NCM 100 Reviewer
NCM 100 Reviewer
NCM 100 Reviewer
BSN - 1D
Course Identification: Changes of Education in Nursing
Course Code/Number: NCM 100 ▪ 1874 – the St. Catherine Training School was
Course Title: Theoretical Foundations in Nursing the first hospital diploma school in Canada
Course Credit/ Units: Theory: 3 Units where the nursing program went from an
Course Total Expected Hours: 54 lecture hours apprenticeship to an educational model.
Course Description: ▪ 1881 – the school for Nurses at the Toronto
- This course deals with nursing theories as General Hospital was established.
applied to nursing practice on the aspect of the ▪ 1896 – Mary Agnes Snively developed 3 year
metaparadigm: person, health, environment course with 84 hours of practical nursing and
and nursing. 119 hours of instruction by the medical staff.
The learners are expected to use these theories ▪ 1918 - following world war 1, the widespread
as basis and guide in nursing practice. influenza pandemic led to support for public
Learning Outcomes: health programs and new patterns of health
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to: care delivery.
a. Integrate relevant concepts& metparadigm of ▪ 1919 – was the year the first undergraduate
theories on Person, Health Environment & nursing degree program was established at the
Nursing in nursing practice. University of British Columbia.
b. Apply appropriate nursing concepts & actions ▪ 1932 – demanded for transfer of responsibility
holistically and comprehensively. for nursing education to general educational
c. Appreciate the value of evidence based nursing system.
practice in the application of nursing & related ▪ 1950’s and 1960’s – experiments with two year
models/theories. programs for nursing began and the movement
d. Ensure a working relationship utilizing relevant to separate nursing education from the
concepts/theories of effective communication authority of hospitals began.
& interpersonal relationship in nursing practice. ▪ 1967 – Laurentian University started student
e. Discuss relevant concepts of collaboration with intake.
interpersonal, cultural & related theories ▪ 2000 – all professional nurses are required to
f. Describe specific management & leadership have a bachelor at degree.
concepts & principles in selected theories
g. Assume responsibility for lifelong learning, own EVOLUTION OF NURSING THEORY
personal development & maintenance of ➢ Since the early 1950’s many nursing theories
competence. have been systematically developed to help
EVOLUTION OF NURSING describe, explain and predict the phenomena of
A. Introduction to Nursing Theory concern to nursing.
1. History of Nursing Theory
2. Significance for the A. Introduction to Nursing Theory
• Discipline ➢ Florence Nightingale – envision nurses as a
• Profession body of educated women, when women where
B. History of Philosophy of Science neither educated nor employed in a public
1. Rationalism service.
2. Empiricism -spent her time organizing and caring for the
3. Early 20th Century Views wounded during the Crimean war.
4. Emergent Views - Her vision and establishment of a school of
nursing at St. Thomas Hospital in London, mark
the birth of modern nursing.
TFN (NCM 100)
BSN - 1D
-an English lady from a wealthy family during relevant information, plan for care, and predict
the Victorian era and evaluate outcomes.
-During the Crimean war – she is known to be - It helps to differentiate nursing from other
the “Lady with the Lamp” disciplines.
-a nursing theorist, writer and statistician.
Purpose of Nursing Theory
History of Nursing Theory • It guides nursing practice and generates
The word nurse is derived from the Anglo-French nurice knowledge
and the Latin word nutrica, both of which mean • It helps to describe or explain nursing
NOURISH. • Provide a perspective from which to define the
➢ Florence Nightingale pioneer activities in what of nursing, to describe the who of nursing,
nursing practice & her subsequent writings and when nursing is needed
about nursing served as a guide for establishing • To identify the boundaries and goals of nursing
nursing schools in the US at the beginning of therapeutic activities
20th century. • Enables nurses to know WHY they are doing
➢ In the last century, nursing began with a strong WHAT they are doing
emphasis on practice.
➢ Throughout that century, nurses work toward Significance of Theory for Nursing as a Discipline and a
the development of the profession in what has Profession
been viewed as successive HISTORICAL ERAS. Discipline & Profession are inter related, but
they each have specific meanings that are
HISTORICAL ERAS important to nursing.
