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 UDIT PHARMACY QUESTION BANK

Pharmaceutical Chemistry-|
For first year D.Pharma

For D.Pharma students

The secret to success…

www.Youtube/uditpharmacy
www.uditpharmacy.in

Uttar Pradesh | Madhya Pradesh | Jharkhand | Bihar | Gujarat |

Maharashtra | Karnataka | Andhra Pradesh | West Bengal | Tamil Nadu |
Kerala | Rajasthan | Haryana | Punjab | Chhattisgarh | Uttarakhand /
Delhi | Himachal Pradesh
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About :
Books To Udit Pharmacy Publications for D.Pharma Students. It contains all
the material as per the latest syllabus based on the new PCI guidelines. These
books are based on V. N. Raje CBS Publishers & Dr. Kasture Dr. Wadodkar
nirali publication. And for your ease, give a brief introduction to the entire
syllabus.

Silent features of Udit publication:

 Best option for gaining more knowledge by learning
efficient things from these books in a shortwhile.
 Books having easy content for exam preparation to
attend wise marks.
 Important topics discussed in points.
 Focused on important topics from exam point of view.
 Important question-answer in each unit.
 Best choice during examination.
 MODEL PAPERS:
Model papers are at end of the book, papers are
prepared from different sets of papers of different years
under the guidance and provision of highly educated
personnel’s for the betterment of your knowledge and
examination.

In brief, books from Udit Pharmacy publication for the

students of D.Pharma is the simply unique choice for
learning and preparing for examination

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About authors:
Udit Narayan Vishwakarma {D.Pharm & B.Sc}
Blogger,Youtuber ,running his own youtube channel ‘Udit
Pharmacy’ having more than 62k subscribers with more than
2.7M views on single channel, his another youtube channel is
‘Public Health Care’ and having more subscribers and views on this channel
also. And having a fine knowledge of career counseling As he was a D.Pharm
student so, he knows what the needs and what the students wanted during
the whole course of D.Pharm and that’s why the udit publications books is
fine option for the all needs of the students. According to him, clarity form the
starting of year of D.Pharm course is necessary for the completion of course
with good and wise marks.

Deepak Modanwal {B.Pharm &G.D.A.} Trainee at Recognised

multispecialty Hospital in Varanasi, Blogger great knowledge
about health related issues. Counsellor and self dependent person
with good knowledge about students of D.Pharm , B.Pharm. As he
was a B.Pharm student,he knows very well about the problems which comes
during the courses like B.Pharm, D.Pharm,B.Sc and that’s why he is the also
essential part of this publications. For D.Pharm students, he gives
knowledgeable tips in this publication.

Special Thanks:-
Writing a book is harder than I thought & more rewarding than I could have
imagined. None of this would have been possible without My Parents,
heartily thanks to them.

I have to start by thanking my awesome friends Ashutosh Singh , Deepak kr

Maurya, Dhananjay kr Kushwaha, and whole team of Udit Pharmacy
publication for all positive motive support and strength for publishing this
book

………….. UDIT NARAYAN VISHWAKARMA

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 SYLLABUS
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I
Theory (75 Hours)
General discussion on the following inorganic compounds including important
physical and chemical properties, medicinal and pharmaceutical uses, storage
conditions and chemical incompatibility.

Acids, bases and buffers-Boric acid, Hydrochloric acid, Strong Ammonium

hydroxide, Sodium hydroxide and official buffers.

Antioxidants- Hypophosphorous acid, Sulphur dioxide, Sodium bisulfite Sodium

meta-bisulphite, Sodium thiosulphate, Nitrogen and Sodium nitrite

Gastrointestinal agents-
Acidifying agents- Dilute Hydrochloric acid. Antacids- Sodium bicarbonate,
Aluminum hydroxide gel, Aluminum phosphate, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium
carbonate, Magnesium trisilicate, Magnesium oxide, Combinations of antacid
preparations. Protective and Adsorbents- Bismuth sub carbonate and Kaolin.
Saline cathartics- Sodium potassium tartrate and Magnesium sulphate.

Topical AgentsProtective- Talc, Zinc Oxide, Calamine, Zinc stearate, Titanium

dioxide, silicone polymers.

Antimicrobials and Astringents- Hydrogen peroxide*, Potassium permanganate,

Chlorinated lime, Iodine, Solutions of Iodine, Povidone-iodine, Boric acid, Borax,
Silver nitrate, Mild silver protein, Mercury yellow, Mercuric oxide, Ammoniated
mercury. Sulphur and its compounds- Sublimed sulphur, Percipitated sulphur,
Selenium sulphide. Astringents- Alum and Zinc Sulphate.

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Dental Products- Sodium fluoride, Stannous fluoride, Calcium carbonate, Sodium
meta phosphate, Dicalcium phosphate ,Strontium chloride, Zinc chloride.
Inhalants- Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Nitrous oxide.

Respiratory stimulants- Ammonium carbonate.

Expectorants and Emetics-Ammonium chloride*, Potassium iodide, Antimony

potassium tartrate.

Antidotes- Sodium nitrite.

Major Intra and Extra cellular electrolytes- Electrolytes used for replacement
therapy- Sodium chloride and its preparations, Potassium chloride and its
preparations. Physiological acid-base balance and electrolytes used- Sodium
acetate, Potassium Acetate, Sodium bicarbonate Inj., Sodium citrate, Potassium
citrate, Sodium lactate injection, Ammonium chloride and its injection.

Combination of oral electrolyte powders and solutions.

Inorganic official compounds- of Iron, Iodine and Calcium, Ferrous Sulphate and
Calcium Gluconate.

Radio pharmaceuticals and contrast media- Radio activity-Alpha; Beta and

Gamma Radiations, Biological effects of radiations, Measurement of radio activity,
G.M. Counter, Radio isotopes-their uses, Storage and precautions with special
reference to the official preparations. Radio opaque contrast mediaBarium
sulfate.

Quality control of Drugs and pharmaceuticals-Importance of quality control,

significant errors, methods used for quality control, sources of impurities in
pharmaceuticals. Limit tests for Arsenic, Chloride, Sulfate, Iron and Heavy metals.

Identification tests for cations and anions as per Indian Pharmacopoeia.

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 Contents
1. Definitions .................................................................................8

2. Acids, Bases and Buffers ...........................................................14

3. Antioxidants ………………………………………………………………………….18

4. Gastrointestinal Agents ............................................................21

5. Topical Agents ..........................................................................26

6. Dental Products ........................................................................36

7. Inhalants ...................................................................................39

8. Respiratory Stimulants .............................................................43

9. Expectorants and Emetics ........................................................45

10. Antidotes ...............................................................................47

11. Electrolytes.............................................................................50

12. Official Compounds of Iodine, Iron and Calcium ...................54

13. Radioactivity ..........................................................................57

14. Quality Control of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals ……………………60

Board Question Papers...............................................................68

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  1. Definitions
1. Acid: A substance which gives hydronium ions (H+) in aqueous solution is called
acid, e.g. dilute HCI, dilute HNO3, H2SO4

2. Base: A substance which gives hydroxyl ions (OH) in aqueous solution is called
base, e.g. KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2.

3. Buffers/buffer solutions: A solution which resists the changes in pH upon the

addition of a small amount of acid or alkali.

4. Buffer capacity: It is defined as the moles of strong acid or strong base required
to change the pH of 1 litre of the buffer solution by 1 unit.

5. Antioxidants: The substances which can prevent the oxidation of other

materials are called antioxidants, e.g. sodium nitrite, SO2

6. Gastrointestinal agents: The drugs which are used in the treatment of various
gastrointestinal disorders are called GIT agents.

7. Acidifying agents: The substances which increase the level of acid in the
stomach are called acidifying agents, e.g. dilute HCl.

8. Achlorhydria: It means absence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach

9. Hypochlorhydria: It means decrease in secretion of dilute HCI in the stomach

below the normal level.

10. Antacids: The substances which neutralize excessive or abnormal acidity in

the stomach are called antacids, e.g. sodium bicarbonate, magnesium hydroxide,
aluminium hydroxide gel.

11. Protectives: These are the substances which protect the exposed

Surace Trom harmful stimuli eg kaolin, bismuth carbonate.

12. Adsorbants: The substances which are used to absorb the gases. toxins and
bacteria are called adsorbants, e.g. kaolin, activated charcoal

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13. Saline cathartics/purgatives: The drugs which increase the removal of
materials from the intestine are called saline cathartics, e.g. magnesium sulphate,
sodium sulphate.

14. Topical agents: The agents which are applied topically or locally to the skin or
mucus membranes are called topical agents, e.g. calamine, iodine, castor oil.

15. Astringents: The substances which cause precipitation of superficial proteins

are called astringents, e.g. alum, zinc sulphate.

16. Antimicrobial agents: The agents which are used to kill the microbes are
called antimicrobial agents, e.g. hydrogen peroxide, boric acid, iodine.

17. Antiseptics: The drugs that prevent sepsis are called antiseptics, e.g. iodine,
H2O2.

18. Disinfectants: The substances that prevent the infection by destroying the
pathogenic microorganisms are called disinfectants.

