæcÑ1 I MÖæc Ñ2 Gi K¨vUvqbmg~‡n †Kvb we‡Rvo ev AhyM¥ B‡jKÆb bv _vKvq G‡`i †hŠMmg~n eY©nxb|
e¨wZµg: G‡`i mv‡_ eY©hy³ WvB‡µv‡gU (𝐾2 𝐶𝑟2 𝑂7 ) , †µv‡gU (𝐾2 𝐶𝑟𝑂4 ) g¨v½v‡bU (𝐾2 𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ) I cvig¨v½v‡bU
(𝐾𝑀𝑛𝑂4 ) jeYmg~n|
(5) K¨vUvqbmg~‡n we‡Rvo B‡jKÆb bv _vKvq, Giv Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK ev Pz¤^K †ÿÎ Øviv weKwl©Z nq|
(6) MÖæcÑ1 Gi avZzmg~‡ni AvqbxKiY kw³ me‡P‡q Kg, G‡`i Zzjbvq MÖæcÑ2 Gi avZzmg~‡ni AvqbxKiY kw³ †ewk
nq|
(7) Giv Zxeª Zwor abvZ¥K †gŠj| G‡`i mwµqZv GKB MÖæ‡ci wb‡Pi w`‡K †gŠjmg~‡n e„w× cvq|
(8) Giv Zxeª weRviKiƒ‡c wµqv K‡i| [ÿviavZz I g„rÿvi avZzmg~n n¨v‡jv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb, cvwb BZ¨vw` c`v_©‡K weRvwiZ
K‡i]
(9) 𝐵𝑒 I 𝑀𝑔 e¨ZxZ 𝑠 − eø‡Ki Ab¨ me †gŠj eyb‡mi wkLvq ˆewkó¨c~Y© eY© m„wó K‡i|

(2) p eøK †gŠj: †h me †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m me©‡kl B‡jKUªbwU p AiweUv‡j hvq, Zv‡`i‡K p
eøK †gŠj ejv nq| P- eøK †gŠjmg~‡ni me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯Íi ev †hvR¨Zv ¯Í‡ii mvaviY B‡jKÆb web¨vm n‡jv 𝒏𝒔𝟐 𝒏𝒑𝟏
†_‡K 𝒏𝒔𝟐 𝒏𝒑𝟔 | ch©vq mviwYi MÖæc 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Ges 18 MÖæ‡ci He e¨ZxZ †gŠjmg~n G MÖæ‡ci
AšÍf©y³| p-eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v 36wU| †hgb-
(13)Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1
2 2 6 2 6
(18)Ar = 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

𝒑 − eø‡Ki †gŠjmg~‡ni mvaviY ag©vewj:

𝑠 − eøK I 𝑝 − eø‡Ki †gŠjmg~n‡K Av`k© ev cÖwZiƒcx †gŠj (normal or representative elements) ejv nq; KviY
ch©vq mviwYi MÖæc-13 Gi †gŠjmg~n 𝑛𝑠2 𝑛𝑝1 B‡jKÆb web¨vm †_‡K ïiæ K‡i MÖæc-14,15,161,17 I MÖæc -18 Gi
†gŠjmg~n (𝒏𝒔𝟐 𝒏𝒑𝟔 ) 𝒑 − eø‡K ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ
(1) 𝑝 − eø‡Ki †gŠj msL¨v be Avwe®‹…Z †d¬‡ivwWqvg, 𝐹𝑙(114) I wjfvigwiqvg, 𝐿𝑣(116) mn 32wU| G‡`i g‡a¨ avZz,
AcavZz ev †gUvj‡qW I AavZz i‡q‡Q|
(2) avZz (10wU) I MÖvdvBU (Kve©‡bi eûiƒc) e¨ZxZ eø‡Ki Ab¨ me †gŠj Zv I we`y¨ত KzÑcwievnx| 𝑝 − eøKfz³ †gvU
AcavZz 7wU (𝐵, 𝑆𝑖, 𝐺𝑒, 𝐴𝑠, 𝑆𝑏, 𝑇𝑒, 𝐴𝑡) n‡jv †mwgKÛv±i|
(3) 𝑝 − eø‡Ki †ewki ভাগB Zwor FYvZ¥K AavZz|
(4) GKB ch©v‡q evg †_‡K Wvbw`‡K †gŠ‡ji cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ †hvR¨Zv B‡jKÆb msL¨v e„w× cvq, wKš‘y
kw³¯Íi GKB _v‡K| d‡j †gŠjmg~‡ni cvigvYweK AvKvi n«vm cvq|অধাতব ধর্ম বৃ দ্ধি পায়। ধাতব ধর্ম হ্রাস পায়।
(5) 𝑝 − eø‡Ki †gŠjmg~n wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mg‡hvRx †hŠM Ges avZzi mv‡_ AvqwbK †hŠM m„wó K‡i|
(6) 𝑝 − eø‡Ki †gŠjmg~n cwieZ©bkxj RviY Ae¯’v wewfbœ †hŠ‡M †`Lv hvq|