Curriculum • Moving nursing education from • Discipline – is specific to academic and if
Era hospital-based programs into refers to a branch of education, a
college and universities.
department of learning, or an area of
Research • Research is the path to new knowledge.
Era knowledge. Eg: Nursing
• Part of the curricula of developing • Profession – refers to a specialized field of
graduate programs practice, which is founded upon the
theoretical structure of the science or
▪ Theory – system of ideas that is proposed to
knowledge of that discipline and the
explain a given phenomenon.
accompanying practice abilities.
▪ Nursing Theory – a body of knowledge that
describe and explain nursing and used to
Significance of Theory for Nursing as a Discipline
support nursing practice. (Udan, 2011)
1. University baccalaureate programs proliferated,
-it predicts and prescribed nursing care or the
masters programs in nursing were developed,
nursing practice.
and the curricula began to be standardized
-considered as an organized and systematic
through the accreditation process.
articulation of a set of statements related to
2. Attention to the importance of nursing
questions and discipline of nursing.
conceptualizations for the research process and
the role of a conceptual framework in the
The Nursing Theory
purpose and design of research production of
- Provides a basis of nursing practice.
science and nursing theoretical works also
- It is important to nurses because it helps to
began to publish.
interpret data, make decisions based on
TFN (NCM 100)
BSN - 1D
3. Works began to be recognized for their 3 Major Theses of Rationalism
theoretical nature, such as Henderson, 1. Knowledge is derived from intuition (or
Nightingale, and etc. rational insight) and deductive reasoning, rather
than from sense perception;
2. The ideas or concepts that constitute the
Significance of Theory for Nursing as a Profession mind’s ability to think are innate; and,
• Nursing theory assists the nurses discipline therefore,
and clarify beliefs, values, and goals 3. Knowledge of a particular thing is innate.
• Define the unique contribution of nursing in What these three points suggest for the
the care of clients rationalist is that, REALITY has an intrinsically
• Standards of clinical practice are developed logical structure, which contains certain truths
out of the nursing theories that can be accessed by the mind.
• Vital to the practice of the profession ➢ the rationalists believe that, TRUTHS exist
• Criteria for a profession served as a guide and the INTELLECT can grasp them directly
for the development of the profession ➢ these truths are fundamental so that
denying them would cause us to fall into
Nursing Theory and the Practicing Nurse contradiction.
Theory assists the practicing nurse to: ➢ these truths are self-evidently true and that
• Organize patient data their negation is self-evidently false.
• Understand patient data
• Analyze patient data
• Make decisions about nursing interventions 2.) Empiricism - based on the central idea that
scientific knowledge can be derived only from
• Plan patient care
sensory experience
• Evaluate patient outcomes
➢ makes use of objective and tangible data or
those that are perceived by the senses (i.e.,
B. History and Philosophy of Science
seeing, feeling, hearing facts, smelling) to
➢ 1.) Rationalism – is a belief that human beings
observe and collect data.
can arrive at truth by using reason rather than
➢ these data are used to formulate knowledge
relying on the authority of the past, religious
which is the use of inductive type of reasoning.
faith or intuition.
➢ in nursing, it is highly important in the
➢ The rationalist view is most clearly evident in the
work of Einstein, the theoretical physicist, who made assessment of patient all throughout the
extensive use of mathematical equations in nursing process.
developing ➢ empiricism is a philosophical doctrine that holds
his theories. the view that knowledge is derived from
➢ source of knowledge, justification of our beliefs, experience
source of conceptual apparatus ➢ for the empiricist, all knowledge begins with the
➢ rationalism is a philosophical doctrine that experience and that the mind is like a “blank
holds the view that knowledge is derived from sheet” (Tabular rasa) that the human person
reason rather than experience. fills with ideas as she experience the world
➢ for the rationalists, reason is the ultimate through her five external senses.
source of knowledge and the test of its validity. ➢ empiricist denies the contention of the
rationalists that ideas are innate, that is,
humans are born with imprinted ideas,
knowledge and principles.
TFN (NCM 100)
BSN - 1D
➢ when we talk about experience in philosophy, ➢ NURSING:
particularly in empiricism, we are specifically • Recognized profession
and exclusively referring to sensory experience. • Goal: delivering care to patients as
professionals