SURVEY
SURVEY
SURVEY
Acknowledgement
The ten days SURVEY CAMP that we completed on Kirtipur acquainted us with
practical approach to the theories of survey that we learned beforehand. It also helped
to develop co-operation among group members, learn team ethics and provided us
with a chance to experience real working environment as future engineers.
Apart from our efforts, the credit for the completion of the camp goes to the
supervision and guidance of all the instructors and our field supervisors. We as a team
express our gratitude to Institute Of Engineering(IOE) for including survey camp as
the coure of study and the Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus for
facilitating the camp. We also express our cordial thanks to local community and TU
family for the co-operation that they have shown us. Special mention and thanks to
the Sports Club of Tribhuwan University, Kirtipur for providing us with temporary
base of operations.
We express our heartfelt gratitude to the teachers for their guidance and instructions
regarding fieldwork, required mindset and adaptability to unfavourable conditions
which helped us to complete the camp with relative ease and provided a bundle of
knowledge.
We are also thankful to all our friends and colleagues for their support and help
during the camp. We also appreciate the help of all the non-teaching staffs of the
survey instruction committee for making our work at Kirtipur a success.
Lastly we would like to express our thanks to all the individuals who helped us
directly or indirectly during the survey camp and during this report preparation.
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
Preface
This report is the outcome of 10 days Survey Camp 2076 (Kirtipur) organized
by The Survey Instruction Committee, Department of Civil Engineering, IOE-
THAPATHALI CAMPUS Kathmandu, Nepal for the students of 074-BCE
Batch as per the Syllabus of BCE. The camp was held inside the Kathmandu
Valley, in TU, Kirtipur from the date 28th kartik to 7th Mangsir 2076 B.S.
WORKING SCHEDULE
Surveyed by : Group 2
1 KARTIK 27 Reconnaissance
2 KARTIK 28 Major/minor
4 MANGSIR 1 Detailing
5 MANGSIR 2 Computation
6 MANGSIR 3 Bridge
8 MANGSIR 5 Road
9 MANGSIR 6 Road
10 MANGSIR 7 Plotting
1. INTRODUCTION
Surveying is the first step for the execution of any project. As the success of any
engineering is based upon the accurate and complete survey work, an engineer must
therefore be thoroughly familiar with the principle and different methods of surveying
and mapping.
Surveying is the main root for the execution of any civil engineering projects. The
science of surveying has been developing since the initial stage of human civilization
according to their requirements. The art of surveying preparation of maps has been
practiced from the ancient times and the further advanced until present. In the
absence of the map, it is impossible to layout the alignments of road, canals tunnels,
As to whether the surveyor must regard the earth surface as curved or may regard it is
as plane depends upon the character and magnitude of the survey, and upon the
precision required. Primarily, surveying can be divided into plane and geodetic.
In plane surveying, mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane and spheroidal
shape is neglected, all triangle formed are considered as plane triangles, level line is
considered as straight and plumb line are considered parallel. It is reasonable for the
area involving less than 250 sq. km. since length of an arc 12 km. long lying on the
earth surface is only 1 cm greater than the subs tended chord. And the difference
between the sum of angles in a plane triangle and sum of those in spherical triangle is
only 1 second for a triangle at the earth surface having area of 195 sq. km. In geodetic
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surveying, the shape of the earth is taken into account. All line are curved line, all
triangle are spherical triangle so it involves spherical trigonometry.
The object of geodetic survey is to determine the precise position on the surface of
the earth, of a system of widely distant point which forms the control station to which
survey of less precision may be referred.
Keeping in view the above fact in our survey camp we conduct plane surveying since
the area to be surveyed is small and precision required is within the limit as that
obtained by plane surveying.
Classification of Survey
Survey may be classified on the different heading depending upon the uses or purpose
of resulting map.
Based on Nature of Field Survey
Land survey: it includes topographical, cadastral and city survey.
Hydrographic survey
Astronomical survey
Based on object of survey
Engineering survey
Military survey
Mine survey
Geological survey
Archaeological survey
Based on instrument used
Chain survey
Theodolite survey
Traverse survey
Triangulation survey
Tacheometric survey
Plane table survey
Photogrammetric survey
Aerial survey
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
In our survey camp, the type of survey that we performed is engineering survey
which includes the preparation of topographic map, in which both horizontal and
vertical controls are necessary. As per instrument used we perform theodolite traverse
survey for fixing control points, tacheometric survey for detailing and triangulation
survey for establishing control points in bridge site survey.
Principle of Surveying
The fundamental principles of plane surveying are:
Working from whole to part: it is very essential to establish first a system of
control points with higher precision. Minor control points can then be
established by less precise method and details can then be located using minor
control points by running minor traverse. This principle is applied to prevent the
accumulation of error and to control and localize minor error.
Location of point by measurement from two points of reference: the relative
position of points to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at
least two (preferably three) points of reference, the position of which have
already been fixed.
Consistency of work: The survey work should performed by keeping consistency
in method, instrument, observer etc. to get desired level of accuracy.