(3) d-eøK †gŠj: †h mKj †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m me©‡kl B‡jKUªbwU d-AiweUv‡j hvq, Zv‡`i‡K d-eøK
†gŠj e‡j| G‡`i me©ewnt¯’ mvaviY B‡jKUªb web¨vm nj ns1-2(n-1)d1-10| mvaviYZ ch©vq mviwY‡Z “B”
Dc‡kÖYxi Ges MÖæc VIII Gi †gŠjmg~n G †kÖYxi AšÍf©y³| ch©vq mviwYi 118 wU †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ 41wU †gŠj
d-eøK †gŠj| †hgb- ¯‹¨vwÛqvg Sc(21)
I Fe(26) Avqib nj d-eøK †gŠj| d- eøK †gŠj¸‡jvi me©ewn:¯’ kw³¯Íi ev †hvR¨Zv¯Í‡ii mvaviY
B‡jKÆb web¨vm n‡jv (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝒅𝟏−𝟏𝟎 𝒏𝒔𝟏−𝟐| GLv‡b 𝒏 = 𝟒, 𝟓, 𝟔, 𝟕 n‡e|†hgb-
(21)Sc → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 1

(26)Fe → 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 6

𝒅 − eøK †gŠ‡ji †kÖwYwefvM:

3𝑑 − eøK †gŠj ev 1g Ae¯’všÍi wmwiR: 𝑆𝑐(21) †_‡K 𝑍𝑛(30) G‡`i B‡jKÆb web¨vm 3𝑑1−10 4𝑠1−2
4𝑑 − eøK †gŠj ev 2q Ae¯’všÍi wmwiR; 𝑌(39) †_‡K 𝐶𝑑(48) G‡`i B‡jKÆb web¨vm 4𝑑1−10 5𝑠1−2
5𝑑 − eøK †gŠj ev 3q Ae¯’všÍi wmwiR: 𝐿𝑎(57), 𝐻𝑟(72), 𝐻𝑔(80); G‡`i B‡jKÆb web¨vm 5𝑑1−10 6𝑠1−2
6𝑑 − eøK †gŠj ev 4_© Ae¯’všÍi wmwiR: 𝐴𝑐(89), 𝑇ℎ(90), 𝑅𝑓(104), 𝐶𝑛(112); G‡`i B‡jKÆb web¨vm
6𝑑1−10 7𝑠1−2
𝒅 − eø‡Ki †gŠjmg~‡ni mvaviY ag©vewj: (Extra)
(1) 𝒅 − eø‡Ki me †gŠjB fvix avZz|
(2) G‡`i 𝒅 −AiweUvj B‡jKÆb Øviv Ac~Y© _vKvq (𝑮𝒓 − 𝟏𝟐ev‡`), G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖvq me †gŠ‡jB cwieZ©bkxj RviY
Ae¯’v †`Lv hvq| [e¨wZµg 𝒁𝒏I 𝑪𝒅 Gi w¯’i‡hvRx 2 n‡jI 𝑯𝒈 Gi †hvRbx 1,2 nq|]
(3) 𝒅 − eø‡Ki AwaKvsk †gŠj‡K G‡`i we‡kl ˆewk‡ó¨i Rb¨ Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj ejv nq|
(4) G me fvix avZz KwVb I k³ (e¨wZµg 𝑯𝒈Zij)|
(5) 𝒅 − eøK †gŠjmg~n Zvc I we`y¨r mycwievnx|
(6) 𝒅 −eøK †gŠ‡ji AvqbxKiY kw³ 𝒔 − eøK †gŠj A‡cÿv †ewk n; wKš‘y 𝒑 − eø‡Ki †gŠj A‡cÿv Kg|
(7) Giv Zwor abvZ¥K avZe †gŠj n‡jI G‡`i Zwor abvZ¥KZv 𝒔 − eøK †gŠj A‡cÿv Kg|
(8) 𝒅 −eø‡Ki †gŠjmg~n Giv c¨vivg¨vM‡bwUK A_©vr Pz¤^K‡ÿÎ Øviv AvK…ó nq| Gi KviY n‡jv G‡`i 𝒅 − AiweUv‡j
we‡Rvo B‡jKÆb _v‡K| Avqib I †Kvevë avZz‡K Pz¤^‡K cwiYZ Kiv hvq| ZvB G‡`i‡K †d‡ivg¨vM‡bwUK ejv nq|