19. Germicides: The agents which kill the germs are called germicides.

20. Bactericides: The agents which kill the bacteria are called bactericides.

21. Bacteriostatics: The agents which stop the growth of bacteria.

22. Scabicides: The agents which are used in the treatment of scabies.

23. Topical protectives: The substances which are applied on the skin for
protection are called topical protectives, e.g. talc, calamine, zinc oxide, zinc
stearate.

24. Dental products: The preparations which are used for the treatment of
various dental disorders are called dental products.

25. Dental caries/tooth decay: It is a disease of teeth characterized by

decalcification and gives bad odour of the mouth.

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26. Anticaries agents: The agents which are used in the treatment of dental
caries/tooth decay are called anticaries agents, e.g. sodium fluoride, stannous
fluoride.

27. Cleansing agents/abrasives: The substances which are used to remove stain
from the teeth are called cleansing agents, e.g. calcium phosphate, dicalcium
phosphate, sodium phosphate.

28. Polishing agents: The substances which give whiteness to teen by their
abrasive action are called polishing agents, e.g. stannous fluoride, calcium
carbonate.

29. Desensitizing agents: The substances which reduce the sensitivity of teeth to
heat and cold are known as desensitizing agents, e.g. zinc chloride, strontium
chloride.

30. Dentifrices: The substances which are used for cleansing dirty surface of the
tooth are called dentifrices, e.g. calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate.

31. Dental fluorosis: When more quantity of fluoride is ingested, it is carried to

bones and teeth and produce mottling of enamel which is known as dental
fluorosis.

32. Inhalants: The substances which are in vapour or gas form are inhaled
through nose are called inhalants, e.g. O2, N2O, CO2.

33. Respiratory stimulants: The substances which stimulate the rate of

respiration are called respiratory stimulants, e.g. ammonium carbonate.

34. Expectorants: The substances which remove the sputums from the
respiratory tract are called expectorants, e.g. ammonium chloride, potassium
iodide.

35. Emetics: The substances which produce vomiting are called emetics, e.g.
antimony potassium tartrate, copper sulphate.

36. Antidotes: The agents which stop the actions of poison are called antidotes,
e.g. sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulphate.
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37. Electrolytes: The substances whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity are
known as electrolytes.

38. Intracellular fluid/ICF: It is the fluid present in the cell, e.g. cytoplasm.

39. Extracellular fluid/ECF: It is the fluid present outside the cell, e.g. tissue fluid

40. Plasma fluid: It is the fluid present within the blood, e.g. blood Plasma.

41. Replacement therapy: The external administer electrolytes in the body to

correct electrolyte balance of is known as replacement therapy.

42. Electrolyte replenishers: The substances which are used to correct body
fluid electrolyte balance are called electrolyte replenishers.

43. ORS/ORT: The preparations which are given orally to correct electrolyte
balance of the body are called oral rehydration salts (ORS) and therapy is called
oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

44. Hypokalemia: It means decreased level of potassium in the blood.

45. Hyperkalemia: It means increased level of potassium in the blood.

46. Hyponatremia: It means decreased level of sodium in the blond

47. Hypernatremia: It means increased level of sodium in the blood.

48. Haematinics: The substances which increase the amount of haemoglobin in

the blood are called haematinics, e.g. ferrous sulphate, ferrous gluconate,
vitamin B12.

49. Radioactivity: It is the spontaneous and continuous emission of a, B and y

radiations from the substance.

50. Radiopharmaceuticals/radioactive substances: The substances which emit

radioactive radiations and are used in medicine are called
radiopharmaceuticals/radioactive substances, e.g. calcium (Ca44 and Ca45), carbon
(C14), cobalt (Co60).

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51. Radiopaque contrast media/X-ray contrast media: The substances which
have a capacity to prevent passage of X-ray and hence appear opaque on X-ray
examination are called radiopaque substances.

The medium which gives this type of effect is called X-ray contrast medium, e.g.
barium sulphate, iodine compounds, bismuth compounds.

52. Half-life: It is the time in which the amount of radioactive substance is

decreased to 1/2 of its original.

T½ =0.693/ƛ ,= decay constant

53. Nuclide: Nuclide is a species of atom characterize constitution of the nucleus,
in particular by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

54. Isotopes: The species which have different atomic mass number but the same
atomic number are called isotopes.

55. Isobars: The atoms of different elements having different atomic numbers
and same atomic mass numbers are called isobars.

56. Isotones: Atomic species having same number of neutrons but different mass
numbers are called isotones.

57. Nuclear isomers: Atoms of the same elements having same atomic number
and same atomic mass number but differ in radioactive properties are called
nuclear isomers.

58. Curie: It is the quantity of any radioactive substance undergoing the same
number of disintegrations in unit time as that of 1 gm of radium.

59. Rad: It is defined as the quantity of radiation which releases or absorbs 100
erg/gm of specified medium.

60. Roentgen: It is the unit of measurement of ionising effect of radiation by

measuring damaging effect on biological matter.

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61. Quality control: It is a day-to-day process of controlling quality of every
incoming material till the finished product quality.

62. Quality assurance: Quality assurance is the department which includes a total
quality control, government regulations, company standard and development of
standard operating procedures of analysis.

63. Significant figures: Significant figures can be defined as the number of digits
necessary to express the results of a measurement consistent with the measured
precision.

64. Impurity: Impurity is the undesirable material which may or may not be toxic,
present in pharmaceutical substances.

65. Limit tests: Limit tests are the qualitative tests used to identity the small
amounts of impurities present in the substance.

66. Tests for purity: These are the tests used for detecting impurities in the
pharmaceutical substances.bin

67. Ash: Ash is the residue after complete ignition of the drug

68. LOD: It means loss of drying of the substance.

69. LOI: It means loss of ignition of the substance.

70. Pharmacopoeia: It is an official book of standards published by respective

governments containing list of drugs, pharmaceuticals, uses, preparations,
storage, etc.

71. Assay: The estimation of active principle present in a drug or pharmaceutical

is known as assay.

72. Monograph of a drug: It means detail study of drug with reference to title,
synonym, preparations, storage category, official preparation, etc.

73. Normal solution: A solution containing 1 gm equivalent weight per thousand

ml of solution.

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  2. Acids, Bases and Buffers
Q 1. Define acid and base as per different theories. ……………….very imp
According to Lewis Concept

Acid

The substance which can accept the lone pair of electrons is called acid

e.g. HCI, H2SO4.

Base

The substance which can donate the lone pair of electrons is called

base, e.g. NaOH, KOH.

According to Arrehenious Theory

Acid

The substance which gives hydrogen (H+) ion in water is called acid.

Base

The substance which gives hydroxyl (OH) ion in water is called base.

According to Lowry and Bronsted Theory

Acid

The substance which can donate the protons to the solution is called acid.

Base

The substance which can accept the protons is called base.

Q 2. What are buffer solutions? Give the types of buffers. …….very imp
Buffer Solutions

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The solutions which resist the changes in pH upon the addition of small amount of
acid or alkali are called buffer solutions.

Types/Classification of Buffers

Buffer

a. On the basis of chemical usenature b. On the basis of

i. Acidic buffers

ii. Basic buffers Analytical buffers Pharmaceutical buffers

iii. Neutral buffers P Physiological Actual pharmaceutical

buffers buffers

e.g. phosphate buffer, e.g. borate buffer,

carbonate buffer acetate buffer

protein buffer,

• Acidic buffer: It is a combination of weak acid and its corresponding salt

e.g. mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate.

• Basic buffer: It is a combination of weak base and its corresponding salt

e.g. mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride.

• Neutral buffer: It is a single substance showing the properties of buffer

e.g. ammonium acetate.

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Q 3. Write a note on (a) boric acid, (b) sodium hydroxide, (c) calcium
hydroxide.

(a) Boric Acid IP…………………………….……………….very imp

• Synonym: Orthoboric acid

• Formula: H3BO3

• Properties

i. It is a white, odourless powder with bitter taste.

ii. It is soapy to touch.

iii. Soluble in hot water and freely soluble in glycerine.

iv. Solution is isotonic with body fluids.

• Storage: It should be stored in well closed container. Label should indicate:

"It should not be taken internally."

"It should not be applied on broken skin."

• Incompatibility: It is incompatible with tannins.

• Uses

i. Externally for irrigation of organs

ii. Cleaning of wounds

iii. Mild antiseptic

iv. In dusting powders

v. Ingredient of mouthwash and eyewash

vi. Buffer in ophthalmic preparations

vii. To reduce inflammation of various skin disorders.

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(b) Sodium Hydroxide

• Synonym: Caustic soda

• Formula: NaOH

• Properties

i. White odourless salt

ii. Available in pellets form

iii. Soluble in water and alcohol

iv. It is a very strong base.

Storage: It is stored in tightly closed container as it absorbs moisture and carbon

dioxide.

• Uses

i. As a laboratory reagent.

ii. In the preparation of soap.

(c) Calcium Hydroxide

• Synonym: Slaked lime or hydrated lime.

• Formula: Ca (OH)2.

Properties:

i. White soft powder.

ii. Bitter in taste.

iii. Slightly soluble in water.

iv. Insoluble in alcohol.

V. Aqueous suspension is alkaline to litmus.

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Storage: It should be kept in tightly closed containers protected from moisture.