Independent check: Every measurement taken in the field must be checked by
some independent field observation so that the mistake is not passed unnoticely.
Accuracy required: Proper method and proper instrument should be used
depending upon amount of accuracy required. Accuracy of angular and linear
values should be compatible. In our survey camp, survey work is performed by
considering the above fundamental principle of surveying.
Personal error: Are those arising due to want of perfection of human sight in
observing and of touch in manipulating instrument. E.g., error in taking level
reading.
Natural error: Error due to variation in natural phenomenon such as
temperature, refraction, magnetic declination etc.
Kind of error
the field itself, thereby developing self confidence in oneself. To point out the
objectives are:
To become familiar with the surveying problems that are arise during the
field works.
To became familiar with the parts of the instruments, their functions and
handling the surveying instruments for its use in surveying.
To become familiar with the spirit and importance of teamwork, as surveying
is not a single person work.
To complete the given project in scheduled time and thus knows the value of
time.
To collect required data in the field in systematic ways.
To compute and manipulate the observed data in the required accuracy and
present it in diagrammatic and tabular form in order to understand by other
engineers and related personnel easily.
To tackle the mistake and incomplete data from the field while in office
work.
To know the complete method of report preparation.
Before starting our job, we should study about the existing position of the project area
related to the natural grid line so that we can relate our result into the natural grid.
Nepal lies in between India (east, west, south) and China (north). Its total area is
147,181 sq. km Average Length is 885 km (East to West) and Width is Non-uniform
but the mean width of 193 km (North to South). Its population is 61,902 among them
42,459 are Male and 19,443 are Female according to survey year 2001.
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
Kirtipur is situated southern western part of Kathmandu valley and just below the
Chandragiri Mountain. The average height of kirtipur is 1365m above the mean sea
level; area of kirtipur is about 1400 hectors.
For conducting any type of work we should know about the geology of that area.
Geology plays a vital role for the construction maintenance and rehabilitation of any
type of structure. Geologically Nepal is divided into five zones from south to north,
which are extending towards east west direction and are separated by several
geological structures called thrust. For our concern, the job site falls in “Lesser
Himalaya Zone”. Stratigraphically the central region of Nepal is divided into two
major complexes, out of which one is Kathmandu Complex and another one is
Nawakot complex. The Kathmandu valley and thus of course the survey camp site
lies in Kathmandu complex which is separated from Nawakot complex by
Mahabharat Thrust (M.T.).
Kirtipur has very pleasant climate. The annual rainfall is about 3000mm. Major Crops
grown in Kirtipur are maize, wheat, millet, paddy etc. The altitude of Kirtipur is
1331.52 m from the sea level. Therefore, it has medium rainfall and temperate
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
climate. Kirtipur lies in mid-hill region of Nepal hence the climate is pleasant. The
variation of temperature in summer and winter at Kritipur are as follows:
Winter 17 ̊ C 2 ̊C 5 mm
The soil of Kritipur area seemed to be very vegetative. We saw a no. of fertile lands,
dense vegetation and deciduous forest where oak, sal, bamboo trees are abundantly
found.
Kirtipur is an ancient city with its unique history and pleasant environment. It has a
number of places which are important from viewpoint of history, mythology and
tourism. The places of mythological importance include Bagh Bhairab Temple, Uma
Maheswor Temple and Adhinath Temple. Kirtipur is one of Municipality City of
Kathmandu district. According to population survey it has population of 61,902
among them 19,443 are female and 42,459 are male, similarly there are about 9454
houses similarly from data collected population growth rate is about 4.7%. The city is
at a height more than the surrounding places so a beautiful view of Chobhar,
Dharahara, Swoyambhu and lalitpur can be seen from here.
Tribhuvan University area lies at the center of the Kirtipur Municipality. It is oldest
university of Nepal and biggest one from all campuses of Nepal. The campus is also
important because it carries international cricket ground in it’s premises. The project
area was divided into different parts for individual group. The main area of traversing
is not so sloppy it is almost plain. Almost all part of the project area is rounded by
paddy field at its back and it is connected with the city road which runs from old Bus
park to the Kritipur Bus park.
The whole area was sub-divided into various parts where the almost area covers
educational buildings. The main buildings are Faculty of Education, Faculty of
Humanities, Gandhi Bhawan, Library, SHEDA building, Student’s Club, Physical
Science, Chemistry, Earth Science, Botany, Mathematics etc. and Coronation Park.
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2. TOPOGHAPHIC SURVEY
Topographical surveying is process of determining the configuration of the earth’s
surface and to locate natural and cultural features on it. In other words, it is the
process of determining of the positions both on plan and elevation of natural and
artificial features. From the survey data, using various types of lines and conventional
symbols, topographic maps that represent these natural and cultural features are
produced. Topographic map is simply the graphical representation of positions of the
earth’s surface and provides a number of data, which may prove important for various
fields.
Topographic surveys are three-dimensional; they provide the techniques of plane
surveying and other special techniques to establish both horizontal and vertical
control. Hence, the fieldwork in a topographical surveying consists of three parts.