[e¨wZµg 𝑺𝒄𝟐+, 𝑻𝒊𝟒+, 𝒁𝒏𝟐+, 𝑪𝒖+ Avqb n‡jv Wvqvg¨vM‡bwUK|]
(9) 𝒅 − eø‡Ki AwaKvsk avZzi mswgkÖ‡Y msKi avZz ˆZwi K‡i|
d-eøK †gŠj: †h mKj †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m me©‡kl B‡jKUªbwU d-AiweUv‡j hvq Zv‡`i‡K d-eøK †gŠj
e‡j| †hgb- ¯‹¨vwÛqvg (21)Sc I (26)Fe Avqib nj d-eøK †gŠj| G‡`i B‡jKUªb web¨vm:
(21)Sc → 1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2
(26)Fe → 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj: †h me d-eøK †gŠj AšÍZ Ggb GKwU Avqb MVb K‡i, hvi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m d-AiweUvj
AvswkKfv‡e c~Y© (d1-9) _v‡K, Zv‡`i‡K Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj ejv nq| msÁvg‡Z, 4_© ch©v‡qi d-eøKfz³ Sc
I Zn G `ywU †gŠj Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj bq| KviY Giv †Kej Sc3+ Avqb I Zn2+ Avqb MVb K‡i|
Sc3+ Avq‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm : 1s22s22p63s23p63d0
Ges Zn2+ Avq‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm : 1s22s22p63s23p63d10
Sc3+ Avq‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m 3d-AiweUv‡j †Kvb B‡jKUªb †bB Ges Zn2+ Avq‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m
3d-AiweUvj c~Y© A_©vr 3d10 _v‡K|
Aciw`‡K Avqib d-eøK †gŠj I Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj DfqB| KviY, Avqib Ges Avqi‡bi myw¯’Z Avq‡bi
B‡jKUªb web¨vm: (26)Fe → 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
Fe2+ → 1s22s22p63s23p63d6
Fe3+ → 1s22s22p63s23p63d5
Avqi‡bi myw¯’Z AvqY Fe2+ I Fe3+ Gi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m d-AiweUvj AvswkKfv‡e c~Y©|
(21)Sc n‡Z (30)Zn GB `kwU †gŠ‡ji mevB d-eøK †gŠj| wKš‘ Sc Ges Zn Qvov evKx AvUwU Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj|
A_©vr hviv Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj Zviv wVKB d-eøK †gŠj wKš‘ me d-eøK †gŠj Ae¯’všÍi †gŠj bq|
Ae¯’všÍi †gŠjmg~‡ni ˆewkó¨:
K) G‡`i cwieZ©bkxj †hvR¨Zv _v‡K; L) Giv iwOb †hŠM MVb K‡i;
M) Giv RwUj Avqb/‡hŠM MVb K‡i; N) Giv cÖfveK iƒ‡c wµqv K‡i;
O) Giv c¨viv‡PŠ¤^Kxq ag© cÖ`k©b K‡i|