• Incompatibility: Incompatible with CO2.

• Uses

i. As a source of calcium.

ii. As antacid.

iii. As electrolyte replenisher.

iv. Astringent in diarrhoea.

v. Emulsifying agent in soap formation.

vi. As ingredient of ointment and skin lotions.

 3.Antioxidants
Q 1. What are antioxidants? Classify antioxidants with examples. Give
ideal properties. OR Write a note/brief account of antioxidants..very imp
Antioxidants

The substances which prevent the oxidation of medicinally active compounds are
called antioxidants.

Antioxidants are used to prevent rancidity of oils and fats or deterioration of

materials due to oxidation.

Classification

• Organic antioxidants: Tocopherols, phenols, parabens, gallic acid.

• Inorganic antioxidants: Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen, sodium nitrite,

hypophosphoric acid, sodium metabisulphate.

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Mechanism of Action

• Organic antioxidants: They have antimicrobial property. They canprevent

spoilage of product which is due to antimicrobial action.

• Inorganic antioxidants: Inorganic antioxidants act as reducing agents.

oxidation + e reduction oxidation + e

Ideal Requirement of an Antioxidant

• It should prevent the oxidation of product.

• It should be effective in low concentration.

• It should be stable.

• It should be nontoxic and nonirritant.

• It should not cause allergic reactions.

Q 2. Describe in brief (a) sodium metabisulphate, (b) sodium

thiosulphate.
(a) Sodium Metabisulphate

• Formula: Na2S2O5

• Synonym: Disodium pyrosulphide.

• Properties

i. White to yellowish white powder.

ii. Tasteless.

iii. Having characteristic odour of sulphur.

iv. Freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.

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v. It becomes yellow on storage.

• Storage: It should be stored in a tightly-closed containers

• Incompatibility: With oxidising agents, with chloramphenicol.

• Uses

i. As antioxidant.

ii. As a food preservative.

iii. In treatment of skin diseases.

iv. As a stabilizer in many injections.

(c) Sodium Thiosulphate

• Formula: Na2S2O3.5H2O

• Properties

i. Colourless, transparent crystals.

ii. Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.

iii. It has cooling and bitter taste.

• Storage: It should be stored in tightly-closed light-resistant container.

• Incompatibility: With oxidising agents.

• Uses

i. Antioxidant.

ii. Antidote.

iii. In treatment of iodine toxicity.

iv. In skin disorders.

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  4. Gastrointestinal Agents
Q 1. What are GIT agents? Classify gastrointestinal agents with
examples. Classify inorganic compounds acting as gastrointestinal
agents. ……………….very imp
GIT Agents

The agents which are used to treat gastrointestinal disorders are called
gastrointestinal agents.

Classification

• Acidifying agents: Dilute HCl.

• Antacids: Sodium bicarbonate, aluminium hydroxide gel, calcium

carbonate, magnesium trisillicate, magnesium oxide, magnesium carbonate.

• Protective and adsorbents: Bismuth subcarbonate, bismuth subgallate, milk of

bismuth, kaolin.

• Saline cathartics (purgatives/laxatives): Magnesium sulphate, sodium potassium

tartrate.

Q 2. Define antacids. Classify them. Give requirements for an ideal

antacid. ……………….very imp
Antacids

The substances which neutralize the abnormal or excessive acidity in stomach are
called antacids.

Classification of Antacids

• Water soluble (systemic) antacids: Sodium bicarbonate.

• Water insoluble (non-systemic) antacids: Aluminium hydroxide gel, calcium

carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, magnesium carbonate.

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Requirements of an Ideal Antacid

• It should neutralize excessive acidity.

• It should not interfere with digestion.

• It should be stable.

• It should be nontoxic and nonirritant.

• It should not cause constipation.

• It should be cheap and easily available.

• It should be insoluble in water.

• It should not be absorbed through GIT.

• It should not evolve gas.

• It should not cause alkalosis.

Q 3. Write a note on "combination of antacid preparations".

• There is no single antacid which is ideal. Therefore, combinations of antacids are
used which reduce side effects and give more benefits.

• Antacid when given singly produces following complications:

i. Sodium bicarbonate is quick acting but its side effect is systemic alkalosis.

ii. Sodium-containing antacids may produce hypertension.

iii. Magnesium compounds are contraindicated in patients with renal disorders.

iv. Calcium compounds are contraindicated in patients suffering from renal and
cardiac disorders.

v. Aluminium compounds should not be prescribed in patients having

hypophosphatemia.

vi. Aluminium and calcium compounds produce constipation.

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vii. Magnesium compounds may show laxative action.

• Combination of antacid is used because:

i. Combination reduces constipation effect of antacids.

ii. Combination reduces laxative action.

iii. Some combinations produce specific action and are used for specific purpose.

iv. Combination of drugs produces synergistic action.

v. Combination also reduces the dose of drug required to produce action.

• Examples

i. Calcium carbonate + aluminium hydroxide gel.

ii. Calcium carbonate + magnesium trisilicate.

iii. Magnesium trisilicate + aluminium hydroxide.

Q 4. Write in brief about. ……………….very imp

• Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

• Synonym: Baking soda

• Standard: 99 to 100.5% w/w of NaHCO3

• Properties

i. White crystalline powder, odourless, saline taste.

ii. Soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol.

iii. Aqueous solution is alkaline.

iv. On heating produces CO2.

• Storage: Store in well closed containers.

• Incompatibility: With mercury salts and acid.

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• Uses

i. As an antacid.

ii. As a carminative.

iii. In treatment of crystaluria.

iv. In treatment of systemic alkalosis.

v. In poisoning cases.

vi. In irrigation of eyes.

vii. In effervescent powders and bath soaps.

Q 5. Define purgatives, laxatives and cathartics. Classify purgatives

with examples. ……………….very imp
Purgatives

The drugs which promote defaecation are called purgatives.

Laxatives

Mild purgatives are called laxatives.

Cathartics

Drastic purgatives are called cathartics.

Classification/Types of Laxatives

• Stimulant/irritant purgatives: Senna, phenolphthalein, castor oil.

• Bulk purgatives: Methyl cellulose, sodium carboxy methyl cellulose. Emollient

purgatives: Liquid paraffin.

• Saline cathartics: Magnesium sulphate, sodium potassium tartrate.

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Q 6. Write a note on (a) magnesium sulphate.
(a) Magnesium Sulphate

• Formula: MgSO4.7H2O

• Synonym: Epsom salt.

• Preparations: It is prepared from magnesium carbonate and dil.

H2SO4

MgCO3 + H2SO4 + MgSO4 + CO2 + H2O

• Properties

i. Colorless crystals with cool and saline taste.

ii. It is soluble in water.

iii. It shows phenomenon of efflorescence in dry air.

iv. It is odorless, very soluble in boiling water.

• Storage: It should be stored in well closed airtight containers in cool place

• Incompatibility: With alkali, carbonate and bicarbonates, Nal, potassium

tartrate.

• Uses

i. As a saline purgative.

ii. In treatment of heavy metal poisoning as antidote.

iii. It is used for wet dressing.

iv. In the treatment of boils.

v. In hypertensive patients to avoid excessive straining.

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  5.Topical Agents
Q 1. What are topical agents? Classify them with examples. …….very imp
Topical Agents

The agents which are applied on the skin or mucus membrane for their local
effects are called topical agents.

Classification

• On the basis of chemical origin

i Organic topical agents, e.g. zinc stearate, povidone iodine.

ii Inorganic topical agents, e.g. talc, zinc oxide, calamine.

• On the basis of action of drugs

i. Protectives and adsorbents, e.g. talc, zinc oxide.

ii. Antimicrobial agents, e.g. potassium permanganate, silver nitrate.

iii. Astringents, e.g. alum, zinc sulphate.

iv. Miscellaneous compounds, e.g. sulphur and its derivatives.

Q 2. Write a note on "astringents".

Astringents

The substances which have a capacity to precipitate superficial proteins are called
astringents, e.g. alum, zinc sulphate.

• Dosage forms: They are available in the form of dusting powders, mouthwashes,
gargles, topical solutions, etc.

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Explanation

Astringents are having less permeability and also very less penetration power.
Therefore, when applied on skin, they are not affecting normal functioning of
body cell.

• Astringents show following types of actions (Mechanism of action):

i. Styptic action: Astringents precipitate surface proteins and blood proteins

present at the site of wound. Therefore, diameter of blood capillaries is reduced.
Due to constriction of capillaries and small blood vessels they show styptic action,
i.e. to stop bleeding from small cuts.

ii. Anti-inflammatory action: Astringents reduce blood supply coming towards the
tissue and histamine secretion is also decreased. Thus, anti-inflammatory action is
obtained.

iii. Antiperspirant action: Astringents precipitate surface proteins thus decrease

the diameter of sweat and sebaceous glands. Thus, perspiration is reduced, i.e.
antiperspirant action.

iv. Antimicrobial action: Astringents precipitate cell proteins of microbial cell,

therefore, malfunctioning of microbial cell occurs. Further, microbial cell cannot
get multiplied and thus antimicrobial action is achieved.

Applications/Uses of Astringents

• These are used as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiperspirants and styptic

• In the treatment of wounds, ulcers, etc.

• In mouthwash and mouth freshener preparations.

• In toothpaste and tooth powder preparations.

• In dusting powders due to its antiperspirant action.

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Q 3. Give the mechanism of action of inorganic antimicrobial
agents.…….very imp
Antimicrobial agents may act by following mechanisms:

• Oxidation: Antimicrobial substances convert sulphidryl group to disulphide

form. Therefore, disulphide group of proteins cannot work and thus kills
microorganisms, e.g. hydrogen peroxide, KMnO4.

• Halogenation: These substances add halogens to peptide linkage of

microorganisms thus normal functioning of microbial cell gets disturbed, hence
kills the microbes, e.g. iodine, povidone iodine, chlorinated lime.

• Precipitation: Many antimicrobial agents containing metal ions react with polar
group of proteins and form a complex thus there is inactivation of protein
(precipitation of proteins) and antimicrobial action is achieved, e.g. boric acid,
borax, silver nitrate, mercuric compounds.

Q 4. Describe sulphur compounds used as topical agents.

Sulphur compounds are:

(a) Sublimed sulphur, (b) Precipitated sulphur, (c) Selenium Sulphide .

(a) Sublimed Sulphur

• Synonym: Flowers of sulphur.

• Properties

i. It is fine, yellow crystalline powder.

ii. Fine and slightly gritty having faint colour and taste.

iii. Insoluble in water and alcohol.

iv. It burns with a blue flame with production of sulphur dioxide.

• Storage: Store in a well closed container.

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• Uses

i. In the treatment of scabies (scabicide).

ii. As a fungicide.

iii. An ingredient of sulphur ointment.

(b) Precipitated Sulphur

• Synonym: Milk of sulphur.

• Properties

i. It is a pale greenish-yellowish soft powder.

ii. It is odourless and tasteless.

iii. Insoluble in water and alcohol.

iv. It burns with a blue flame with production of sulphur dioxide.

• Uses

i. As scabicide.

ii. In seborrhoea, acne, pimples and psoriasis.

iii. It also acts as keratolytic agents.

(c) Selenium Sulphide

• Formula: Ses2

Properties

i. It occurs as a bright orange powder with faint sulphide odour.

ii. It is insoluble in water and alcohol.

iii. It is tasteless.

iv. It dissolves in HNO3.

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Uses

i. As antidandruff.

ii. In seborrhoea.

iii. In dermatitis.

iv. For the treatment of scalp.

v. Used in the form of shampoos.

Q 5. Write a note on (a) talc, (b) calamine, (c) hydrogen peroxide, (d)
potassium permanganate. ……………….very imp
(a) Talc (3 Mg0.4 SiO, H20)

• Synonym: French chalk

Properties

i. It is a fine, tasteless powder.

ii. It is white in colour.

iii. It is insoluble in water.

iv. It has good flow property.

v. It is physiologically and chemically inert.

• Storage: It is stored in a well closed container.

• Uses

i. Topical protective.

ii. As a dusting powder.

iii. As a lubricating agent in tablet.

iv. As a filter medium.

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(b) Calamine (ZnO + Fe203)

• Properties

i. It is a pink, tasteless, odourless, fine powder.

ii. It is physically and chemically inert.

iii. It has good covering capacity.

iv. It has good flow property.

v. It is insoluble in water.

vi. It has good absorption property.

vii. It is soluble in dil. HCİ.

• Storage: It is stored in a well closed container.

• Uses

i. Topical protective.

ii. Soothing agent.

iii. As adsorbent.

iv. Main component of make up preparation.

(c) Hydrogen Peroxide (H202)

• Synonym: Oxygenated water

• Properties

i. It is colourless, odourless liquid with slight acidic taste.

ii. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether.

iii. It can be extracted with solvent ether from its aqueous solution.

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• Incompatibility: With reducing agents, oxidising agents, organic matter, heavy
metals.

• Stability storage: It should be stored in light resistant containers with stoppers

resistant to hydrogen peroxide. It should be stored in cool place.

• Label: The label should state whether or not the solution contains a stabilising
agent.

• Uses

i. Antiseptic, disinfectant

ii. For cleaning of wounds

iii. In mouthwash and gargles

iv. Topical anti-infective

V. Antimicrobial agent.

(d) Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)

• Properties

i. It is an odourless dark purple-coloured crystalline compound.

ii. It has greenish-blue metallic lustre.

iii. It has sweet astringent taste.

iv. It is soluble in water.

v. Its concentrated solutions are deep voilet.

vi. When mixed with glycerin, it burns.

• Incompatibility: With iodides, reducing agents and organic substances.

• Storage: It should be stored in tightly closed container and avoid contact of

organic matter. It should be handled with care,

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Uses

1. As antimicrobial agent.

ii. Powerful cleansing agent for wounds, ulcers.

iii. In mouthwash and gargles.

iv. As a deodorant.

v. Antidote in barbiturate poisoning.

vi. For gastric lavage treatment.

vii. It leaves the stains on skin or tissues.

Q 6. Describe in brief the following compounds, (a) mild silver protein,

(b) alum, (c) zinc sulphate, (d) povidone-iodine solution.………….very imp
(a) Mild Silver Protein

• Properties

i. Dark brown or black shining granules.

ii. Odourless and frequently hygroscopic.

iii. Freely soluble in water.

iv. It is affected by light.

• Storage: It should be stored in tightly closed glass container and protected from
moisture and light.

• Uses

i. Antibacterial

ii. To irrigate urethra and urinary bladder.

iii. In respiratory tract infection.

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(b) Alum

• Synonym: Potash alum.

Properties

i. It is colourless, transparent crystalline mass.

ii. It has sweetish and astringent taste.

iii. It is very soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol.

• Storage: Store in a highly closed container.

• Incompatibility: Ca, lead and mercury salts.

• Uses

i. As astringent.

ii. Antiperspirant

iii. Local styptic.

iv. In mouthwash and gargles, dusting powders.

(c) Zinc Sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O)

• Synonym: White vitriol

• Properties

i. Colourless, odourless transparent crystals with astringent taste.

ii. Soluble in water, glycerin.

iii. Its aqueous solution is acidic to litmus.

iv. It is efflorescent in dry air.

• Storage: Store in a tightly closed container.

• Incompatibility: With alkali, carbonate, borax.

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• Uses

i. As astringent.

ii. Germicidal.

iii. Styptic protective.

iv. Emetic.

v. In topical preparations.

vi. In dermatological problems.

(d) Povidone-iodine Solution

• Properties

i. Povidone-iodine is a complex of iodine with povidone which

is also a polymer, known as polyvinyl pyrrolidine (PVP).

ii. The complex is a yellowish-brown amorphous powder and has characteristic

odour.

iii . Its aqueous solution is acidic to litmus

iv. It is soluble in water and in alcohol.

v. The solution is transparent liquid having a reddish-brown colour and a pH not

more than 6.0.

• Action and uses

i. It has been used in gargles and mouthwashes.

ii. For the management of burns and cuts.

iii. Preparations are available to the skin and mucus membrane and for use as
disinfectant.

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  6. Dental Products
Q 1. Write a note on dental products. OR Discuss various types of
inorganic compounds used in dentistry and in dental products.
• Dental caries (tooth decay) is a disease of teeth which gives decalcification of
tooth and bad odour of the mouth.

• To prevent dental caries and to maintain clean and healthy teeth, it is necessary
to use dentifrices.

• Dentifrice may be toothpaste or tooth powders are used to clean dirty surface
of teeth.

• Dental products are used in dentistry.

• Dental products are available in several dosage forms as toothpaste, tooth

powders, silver polishes, oils, etc.

• Dental products contain:

i. Anticaries agents: The agents which are used in the treatment of dental caries
are called anticaries agents, e.g. sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride.

ii. Cleansing agents/abrasives: These are the substances used to remove stain
from the teeth, e.g. calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, sodium phosphate.

iii. Polishing agents: The substances which give whiteness to teeth by their
abrasive action are called polishing agents, e.g. stannous fluoride, calcium
carbonate.

iv. Desensitizing agents: The substances which reduce the sensitivity of teeth to
heat and cold are known as desensitizing agents, e.g. zinc chloride, strontium
chloride.

v. Sweetening agent: It gives sweet taste.

vi. Colouring agent: It gives attractive colour to the preparation.

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Q 2. Write a short note on (a) stannous fluoride, (b) dibasic calcium
phosphate, (c) zinc chloride, (d) strontium chloride. ………….very imp
(a) Stannous Fluoride

• Formula: SnF2

Properties

i. White crystalline powder.

ii. A bitter, salty taste

ii. Freely soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.

iv. It melts at 213°C.

• Incompatibility: It is incompatible with calcium pyrophosphate and with other

calcium compounds.

• Uses

i. Anticaries agent.

ii. It is used in fluoride treatment of teeth.

iii. A freshy prepared 8% solution of SnF, is applied to the cleaned dry teeth.

(b) Dibasic Calcium Phosphate

• Synonym: Calcium monohydrogen phosphate.

• Formula: CaHPO4

• Properties

i. White odourless powder with slight saline taste.

ii. Insoluble in water and in alcohol.

iii. Easily soluble in dil. HCI and HNO.