(4) f-eøK †gŠj: †h me †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m me©‡kl B‡jKUªbwU f-AiweUv‡j hvq, Zv‡`i‡K f-
eøK †gŠj ejv nq| ch©vq mviwYi j¨vš’vbqW&m (Lanthanoids) Ges A¨vK&wUbqW&m (Actinoids) †gŠjmg~n
f-eøK †gŠj (La, Th, Ac e¨wZZ)| 6ô ch©v‡qi j¨vš’vbvg, La(57) †_‡K cieZ©x jy‡Uvwmqvg, Lu(71) ch©šÍ
c‡biwU †gŠj‡K j¨vb_vbqWm (Lanthnoids) ev j¨vš’vbvBW wmwiR (Lanthanides) Ges A¨vw±wbqvg, Ac(89)
†_‡K cieZ©©x j‡ibwmqvg, Lr (103) ch©šÍ c‡biwU †gŠj‡K A¨vKwUbqWm (Actinoids) ev A¨vKwUbvBW wmwiR
(Actinides) ejv nq|
G `yÕ‡kÖwYi AšÍf~©³ 30wU †gŠj‡K eZ©gv‡b AvaywbKZg ch©vq mviwYi wb‡P †jLv n‡q‡Q| f- eø‡Ki †gŠj¸‡jvi mvaviY
B‡jKÆb web¨vm n‡jv (𝑛 − 2)𝑓 1−14 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 0,1,2 𝑛𝑠2 GLv‡b 𝑛 = 6,7 n‡e|
D‡jøL¨ j¨vš’vbvBW wmwi‡Ri 1g †gŠj La(57) Gi me©‡kl B‡jKÆb 5𝑑1G Ges A¨vKwUbvBW wmwi‡Ri cÖ_g †gŠj
Ac(89) I 2q †gŠj Th(90) Gi me©‡kl B‡jKÆb h_vµ‡g 6𝑑1 I 6𝑑 2 iƒ‡c Av‡Q| Zviv eøK †gŠj bq| myZivs
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ f- eøK †gŠ‡ji msL¨v n‡jv 27wU|
Avevi †h me †gŠ‡ji †Kvb myw¯’Z Avq‡bi B‡jKÆb web¨vm 𝑓 1 n‡Z 𝑓 13 nq Zv‡`i‡K AšÍtAe¯’všÍi †gŠj ejv
nq| Zv‡`i GKwU MÖæ‡c 4𝑓 AiweUvj Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i Ab¨ MÖæ‡c 5𝑓 AiweUvj AvswkK c~Y© _v‡K| Giƒc
AšÍtAe¯’všÍi †gŠ‡ji D`vniY n‡jv †ewiqvg ( 58𝐶 𝑒) = [𝑋𝑒]4𝑓 2 6𝑠2 | KviY Gi 𝐶𝑒 3+ AvqbwU‡Z 4𝑓 2 B‡jKÆb
_v‡K|
2q ch©v‡qi †gŠjmg~‡ni AvqwbKiY kw³i cwieZ©b e¨wZµgmn e¨vL¨v:

AvqwbKiY kw³: M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq †Kvb †gŠ‡ji GK †gvj wew”Qbœ cigvYy †_‡K GKwU K‡i B‡jKUªb mwi‡q
G‡K M¨vmxq wew”Qbœ GK †gvj GKK abvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h cwigvY kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq, Zv‡K
†mB †gŠ‡ji AvqbxKiY wefe ev AvqbxKiY kw³ ev AvqbxKiY c‡Ubwkqvj ejv nq|
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ GK †gvj PvR© wbi‡cÿ cigvYy †_‡K GKK abvZ¥K PvR©wewkó GK †gvj Avqb m„wói Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³‡K cÖ_g AvqbxKiY wefe ev cÖ_g AvqbxKiY kw³ ejv nq| AvqbxKiY wefe Zvcnvix |
†hgb-
𝐾(𝑔) → 𝐾 + (𝑔) + 𝑒− 𝐸1 = +419𝑘𝐽𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
Mg(g) → Mg+(g) + e−; 𝐸1 = +738kJmol−1
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole
GK †gvj GKK PvR©wewkó abvZ¥K Avqb †_‡K GK †gvj `yB PvR©wewkó abvZ¥K Avqb m„wói Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq kw³‡K wØZxq AvqbxKiY wefe ejv nq| †hgb,
Mg+(g) → Mg2+(g) + e−; E2 = +1450kJmol−1
ïay AvqbxKiY kw³ ej‡j cÖ_g AvqbxKiY kw³ †evSvq| AvqbxKiY kw³‡K I.P. Øviv wPwýZ Kiv nq
Ges wK‡jvRyj (kJ) GK‡K cÖKvk Kiv nq|
ch©vq mviwY‡Z GKB MÖæ‡c AvqwbKiY kw³: mvaviYfv‡e ch©vq mviwY‡Z GKB MÖæ‡c †gŠjmg~‡ni cvigvYweK
msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ AvqbxKiY kw³ Kg‡Z _v‡K| Gi KviY n‡”Q GKB MÖæc ev †kÖYx‡Z cvigvYweK
msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ B‡jKUª‡bi kw³¯Íi evo‡Z _v‡K, d‡j me©ewn¯’ B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K µgk
`~ieZ©x nq Ges Gi Dci wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvKl©Y Kg‡Z _v‡K| ZvB AvqbxKiY kw³ ev wefe Kg nq;
†hgb-
Li = 520kJ, Na = 496kJ, K = 419kJ, Rb = 403kJ, Cs = 376kJ.
ch©vq mviwY‡Z GKB ch©v‡q AvqwbKiY kw³: GKB ch©v‡q cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ †gŠ‡ji
AvqbxKiY wefe mvaviYZ µgk ev‡o (K‡qKwU e¨wZµgmn)| †Kbbv GKB ch©v‡q cvigvYweK msL¨v
e„w×i d‡j B‡jKUªb-Gi kw³¯Íi ev‡o bv, d‡j wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K me©ewn¯’ B‡jKUª‡bi `~iZ¡ ev‡o bv eiÂ
wKQz K‡g hvq| Dciš‘ wbDwK¬qv‡mi PvR© e„w×i d‡j me©ewn¯’ B‡jKUªbwU AwaKZi `„pfv‡e AvK…ó nq A_©vr
Zv Acmvi‡Yi Rb¨ AwaKZi kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡Z †evSv hvq †h, †m †Kvb ch©v‡q IA-Dc‡kÖYxi
†gŠjmg~‡ni AvqbxKiY kw³ me‡P‡q Kg Ges wb®Œq M¨vmmg~‡ni AvqbxKiY kw³ me‡P‡q †ewk|

2q ch©v‡qi 𝑳𝒊(𝟑) 𝑩𝒆(𝟒) 𝑩(𝟓) 𝑪(𝟔) 𝑵(𝟕) 𝑶(𝟖) 𝑭(𝟗) 𝑵𝒆(𝟏𝟎)

†gŠj
AvqbxKiY 𝑬𝟏 520 899 800 1086 1402 1314 1681 2080
kw³ 𝑬𝟐 7297 1757 2426 2352 2855 3388 3375 3963
−𝟏
(𝒌𝑱𝒎𝒐𝒍 ) 𝑬𝟑 11810 14845 3659 4714 4576 5296 6045 6130
2q ch©v‡qi †gŠjmg~‡ni AvqbxKiY kw³
 wPÎ: †gŠjmg~‡ni cÖ_g AvqbxKiY wefe (†jLwPÎ AvKv‡i)
wb‡¤œi 2q ch©v‡qi †gŠjmg~‡ni AvqbxKiY kw³i cwieZ©‡bi e¨wZµg D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
†evi‡bi 1g AvqwbKiY wefe †ewiwjqv‡gi †P‡q Kg:
†evib I †ewiwjqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm I AvqbxKiY wefe wb¤œiƒc:
(5)𝐵 → 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝𝑥12𝑝𝑦𝑜 2𝑝𝑧𝑜 I.P. = 800 kJmol−1
(4)𝐵𝑒 → 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 I.P. = 900 kJmol−1
mvaviYZ cigvYyi c~Y© I Aa©c~Y© AiweUvjmg~n AwaKZi w¯’wZkxj n‡q _v‡K| †evib Ges †e‡ivwjqv‡gi
B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq †ewiwjqvg Gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm h‡_ó w¯’wZkxj| †evi‡bi †ÿ‡Î 2𝑝𝑥1
B‡jKUªbwU miv‡Z wKQzUv Kg kw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Kbbv, Zv Øviv 1s22s2 B‡jKUª‡bi AwaKZi w¯’wZkxj
web¨vm AwR©Z nq| Aciw`‡K †ewiwjqv‡gi B‡jKUªb web¨vm (4)Be = 1s22s2 nIqvi Zv AwaKZi
w¯’wZkxj Ges GwU †_‡K B‡jKUªb AcmviY Ki‡j hyMje× 2s2 B‡jKUªb web¨vm fvO‡Z nq| G Kvi‡Y
†ewiwjqv‡gi cÖ_g AvqbxKiY kw³ ¯^vfvweK A‡cÿv †ewk|
N Gi 2q AvqwbKiY wefe O Gi †P‡q Kg

bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm:

7N = 1s2 2s2 2𝑃𝑥1 2𝑃𝑦1 2𝑃𝑧1 Aa©c~Y© ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿ ↿ ↿