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• Storage: It is stored in well-closed containers.

• Uses

i. Electrolyte replenisher.

ii. As a cleansing agent in toothpaste and powder.

iii. As a source of calcium and phosphate.

iv. Additive in tablet formulation.

(c) Zinc Chloride

• Synonym: Buffer of zinc.

• Formula: ZnCl2

• Properties

i. White crystalline powder.

ii. Odourless, tasteless.

iii. Soluble in water, alcohol and glycerin.

iv. It is deliquescent.

• Storage: It absorbs CO2, therefore, should be stored in tightly closed containers.

• Uses

i. Desensitizing agent.

ii. Mild astringent, mild antiseptic.

iii. Used in mouthwash and gargles.

iv. Used in deodorant and talcum powders.

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(d) Strontium Chloride

• Formula: SrCl2 . 6H2O

• Properties

i. It occurs as colourless crystals or white granules.

ii. Tasteless, odourless.

iii. Soluble in water and alcohol.

iv. It effloresces in dry air.

• Storage: It should be stored in well closed containers.

• Uses

i. Desensitizing agent.

ii. Used in toothpaste and tooth powder.

 7. Inhalants
Q 1. Define inhalants. What is the role of oxygen. ………….very imp
Inhalants

The substances which are in vapour or gas form are inhaled through nose, are
called inhalants, e.g. O2, N2O, CO2.

Role of Oxygen (02)

• Oxygen is necessary in normal oxidative metabolism for the production of useful

energy.

• This energy is used by the cell to synthesize ATP.

• After inhalation, O2 enters into blood and combines with haemoglobin to form
oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2).

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• This oxyhaemoglobin readily dissociates and releases oxygen in the medium of
cell.

• Deficiency of oxygen in tissues is called hypoxia.

• Absence of oxygen in the tissues is called anoxia.

• When more oxygen is needed the condition is termed as asphyxia.

• For the treatment of hypoxia, anoxia and asphyxia, O, is needed.

• In the treatment of poisoning, O, is useful for maintenance of normal

respiratory and circulatory functions.

Q 2. Write a note on "oxygen”. ………….very imp

Oxygen

• Formula: 02

• Standard: Oxygen contains not less than 99% w/v of 02.

• Preparations: By two methods:

i. By electrolysis of water.

ii. By fractionation of liquid air.

Properties: By two methods:

i. Colourless, odourless, tasteless gas.

ii. It is a good oxidising agent.

iii. It dissolves in about 32 volumes of water.

• Storage and labelling

i. It is stored under the pressure in metallic cylinder which ispainted by black and
white colour. The body of the cylinderis painted by black and shoulder is painted
with white colour.

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ii. Name and symbol of oxygen (02) is stenciled on cylinder and also on cylinder
valve.

• Actions and uses

i. In treatments of hypoxia, anoxia and asphyxia.

ii. In carbon monoxide poisoning.

iii. In cardiac arrest.

iv. As a fuel in rocket technology.

v. In the preparation of acetylene flame used for welding.

Q 3. Write a note on carbon dioxide. ………….very imp

Carbon Dioxide

• Formula: CO2

• Standard: It contains not less than 99% w/w of CO2.

• Preparation: Compounds containing carbon, e.g. coal, coke are burned in excess
of O2 to produce CO2 + O+O2 → CO2

•Properties

i. Colourless, odourless gas with faintly acidic taste.

ii. Soluble in water and heavier than air.

• Storage and labelling

i. It should be stored under pressure in a strong metallic cylinder

ii. The cylinder is painted grey colour at shoulder and remain-

ing part may be of green or white colour.

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• Actions and uses

i. Respiratory stimulant.

ii. In carbon monoxide poisoning.

iii. In treatment of drug addiction.

iv. Regulation of acid-base balance.

V. Its salts are used in effervescent powders.

vi. In preparation of soft drinks.

vii. To prepare dry ice.

viii. With O, for artificial respiration.

Q 4. Write a note on "nitrous oxide”.

Nitrous Oxide

• Synonym: "Laughing gas'.

• Formula: N20

Standard: It contains not less than 99% w/v of N 2O.

Preparation: It is prepared by thermal decomposition of ammoniumnitrate.

NH4NO3 → 2H2O + N20

• Properties

i. It is colourless, odourless gas with slightly sweet taste.

ii. It is soluble in water and alcohol.

• Storage and labelling

i. It should be stored under pressure in a strong metallic cylinder below 37°C.

ii. The cylinder is painted by blue colour.

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iii. The name and symbol of nitrous oxide (N2O) are stenciled on cylinder and on
the cylinder valve.

• Actions and uses

i. In minor operations of boils (as anaesthetic).

ii. In dentistry.

iii. In mental patients (to calm).

 8.Respiratory Stimulants
Q 1. Write a short note on respiratory stimulants. Explain ammonium
carbonate/Discuss the role of ammonium compounds Respiratory
stimulants.
Respiratory Stimulants

The substances which increase the rate of respiration are called respiratory
stimulants.

Classification

Respiratory stimulants are classified as:

• Organic respiratory stimulants: These are generally acting by central

mechanism.

- Mechanism: These stimulate the centre of respiration which is located in

medulla oblongata, e.g. caffeine, theophylline, atropine.

• Inorganic respiratory stimulants: These are generally acting by reflux

mechanism.

- Mechanism: These substances either increase CO2 concentration temporarily in

blood or increase number of sensory stimuli through irritation, e.g. ammonium
carbonate, aromatic spirit of ammonia.

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Ammonium Carbonate

It is a mixture of ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium carbonate.

• Formula: NH4HCO3 + NH2CONH4.

• Standard: Not less than 30% of NH3.

• Properties

i. White crystalline powder.

ii. Odour of ammonia.

iii. Volatile at room temperature.

iv. Decomposed by heat, hot water and acids.

V. Affected by light.

vi. Soluble in water and in alcohol.

vii. Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus.

viii. Also called "smelling salt”.

• Storage: It should be stored in dark-coloured tightly closed container in a cool

place away from light.

• Uses

i. Respiratory stimulant.

ii. Cough suppressant/expectorant.

iii. Ingredient of aromatic spirit of ammonia.

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  9.Expectorants and Emetics
Q 1. Write a note on expectorants and emetics.
(a) Expectorants

The drugs that remove sputum from the respiratory tract are known as
expectorants.

• These drugs either increase the fluidity of sputum or increase the volume of
fluids that are to be expelled from the respiratory tract by coughing

• Expectorants are used orally to stimulate the flow of respiratory tract

secretions.

• Expectorants are used in the treatment of respiratory disorders in which

secretions are viscid or excessive, e.g. asthma.

Classification of Expectorants

According to mechanism of action expectorants are classified into two groups:

i. Sedative type: These act by irritating gastric mucosa thereby stimulating

respiratory tract secretions, e.g. ammonium chloride, potassium iodide, syrup of
ipecac, syrup of hydroiodic acid.

ii. Stimulant type: These drugs stimulate secretory cells of respiratory tract
directly or indirectly and thus more fluid is produced in respiratory tract and
sputum gets diluted, e.g. eucalyptus oil, lemon oil.

(b) Emetics

The drugs which produce vomiting are called emetics.

• These drugs remove fluid from respiratory tract and result in expulsion of
stomach contents.

• Emetics are acting either by stimulating CTZ or by GIT irritation

• Emetics are also classified into two groups:

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i. Stimulant type: These drugs stimulate CTZ in the medulla oblongata and induce
vomiting, e.g. morpine, ergot alkaloids.

ii. Irritant type: These are causing irritation of cells of GIT and by reflex
mechanism vomiting is observed, e.g. antimony potassium tartrate, CuSO4, NaCl.

Uses of Emetics

• These are given in combination with expectorants.

• These are used in treatment of poisoning to remove the poison from GIT

Q 2. Write in brief about (a) ammonium chloride, (b) potassium

iodide, (c) antimony potassium tartrate. ………….very imp

(a) Ammonium Chloride

• Formula: NH4Cl

• Synonym: Sal ammoniac, ammonium muriate.

• Properties

i. White crystalline powder.

ii. Colourless, odourless and has cooling, saline taste.

iii. It is slightly hygroscopic.

iv. It is more soluble in water but freely soluble in glycerine.

• Incompatibility: With alkalies, lead salts, warfarin.

• Storage: It is stored in tightly closed containers.

• Actions and uses

i. As an expectorant

ii. As an acidifying agent

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iii. To maintain physiological acid-base balance.

iv. As a diuretic.

(b) Potassium Iodide

• Formula: KI

• Properties

i. Colourless transparent crystals, slightly hygroscopic.

ii. Saline bitter taste, soluble in water and glycerine.

iii. Deliquescent, solution is alkaline.

• Incompatibility: With iron, copper, lead, mercury.

• Storage: In tightly closed light resistant container.

• Uses

i. As expectorant.

ii. As electrolyte replenisher.

iii. As a source of iodine.

iv. In treatment of hypothyroidism.

V. As stabiliser for iodine solution.

 10. Antidotes
Q 1. What are antidotes? Give the classification of antidotes.

Antidotes ………….very imp

The agents which are used to stop the action of poison are called antidotes.