8O = 1s2 2s2 2𝑃𝑥2 2𝑃𝑦1 2𝑃𝑧1 ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿⇂ ↿ ↿

bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨vm n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, Gi p AiweUv‡j GKwU K‡i B‡jKUªb we`¨gvb A_©vr
AiweUvj¸‡jv Aa©c~Y©| d‡j B‡jKUªb web¨vmwU w¯’wZkxj| ZvB N cigvYy‡Z †_‡K GKwU B‡jKUªb AcmviY
Ki‡Z †ewk kw³i `iKvi| Ab¨w`‡K Aw·‡R‡bi B‡jKUªb web¨v‡m GKwU p AiweUv‡j `ywU Ges Ab¨ `ywU‡Z
GKwU K‡i B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| d‡j G B‡jKUªwbK KvVv‡gv N-Gi gZ w¯’wZkxj bq| ZvB O ‡_‡K GKwU
B‡jKUªb AcmviY Ki‡Z N-Gi †P‡q Kg kw³ jvM‡e| AZGe ejv hvq, N Gi 1g AvqbxKiY wefe O
A‡cÿv †ewk|
B‡jKUªb Avmw³i e¨vL¨v Ges F, Cl, Br, I I Gi B‡jKUªb Avmw³i µg eY©bv:

B‡jKUªb Avmw³
B‡jKUªb Avmw³ n‡”Q †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i FYvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ nIqvqi cÖeYZv| wbKU¯’
wbw®Œq M¨v‡mi KvVv‡gv AR©‡bi Rb¨ M¨vmxq Ae¯’vq †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji GK †gvj wew”Qbœ cigvYyi cÖwZwZU cigvYy
GKwU K‡i †gvU GK †gvj B‡jKUªb MÖnY K‡i GK †gvj FYvZ¥K Avq‡b cwiYZ nIqvi mgq †h cwigvY
kw³ wbM©Z K‡i Zv‡K H †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³ e‡j|
F(g) + e− → F − (g); H = -333 kJmol-1
1 mol 1mol 1mol
wewfbœ †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³ wewfbœ| Z‡e wbw®Œq M¨vm¸‡jvi B‡jKUªb Avmw³ LyeB Kg KviY AóK c~i‡Yi
Rb¨ G‡`i ewnt¯’ ¯Í‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K B‡jKUªb Av‡Q| ZvB Giv mn‡R ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i
bv| `ywU †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³i cv_©K¨ †ewk n‡j †gŠj `ywU ci¯úi ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i|
chv©q mviwY‡Z MÖæc-IA Gi †gŠj¸‡jvi B‡jKUªb Avmw³ LyeB Kg Ges MÖæc-VIIA Gi †gŠj¸‡jvi
B‡jKUªb Avmw³ LyeB †ewk| †hgb 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
B‡jKUªb Avmw³‡K Ab¨ K_vq, †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUª‡bi cÖwZ †jvf‡K eySv‡bv hvq| †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³i
cwigvcK nj B‡jKUªb MÖn‡Yi kw³| B‡jKUªb Avmw³ GKwU Zv‡cvrcv`x cÖwµqv|

wb‡¤œ Cl, F, Br, I Gi B‡jKUªb Avmw³i µg eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:

ch©vq mviwYi GKB MÖæ‡ci †gŠj¸‡jvi Rb¨ B‡jKUªb Avmw³ Dci n‡Z wb‡Pi w`‡K µgk
Kg‡Z _v‡K| MÖæ‡c wb‡Pi w`‡K B‡jKUªb Avmw³ K‡g hvIqvi cÖavb KviY wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K
me©ewnt¯’ kw³¯Í‡ii B‡jKUª‡bi `~iZ¡ †e‡o hvIqv| GKB MÖæ‡ci †gŠj¸‡jvi Dci †_‡K wb‡Pi
w`‡K bZzb bZzb kw³¯Íi _v‡K hvi `~iZ¡ wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K †ewk| d‡j `~ieZx© H B‡jKUª‡bi
cÖwZ wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvKl©Y Kg| A_©vr bevMZ B‡jKUªbwU‡K a‡i ivLvi cÖeYZv ZZ Kg n‡e|
MÖæc-VIIA Gi †gŠj¸‡jv‡K B‡jKUªb Avmw³ Abymv‡i Gfv‡e mvRv‡bv hvq- Cl > F > Br > I

VIIA MÖæ‡ci †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³i µ‡g GKwU e¨wZµg

VIIA MÖæ‡ci †gŠ‡ji B‡jKUªb Avmw³i µ‡g GKwU e¨wZµg jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Zv n‡”Q
†d¬vwi‡bi B‡jKUªb Avmw³ †K¬vwib A‡cÿv Kg| KviY †d¬vwi‡bi AvKvi †QvU| Gi 2q kw³¯Í‡i
7wU B‡jKUªb _vKvq B‡jKUªb NbZ¡ Lye †ewk| myZivs Ab¨ B‡jKUªb‡K AvKl©Y Ki‡Z n‡j
ewnt¯’ ¯Í‡ii B‡jKUª‡bi mv‡_ bevMZ B‡jKUª‡bi weKl©Y nq| d‡j ‡d¬vwi‡bi B‡jKUªb Avmw³
K‡g hvq| Ab¨w`‡K †K¬vwib 3q ch©v‡qi †gŠj e‡j Gi AvKvi eo| d‡j 3q kw³¯Í‡i 7wU
B‡jKUªb Ae¯’vb Kivq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †Zgb weKl©Y nq bv| Ab¨ B‡jKUªb‡K Bnv mn‡RB AvKl©b
Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †K¬vwi‡bi B‡jKUªb Avmw³ †d¬vwib A‡cÿv †ewk|
MÖæc VIIA B‡jKUªb Avmw³
(17) (kJ/mol)

F -328
Cl -349
Br -325
I -295

Rvwn` m¨vi :- 01912-886558

2q I 3q ch©v‡qi †gŠjmg~‡ni Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi Dci AvKvi, wbDwK¬qv‡mi PvR© I
B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi cÖfve:
Zwor FYvZ¥KZv
‡Kv‡bv mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z Dcw¯’Z `ywU wfbœ †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi g‡a¨ †kqviK…Z eÜb B‡jKUªb hyMj‡K
GKwU cigvYy KZ…©K wb‡Ri w`‡K AwaK AvKl©Y Kivi Zzjbvg~jK ÿgZv‡K H †gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZv ejv
nq| †hgb mg‡hvRx HF AYy‡Z GKwU eÜb B‡jKUªb hyMj Dfq cigvYy †kqvi K‡i _v‡K; hv Dfq cigvYyi
wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvewZ©Z nq| Z‡e H Gi Zzjbvq F Gi wbDwK¬qvm Øviv H †kqviK…Z B‡jKUªb †gN
A‡cÿvK…Z AwaK AvK…ó nIqvi Kvi‡Y B‡jKUªb †g‡Ni NbZ¡ F-cigvYyi w`‡K †ewk n‡q _v‡K| d‡j HF
AYywUi g‡a¨ H-cÖv‡šÍ AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© (δ+ ) Ges F-cÖv‡šÍ AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR© (δ− ) Gi m„wó nq|