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Classification of Antidotes

On the basis of mechanism

• Physiological antidote: It changes the physiology so that effect of poison is

countered/prevented, e.g. sodium nitrite, which converts haemoglobin into
methemoglobin in order to bind cyanide.

• Chemical antidote: It reacts with poison and changes the chemicalnature of

poison and converts it into nonpoisonous compound, e.g. sodium thiosulphate,
which causes conversion of toxic cyanide into nontoxic thiocyanide.

• Mechanical antidote: It prevents absorption of poison from GIT into the blood,
e.g. activated charcoal, kaolin. Universal antidote: It is a combination of
mechanical antidotes. It is useful when type of poison is not known or more than
one poisons are consumed.

Composition of universal antidote

• Magnesium oxide 1 part

• Tannic acid 1 part

• Activated charcoal 2 parts

Q 2. Write a note on sodium nitrite.

Sodium Nitrite

• Formula: NaNO2.

• Dose: 10 to 15 ml of 2% solution by IV route.

• Properties

i. White granular powder, saline taste.

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ii. It is deliquescent in air.

iii. Freely soluble in water.

iv. Solution alkaline to litmus.

• Storage: It should be stored in airtight containers.

• Incompatibility: With oxidising agents.

• Uses

i. Antidote in cyanide poisoning.

ii. An antioxidant.

iii. Food preservative.

iv. In angina pectoris.

V. Antirusting for surgical instruments.

vi. As smooth muscle relaxant.

vii. As hypotensive drug.

viii. As laboratory agent.

Q 3. Write a brief account on "cyanide poisoning". What is cyanide

poisoning? Give the treatments of cyanide poisoning. ………….very imp
In cyanide poisoning, cyanide molecule reacts with ferric ion (Fet++) of
cytochrome oxidase, which stops electron transfer and thereby stops cellular
respiration.

Cyanide poisoning is very toxic, if it is not treated immediately.

Treatments of Cyanide Poisoning

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• Role of sodium nitrite: Sodium nitrite reacts with haemoglobin toform
methemoglobin. This methemoglobin reacts with serum cyanide and prevents
entrance of cyanide in cell and thus cellular respiration is not affected.

• Role of sodium thiosulphate: Sodium thiosulphate reacts with cyanide ions and
converts into sodium thiocyanate which is less toxic than cyanide. Sodium
thiocyanate ion is excreted in urine.

Na2S2O3 + CN → SCN- + Na2SO3

Along with sodium nitrite injection, sodium thiosulphate infusion (IV) is also given.
•Role of activated charcoal and kaolin: These are the mechanical antidotes useful
to absorb the poisonous molecules present in the GIT, due to which blood
concentration of poison is reduced.

 11.Electrolytes

Q 1. Define electrolytes. Give types of electrolytes. ………….very imp

Electrolytes

The substances whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity are known as

electrolytes.

Types of Electrolytes

• Major intracellular ions, e.g. K+, Mg++, HPO4 ,-- H2PO4-

• Major extracellular ions, e.g. Na+, Cat+, Cl-, bicarbonate.

Q 2. Write a note on "oral rehydration

therapy/salts/ORT/ORS".………….very imp
• These are orally administered electrolyte solutions used to supply water and
electrolytes needed to the patients.

• A large number of formulations of oral rehydration preparations are available in

the market.

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• These preparations contain glucose, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,
sodium bicarbonate. These may contain flavouring agents.

• These are dry powdered preparations and are mixed with water and taken
orally.

• ORS are made available at free of cost by government of India.

• It is available at PHC generally at free of cost.

• ORS available in market are electrol powder, paediatric powder.

• ORS contains

NaCl 3.5 gm

KCI 1.5 gm

Sodium citrate 2.9 gm

Glucose 20 gm

This mixture is added in 1 litre of water and then taken by oral route.

• It is the first aid remedy in condition of dysentery, diarrhoea,

prolonged fever, vomiting, etc.

Q 3. Write the monograph of sodium chloride. ………….very imp

Sodium Chloride

• Formula: Naci.

• Standard: It contains not less than 99.5% of NaCl.

• Properties

i. It is a white crystalline powder.

ii. It is odourless, saline taste (salt).

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iii. Freely soluble in water.

iv. It is hygroscopic.

• Storage: Store in well closed container.

• Uses

i. As a source of sodium and chloride.

ii. As electrolyte replenisher.

iii. In bromide and iodide poisoning.

iv. In foods.

v. In kidney failure.

vi. Along with diuretics.

vii. To maintain isotonicity of solutions.

viii. Topically to wounds and body cavities for irrigation.

• Official preparations/formulations of NaCl

i. Sodium chloride and mannitol injection IP, USP.

ii. Sodium chloride hypertonic solution IP, BP.

iii. Compound NaCl injection IP, BP, USP.

iv. Normal saline solution IP, BP.

v. Dextrose and normal saline solution IP, BP.

vi. Sodium chloride eye lotion BP.

vii. Sodium chloride tablet IP.

viii. Compound NaCl and dextrose solution BP.

ix. Compound sodium chloride and dextrose powder BP.

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X. Bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection USP.

xi. Ringer's injection USP.

xii. Mannitol and sodium chloride injection.

xiii. Fructose and sodium chloride injection, NF.

xiv. Lactated Ringer's injection.

• Category: Systemic alkalizer, electrolyte replenisher.

• Deficiency of sodium chloride known as "salt hunger.’’

Q 4. Write the monograph of potassium chloride.

Potassium Chloride (KCI)

• Standard: It contains not less than 99.5% of KCI.

• Properties

i. Colourless crystals or white crystalline powder.

ii. Odourless with saline taste.

iii. Its aqueous solution is neutral to litmus.

iv. Freely soluble in water.

• Storage: Store in well closed container.

• Uses

i. As electrolyte replenisher.

ii. As ingredient of Ringer's solution.

iii. In treatment of paralysis.

iv. In myasthenia gravis.

v. Antidote in digitalis poisoning.

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• Official compounds/formulations of potassium chloride

i. Potassium chloride oral solution USP.

ii. Potassium chloride injection IP, USP.

iii. Potassium chloride and sodium chloride IV infusion BP.

iv. Potassium chloride tab USP.

v. Potassium chloride and dextrose IV infusion BP.

vi. Lactated Ringer's injection USP.

vii. Ringer's solution IP, BP, USP.

viii. Compound sodium chloride injection IP.

ix. Lactated Ringer's injection USP.

X. Lactated potassium saline injection NF.

 12.Official Compounds of lodine, Iron and Calcium

Q 1. Give the official compounds, incompatibility, storage, action and
uses of iron compounds. ………….very imp
Official Compounds of Iron

The following iron compounds are official in IP 1985:

i. Ferrous fumarate.

ii. Ferrous gluconate.

iii. Ferrous sulphate.

iv. Dried ferrous sulphate.

v. Iron and ammonium citrate.

vi. Iron sorbitol injection BP

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vii. Ferrous succinate BP

viii. fron dextran injection BP

• Incompatibility: Iron compounds are incompatible with mineral acids, alkali,

alkali-carbonates, tannates.

• Storage of iron salts: They undergo oxidation thus are stored in airtight
containers in cool and dark place.

• Actions and uses of iron compounds

i. In iron-deficiency anaemia.

ii. In haemorrhage condition.

iii. As haematinics

 Anaemia: It means decrease in percentage of haemoglobin or RBCs in the

blood.
 Haematinics: The substances which increase the number of RBCs in the
blood are known as haematinics.

Q2. Give the official compounds, incompatibility, storage and uses of

iodine compounds. ………….very imp
Official Compounds of Iodine

The following are official compounds of iodine:

i. Sodium iodide.

ii. Potassium iodide.

• Incompatibility: With oxidising agents, reducing agents.

• Storage: Sodium and potassium iodides are deliquescent in moist air and are
oxidised giving yellowish or brown colour due to liberation of iodine.

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Thus iodine compounds are preserved in a well-closed container and kept in dry
place.

Uses

i. In disorders of thyroid gland (goitre).

ii. As fibrinolytic agent in syphilis and leprosy. STO

iii. In fungal infections.

iv. Potassium iodide is used in cough mixtures as expectorants.

V. Useful in asthma and chronic bronchitis.

• Deficiency disorders of iodide: Deficiency of thyroid hormones causes

hypothyroidism. It involves:

i. Cretinism: It involves mental retardation and dwarfism.

ii. Goitre: It involves enlargement of thyroid gland and swelling of neck.

Q3. Mention the official compounds, incompatibility, storage, uses of

calcium compounds. ………….very imp
Official Compounds of Calcium

Following are the official compounds of calcium in IP 85:

i. Calcium carbonate.

ii. Calcium chloride.

iii. Calcium hydroxide.

iv. Calcium gluconate.

v. Calcium lactate.

vi. Calcium amino salicylate.

vii. Calcium pentothenate.

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viii. Tribasic calcium phosphate.

ix. Calcium levulinate.

x. Dibasic calcium phosphate.

• Incompatibility: With phosphate, sulphate, oxidising agents.

• Storage: Stored in airtight, light resistant container.