mg‡hvRx AYyi Dfq cigvYyi Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi cv_©K¨ 0.5 †_‡K 1.9 Gi g‡a¨ n‡j H mg‡hvRx AYywU
AvswkK abvZ¥K PvR© I AvswkK FYvZ¥K PvR© hy³ n‡q †cvjvib AYy MVb K‡i|
‡gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZv wb‡¤œv³ wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj|
Ò‡hŠ‡Mi AYyi g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji cigvYy eÜb MVbKvix B‡jKUªb †Rvo‡K wb‡Ri wbDwK¬qv‡mi
w`‡K AvKl©Y Kivi ÿgZv‡K H †gŠ‡ji cigvYyi Zwor FYvZ¥KvZ e‡j|Ó
1. cigvYyi AvKvi e„w×i d‡j Zwor FYvZ¥Zv n«vm cvq- GwU n‡jv MÖæcwfwËK m¤úK©|
2. wbDwK¬qv‡mi PvR© e„wׇZ FYvZ¥KZv e„w× cvq- GwU n‡jv ch©vqwfwËK m¤úK©|
3. ‡gŠ‡ji RviY Ae¯’v
4. Zwor abvZ¥KZv
5. AvqwbKiY wefe I B‡jKUªb Avmw³
6. nvBweªWvB‡Rkb
cigvYyi AvKvi: GKB MÖæc ev †kÖwY‡Z cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi
gvb n«vm cvq| Gi KviY n‡”Q, GKB MÖæc ev †kÖwY‡Z cigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUª‡bi
bZzb kw³¯Í‡ii m„wó nq Ges cigvYyi AvKvi e„w× cvq| d‡j †kqviK…Z B‡jKUªb wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K AwaKZi
`~‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i Ges Zv‡`i Dci wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvKl©b n«vm cvq| †hgb 17 Zg MÖæ‡ci †gŠ‡ji Zwor
FYvZ¥KZvi gvb F=4.1, Cl = 3.0, Br = 2.96, I = 2.66|
ch©vq mviwYi MÖæcwfwËKfv‡e MÖæc 17 Gi me‡P‡q Dc‡ii †gŠj F| AvKv‡ii ÿz`ª I AZxe mwµq †gŠj
n‡jv F| mg‡hvRx †hŠ‡Mi AYy‡Z †kqviK…Z B‡jKUª‡bi Dci ‡d¬vwi‡bi wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvKl©Y ej me‡P‡q
†ewk nIqvq F Gi Zwor FYvZ¥KZv me©vwaK nq|
ch©vq mviwY‡Z ch©vq eivei evg n‡Z Wvb w`‡K †h‡Z _vK‡j cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ cigvYyi
AvKvi Z_v cvigvYweK e¨vmva© n«vm cvq| cigvYyi AvKvi †QvU nIqvi d‡j wbDwK¬qv‡mi abvZ¥K PvR©
B‡jKUªb‡K †ewk AvKl©b K‡i| A_©vr cigvYyi AvKvi h‡Zv †QvU n‡e Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi gvb Z‡Zv †ewk
n‡e|
2q ch©v‡qi †gŠj Li Be B C N O F Ne

Zwor FYvZ¥KvZ (cwjs †¯‹j Abymv‡i) 1.0 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0.0

3q ch©v‡qi †gŠj Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Zwor FYvZ¥KvZ (cwjs †¯‹j Abymv‡i) 1.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 0.0

wbDK¬qv‡mi PvR©: †Kv‡bv †gŠ‡ji wbDwK¬qv‡mi PvR© e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi gvbI e„w× cvq|
†h‡Kv‡bv ch©v‡q evgw`K †_‡K hZB Wvb w`‡K hvIqv hvq, †gŠ‡ji Zwor FYvZ¥KZv ZZB e„w× cvq| Gi
KviY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq GKB ch©v‡q †gŠjmg~‡ni cvigvYweK msL¨v e„w×j mv‡_ †Kv‡bv bZzb B‡jKUªb kw³¯Íi
e„w× cvq bv; wKš‘ wbDwK¬qv‡mi abvZ¥K Pv‡R©i cwigvY e„w× cvIqvi me©‡kl kw³¯Í‡ii Dci wbDwK¬qv‡mi
AvKl©b e„w× cvq| d‡j cigvYyi AvKv‡ii n«vm N‡U| GRb¨ mg‡hvRx e܇bi †kqviK…Z B‡jKUª‡bi Dci
wbDwK¬qv‡mi AvKl©Y µgk e„w× cvq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ch©vq mviwYi 2q ch©v‡q †gŠjmg~‡ni Zwor FYvZ¥KZvi
gvb Li = 1.0, Be = 1.5, B = 2.0, C = 2.5, N = 3.0, O = 3.5. F = 4.1 cvDwjs †¯‹j g‡Z|

B‡jKUªb web¨v‡mi cÖfve: cigvYyi ewn¯Í‡ii B‡jKUªbxq KvVv‡gv AóK c~Y©Zvi (ns2ns6) hZ KvQvKvwQ
hvq B‡jKUª‡bi cÖwZ AvKl©YI ZZ †ewk nq| GRb¨ ZworFYvZ¥KZvi gvbI D”P nq| G Kvi‡Y n¨v‡jv‡Rb
(ns2np5) mg~‡ni ZworFYvZ¥KZv †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q m‡e©v”P n‡jI MÖæc 16 Gi †gvj O(2s22p4), S(3s23p4)
cÖf…wZi ZworFYvZ¥KZvi gvb Gi Zzjbvq Kgq| GKB fv‡e Gr 15 Gi †gŠjmg~‡ni B‡jKUªbxq KvVv‡gv‡Z
N(2s22p3), P(3s23p3) AviI †ewk Z_v 3wU B‡jKUª‡bi Afve _vKvq ZworFYvZ¥KZvi gvb AviI Kg
nq|