• Uses

i. As a source of calcium.

ii. Calcium replenisher in lactation and pregnancy.

iii. In treatment of tetany, rickets, osteomalacia, hypocalcemia.

iv. In combination with vitamin D in treatment of osteomalacia.

• Biological importance of calcium ions

i. Essential for normal function of ANS.

ii. For normal cardiac function.

iii. For coagulation of blood.

iv. For growth of bones and teeth.

V. For muscle contraction.

 13. Radioactivity
Q 1. Define radioactivity. Give types of radioactivity.
Radioactivity

Radioactivity is a spontaneous and continuous emission of α, β, γ radiations from

the substances.

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Types of Radioactivity

• Natural radioactivity: It is observed spontaneously and continuously without any

external efforts

• Artificial radioactivity: It is called induced radioactivity and produced by

bombardment of high velocity particles on an element,

e.g. bombardment of α-particles on nitrogen converts it into radioactive oxygen.

Q 2. What precautions are to be taken in handling and storage of

radioactive materials?
• Radioactive substances should never be touched with hand, but handled with
forceps.

• Activities like smoking, drinking, eating should be avoided in the area where
radioactive substances are kept.

• Sufficient protective clothing should be used during handling of radioactive

substances.

• Area where the radioactive materials are kept should be tested regularly for the
presence of fluorescence.

• There should be proper disposal of radioactive materials.

• Radioactive materials may be kept in a suitable, labelled container.

• They should be kept in remote area.

• All surfaces of the containers should be smooth, nonporous, nonwetting, and

heat resistant.

• Fluorescence should be removable.

• The wall finishes should be hard and smooth and should not easily get
contaminated.

• The amount of wood material should be minimum.

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• The benches, cupboards should be made up of plastics.

• There should be minimum movement of workers.

• Workers should wear protective clothes while entering the area where
radioactive materials are stored.

Q 3. What are radiopaque contrast media? Give ideal requirements of

radiopaque substance.
Radiopaque Contrast Media (X-ray Contrast Media)

The substances which have a capacity to prevent passage of X-rays and hence are
opaque on X-ray examination are called radiopaque substances. The medium
which gives this type of phenomenon is called radiopaque contrast medium.
Radiopaque substances are administered by oral route and very rarely by IV
route.

Ideal Properties Requirements of Radiopaque Substance

• It should prevent the passage of X-rays.

• It should have an adequate radiopacity.

• It should be stable.

• It should have high solubility.

• It should be nontoxic.

• It should be chemically and physiologically inert.

• It should have a capacity to accumulate at desired site for desired time.

• It should be easily excreted from the body.

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  14.Quality Control of Drugs and Pharmaceuticals
Q 1. Define quality control. Give functions and importance of
quality……..very imp
Quality Control

It is the day-to-day process of controlling quality of every incoming material till

the finished product quality.

Functions of Quality Control

• Analysis of raw materials.

• Analysis of packaging materials.

• Analysis of in-process products.

• Analysis of final dosage forms.

• Analysis of batch products (periodic analysis).

• Recording the results of analysis in a standard format.

Importance of Quality Control

• To avoid toxic and unwanted effects of impurities.

• To avoid technical difficulties during manufacturing.

• To maintain safety and effectiveness of products.

• To maintain product with adequate physical and chemical stability.

• To ensure quality drugs for consumption to the patients.

• To maintain purity of product and thus protect public health.

• To help in maintenance of quality of product with better utilization of labours

and machines.

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• It helps in adjustment and setting of machineries.

Q 2. Define quality assurance. Give its functions.

Quality Assurance

It is the department which includes a total quality control, government

regulations, company standards and development of standard operating
procedures of analysis.

Functions

• Development of standard operating procedures and supply to every department

of the company.

• It has a responsibility of “total quality of the products".

• It gives guidelines during adjustment and setting of the machineries.

• It helps to maintain quality of products with better utilisation of labours and

machines.

• It helps in product development and research.

Q 3. Define the term "limit tests". Explain BSR. ………….very imp

Limit Tests

These are qualitative tests used to identify the small amounts of impurities
present in the substances.

BSR (Barium Sulphate Reagent)

It is used in limit tests for sulphate IP 85.

• Composition of BSR

i. BaCl2 solution.

ii. Sulphate-free alcohol.

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iii. Potassium sulphate solution.

Uses of ingredients

i. BaCl2 reacts with impurity to form BaSO4.

ii. Alcohol prevents supersaturation.

iii. Potassium sulphate increases the sensitivity of test.

Q 4. Describe the limit test for chloride IP. ………….very imp

Principle/Concept

Chloride impurity reacts with silver nitrate to form a white precipitate of silver
chloride in the presence of dilute HNO3. It is observed as opalescence.

Reaction

CH- + AgNO3 dilute HNO3 AgCI + NO3-

Silver nitrate Silver chloride precipitation

Note

• Purified water is used for dilution and it is free from dissolved gas and
impurities.

• Standard solution is prepared as it gives maximum permissible limit for

comparison.

• Dilute HNO3 is used as it avoids the reaction of acidic radicals other than
chloride with that of AgNO3.

• The opalescence is directly proportional to amount of chloride impurity present

in the substance.

• If test substance is coloured (KMnO4), then first it is decolourised and then

followed for limit test.

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Procedure

Limit test for chloride IP 66

Test solution Standard solution

i. Weight of substance as pe monograph i. 1 ml of 0.01 N HCl solution.
ii. 1 ml of dilute HNO3 ii. 1 ml of dilute HNO .
iii. Dilute up to 50 ml with water. iii. Dilute with water up to 50 ml.
iv. Add 1 ml of 5% AgNO3 solution. iv. Add 1 ml of 5% AgNO solution.

Limit test for chloride IP 85

Test solution Standard solution
i. Weight of substance as per monograph i. 1 ml of 0.0585 w/y of NaCl solution.
ii. Add 10 ml of dilute HNO3. ii. Add 10 ml of dilute HNO3.
iii. Add water up to 50 ml. iii. Add water up to 50 ml.
iv. Add 1 ml of 1% AgNO3 solution. iv. Add 1 ml of 1% AgNO3 solution.

Limit test for chloride IP 96

IP 96 prescribes use of 1 ml of 0.1 M AgNO3 solution. The chloride impurity is
generally 25 parts per million. Standard chloride solution is taken
10 ml for the preparation of standard solution.

Stir both the solutions and keep it aside for 10 minutes.

Remarks

If opalescence produced in test solution is less than standard solution, substance

passes the limit test for chloride IP.

Q 13. Describe the limit test for iron IP.

Principle/Concept

Iron impurity reacts with thioglycolic acid in the presence of dil. Ammoniacal
alkaline medium to form purple-coloured ferric thioglycate.

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Note

• Purified water is used for dilution purpose and it is free from dissolved gases
and impurities.

• Standard solution is prepared as it gives maximum permissible limit for

comparison.

• Ammoniacal alkaline medium is necessary for reaction of thioglycolic acid with

iron impurity.

• Citric acid prevents precipitation of iron with ammonia.

• Thioglycolic acid is used because it reacts with ferrous form of iron and converts
it into ferric form. Thus, it forms purple colour.

Procedure

Limit test for iron IP 66

Test solution Standard solution

i. Weight of substance as per monograph i. 2 ml of standard iron solution
(0.173 gm of ferric ammo-nium
sulphate + 1.5 ml of HCI).

ii. Add 40 ml of water. ii. Add 40 ml of water.

iii. Add 2 ml of citric acid (20%) iii. Add 2 ml of citric acid.
iv. Add ammonia to adjust alkaline pH. iv. Add ammonia to adjust alkaline
pH.
v. Adjust volume up to 50 ml with water. V. Adjust volume up to 50 ml with
water.

Stir well and keep aside for 5 minutes and observe.

Remarks

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If purple colour obtained in test solution is less than standard solution, sample
passes limit test for iron IP.

Q 14. Describe the limit test for heavy metals IP. ………….very imp
Principle/Concept

Heavy metal impurity reacts with hydrogen sulphide/sodium sulphide in presence

of acidic/alkaline medium respectively to form brown precipitation of metal
sulphide.

Reaction

i. M+H2S MS + 2H+

ii. M + Nas MS + 2Na++

(Metal sulphides) (brown precipitations)

Note

• Purified water is used for dilution purpose and it is free from dissolved gases
and impurities.

• Standard solution is prepared as it gives maximum permissible limit for

comparison

• H, S and Na, S solutions are the reactants and require acidic/alkaline media for
their reactions respectively.

• Acidic medium is adjusted by ammonia or acetic acid while alkaline medium is

adjusted by NaOH.

• IP 66 does not have limit test for heavy metals.

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Procedure

Method ‘A’

Limit test for heavy metal IP 85

Test solution Standard solution

i. As per monograph 25 ml solution prepared. i. Take 2 ml standard lead
solution and dilute it up to
25 ml.
ii. Add dilute acetic acid/ ii. Add dilute acetic acid/
ammonia to adjust the pH ammonia to adjust the pH
between 3 and 4. between 3 and 4.
iii. Add water up to 35 ml. iii. Add water up to 35 ml.
iv. Add 10 ml of H.S solution. iv. Add 10 ml of H, S solution.
v. Dilute it up to 50 ml with water v. Dilute it up to 50 ml with water

Stir well and keep aside for 5 minutes. Observe and compare the brown colour
produced.

Remarks

If brown colour obtained in test solution is less than standard solution, sample
passes the limit test for heavy metal IP 85.

Q 16. Describe apparatus used for limit test for arsenic. Explain
Guitzeit test apparatus.
Guitzeit Test Apparatus

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Construction

• It consists of a wide-mouthed glass bottle of capacity 120 ml.

• Glass tube of 200 mm length is passed in it through the rubber bungs.

• Glass tube is constricted at lower end.

• It has a 2 mm hole.

• The end of the tube should be above the liquid.

• Mercuric chloride paper is sandwitched between two rubber bungs and fixed by
clip.

• Lead acetate cotton plug is inserted into the glass tube before operation.

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 Board Question Papers
Summer Examination
D.Pharm First Year
Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Q1. Attempt any five of the following:

a. What are limit tests? Explain reactions and principle involved in limit test of
chlorides.

b. Write a note on antacid combinations.

c. How do manufacturing hazards affect the purity of pharmaceuticals?

d. What are inhalants? Give the properties and uses of nitrous oxideor carbon
dioxide.

e. Give the formula, uses, properties and incompatibilities of ferrous sulphate or

calcium gluconate.

f. Give one official identification test of (any four):

i. Calcium ii. Sodium iii. iodides

iv. Lactate v. Chlorides vi Citrate

g. What is quality control? Discuss its importance in pharmaceutical industry.

Q2. Attempt any two of the following:

a. Write a note on (any two):

i. Measurement of radioactivity.

ii. Handling and storage of radioactive materials.

iii. Applications of radic isotopes.

b. i. What do you know about antidotes? How are they classified?

Explain the role of sodium nitrite in cyanide poisoning.

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ii. What are expectorants? Name any two inorganic expectorants. Write an
account of any one of them.

c. Draw and label the arsenic testing apparatus IP. Discuss the principle behind
the limit test for arsenic. Give reactions.

Q3. Attempt any two of the following:

a i. Give the properties, storage conditions and uses of potassium permanganate

or hydrogen peroxide solutions.

ii. Discuss limit test for sulphate. Give the significance of barium sulphate reagent.

b. i. What are desensitizing agents? Give properties, formula and uses of chlorides
of zinc or strontium.

ii. What are radiopaque contrast media? Give properties and uses

of BaSO4

c. Make a list of major intra- and extracellular electrolytes categorising

them as anionic and cationic. Give a brief account of electrolyte combination

therapy.

Q4. Attempt any two of the following:

a. i. Discuss in brief various sources of impurities in pharma- ceuticals

ii. Explain the principle behind the limit test for iron.

b. Give formula, properties and uses of (any two):

i. Stannous fluoride

ii. Sodium metaphosphate

iii. Calcium carbonate

i. What are cathartics? Write a note on saline cathartics.

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ii. Write a brief account of ammonium carbonate as a respiratory stimulant.

Q5. Attempt any two of the following:

a. i. Compare the properties of a, ß, y radiations.

ii. Write a note on biological effects of radiations.

b. i. What are topical agents? Classify them giving examples.

ii. What do you know about antioxidants? What are the criteria

for selection of inorganic oxidants? Give properties of sodium metabisulphite.

c. Write a note on (any two):

i. Standard buffers

ii. Limit test for heavy metals

iii. Significant figures

Q6. Attempt any two of the following:

a. What are antacids? How are they classified? Give requirements of an ideal
antacid. Discuss any one antacid agent.

b. Define and give one example (any six):

i. Acid ii. Base

iii. Acidifying agent iv. Astringent

V. Antimicrobial agent vi. Anticaries agent

vii. Radioisotope

c. i. What are topical protectives? Give important properties and uses of calamine
or talc.

ii. Give the properties of iodine and discuss the official preparations of iodine.

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 Name of the Paper: Pharmaceutical Chemistry – I (u.p.)
Duration : 3 Hours
Maximum Marks : 80
Instructions for Candidates

1. Write your Roll No. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper.

2. Attempt any five questions.

3. All questions carry equal marks.

1. (a) What do you understand by limit tests? Discuss the principle, theory and
procedure involved in the limit test of chloride and iron. (10)

(b) Discuss the principle, theory and procedure involved in the limit test of
arsenic. (6)

2.(a) Define impurities and discuss various sources of impurities in pharmaceutical

substances with suitable examples. (8)

(b) What are the significances of identification test? Discuss different methods of
quality control. (8)

3. What are radio-pharmaceuticals? Discuss a, B & Y radiations and their biological

effects. Write the uses of different radioactive isotopic formulations. (16)

4. Write note on the following (any four)

(a) Significant errors

(b) GM counter

(c) Dental products

(d) Emetics

(e) Bismuth sub carbonate and Kaolin (4x4)

5. What is replacement therapy? Discuss different electrolytes used in

replacement therapy along with their preparations, (16)

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(a) Define saline cathartics. Discuss the preparation and uses of potassium
tartrateand magnesium sulphate. (8)

(b) Write assay procedure and uses of ammonium chloride, zinc sulphate, iodine
and calcium gluconate. (8)

7.Write the method of preparation, uses and storage conditions of the following
(anyfour)

(a) Calcium hydroxide

(b) Sodium thiosulphate

(c) Strong ammonium hydroxide

(d) Hypo phosphorous acid

(e)Silver nitrate (4x4)

8.What are the uses of antacids? Discuss different types of antacids used in

pharmaceutical preparations. (16)

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 DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, MEDICAL EDUCATION AND FAMILY WELFARE
GOVERNMENT OF JHARKHAND
(DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY EXAMINATION-2019 (DJ
CLASS: D. PHARM
SUBJECT: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY-I
TIME: 3 Hr. FULL MARKS: 80
INSTRUCTIONS:
1. All questions are compulsory
2. Illustrate your answer with neat sketches whenever necessary

1. (A) Answer the following multiple choice questions: [1 x 8]

(i) pH of basic solution is:

(a) Less than 7 (b) Less than 8 (c) Greater than 7 (d) Equal to 7

(ii) The pH of pure water is neutral, the best explanation for this is:

(a) The pH of pure water is 7 (b) Water do not contain free H+ or OH-ions

(c) Water will never ionize (d) In pure water the concentration of H' and OH

aresame.

(iii) Which of the following does not have antioxidant qualities?

(a) Vitamin E (b) Vitamin K (c) Calcium (d) Omega-3 fatty acids

(iv) Which of the following drugs is an antacid?

(a) Omeprazole (b) Metoclopramide (c) Cimetidine (d) Magnesium carbonate

v) The Titanium oxide used as:

(a) Antidotes (b) Protective (c) Antioxidants (d) Respiratory stimulants

(vi) The Proidone-iodine solutions are usually for:

(a) Dental products (b) Antimicrobial (c) Antioxidants (d) Inhalants

(vii) Nuclei bombarded with protons, neutrons or alpha particles are changed to:

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(a) Isotopes (b) Radioisotopes (c) Elements having atomic number less than 1
to 82 (d) Both A and C

(viii) Nuclei with atomic number 1 to 82 are:

(a) Unstable (b) Stable

(c) Partial stable (d) Moderately stable

1. (B) Answer any four of the following with examples if any [2x4]

(i) Write the role of antioxidant.

(ii) Write the physical, chemical and medicinal uses of any tropical agent with
example.

(iii) What are Saline cathartics?

(iv) Write notes on inhalant with suitable example

(v) How you explain cations and anions?

(vi) What do you mean by pharmaceutical impurities? Name can by

pharmaceutical impurities? Name some impurities.

2. Answer any four of the following: (4x4)

(i) Write the chemical and pharmaceutical uses of Sodium thiosurpm

(ii) Write the chemical and pharmaceutical uses of Aluminum

(iii) Write the preparation of sodium chloride and its uses

(iv) Write the Pharmaceutical uses of sodium bicarbonate injection."

(v) How to differentiate the alpha rays and beta rays? Which one is more
dangerous?

(v i) Explain any one method used in quality control of drugs and pharmaceuticals.

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3. Answer any four of the following: [5x4]

(i) How combinations of oral electrolytes solution help in diarrhea?

(ii) Write the chemical and pharmaceutical uses of Alum.

(iii) Write the physical, chemical, pharmaceutical uses, storage and incompatibility
of Ammonium chloride.

(iv) Write notes on sublimed sulfur with its pharmaceutical uses. What are
radioisotones?

(vi) Write the application of Indian Pharmaconeia in pharmaceutical science

4. Answer any two of the following: [7x2]

(i) Name and explain the identification test for cations and anions as per IP.

(ii) Write notes on Radio opaque contrast media with example,

(iii) "Electrolytes used for replacement therapy" Justify the statement.

(iv) To discuss the role of physical, chemical, medicinal and pharmaceutical uses
of any antacids.

5. Answer only one of the following: [14x1]

(i) Explain inorganic Official compound of Iron in detail with their uses.

(ii) Write the Radio-pharmaceutical uses and their biological effects of radiations.

(iii) What are the sources of impurities in Pharmaceuticals? Write the limit test for
Arsenic.

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76
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