Establishment of both horizontal and vertical controls.
Locating the contours.
Locating the details such as rivers, streams, lakes, roads, houses, etc.
10. Plot the major traverse and minor traverse at site by coordinate method in
scale 1:1000 and 1:500 respectively. Plotting of minor traverse should depict the
major traverse. Orientation check will be performed at site.
11. Carry out the detail survey of the given sub-area (minor) either by tachometric
system using theodolite or by total station with reference to the major and minor
traverse station. Take the detailed sketch of the minor area including natural and
man-made features.
12. Never drive wooden pegs at the frequent public walk way. Station pegs should
be driven flushed completely on the ground surface to avoid walking
disturbance as far as possible.
13. All the details are to be plotted with respect to vertical and horizontal control
from the respective stations. Use conventional symbols for plotting the map.
14. Topographic map of the given minor area should depict contour lines at suitable
interval contour interval (C.I. =1m). Interpolate the index contour lines precisely
by arithmetic calculation method or by estimation method. Do not erase those
guide points from the original sheet even after plotting of the contours.
2.4 EQUIPMENT’S
The instruments and accessories (equipment’s) used in our survey work are listed
below:
Total station
Prism
Tripod stand
Staffs
Ranging rods
Measuring tapes (30m & 50m)
Plumb bob
Leveling instruments
Compass
Hammer
Nails and pegs
Paints
Field Books
2.5 METHODOLOGY
The methodology of surveying is based on the principle of surveying, they are as
follows:
Working from whole to a part
Independent check
Consistency Check
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2.5.2 Traversing
Traversing is a type of surveying in which a number of connected survey lines form
the framework. It is also a method of control surveying. The survey consists of the
measurement of
Angles between successive lines or bearings of each line
The length of each line
There are two types of traverse. They are as follows:
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1. Closed Traverse:
The traverse which either closes at its beginning point after forming a loop or run
between two known points is known as closed traverse. The traverse which closes at
the beginning point after forming a loop is known as loop traverse and the traverse
which doesn’t closes at the beginning point and runs between two known points is
known as closed link traverse.
2. Open Traverse:
If a traverse starts and finishes at a point other than the starting point or known co-
ordinates, them the traverse is called open traverse. The opened traverse is suitable
for surveying long narrow strip of land as for roads, canal surveying. It does not have
an independent check.
There is another type of traverse that is geometrically open but mathematically closed
known as link traverse. In this traverse an open traverse is linked at its end to an
existing traverse to form a closed traverse.
Fig:link traverse
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The difference between the mean angles of two sets of readings was within a minute
for all the angles.
Minor Traverse
It is not sufficient to detail the area by enclosing with the help of major traverse.
Minor traverse is that one which runs through the area to make detailing easy. Minor
Traverse covers only small area. Less precise work than that of major traverse is
acceptable so that single set reading is sufficient. The minor traverse had 5 control
stations and 7 control stations of major traverse which enclosed the area required for
detailing. The control stations were named as m1, m2 and so on for the 5 control
stations that were added later in forming the minor traverses. The leg ratio of
maximum traverse leg to minimum traverse leg was maintained within 1:3. The
discrepancy in length between the forward measurements and the backward
measurements of all the traverse legs was within 1:2000.
The basic principle of Total Station is that the distance between any two points can be
known once the time light takes to travel the distance and back and the velocity of
light is known. Then the following relation, which is already programmed in the
memory of the instrument along with other correction factors, calculates the required
horizontal distance and is displayed on the LCD screen.
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The error (e) in a closed traverse due to bearing may be determined by comparing the
two bearings of the last line as observed at the first and last stations of traverse. If the
closed traverse, has N number of sides then,
Correction for the first line = e/N
Correction for the second line = 2*(e/N)
And similarly, correction for the last line = N*(e/N) = e
In a closed traverse, by geometry, the sum of the interior angles should be equal to
(2n-4)*90˚ where n is the number of traverse stations. If the angles are measured with
the same degree of precision, the error in the sum of the angles may be distributed
equally among each angle of the traverse.
1. Bowditch’s method
2. Transit method
3. Graphical method
4. Axis method
The basis of these methods is on the assumptions that the errors in linear
measurements are proportional to ‘L’ and that the errors in angular measurements are
inversely proportional to ‘L’, where L is the length of a traverse leg. The Bowditch’s
Rule is commonly used to balance a traverse where linear and angular measurements
are of equal precision. The total error in latitude and in the departure is distributed in
proportional to length of sides. The Bowditch Rule gives the correction as-
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
But if the angular accuracy is more than the linear accuracy then The Transit Rule can
be used. The Transit Rule gives the correction as-
2.8 DETAILING
Detailing means locating and plotting relief in a topographic map. Detailing is done
by using total station.
2.9 LEVELING
Leveling is a branch of surveying the object of which is:
To find the elevation of given points with respect to given or assumed datum.
To establish points at a given elevation or at different elevations with respect
to a given or assumed datum.
The first operation is required to enable the works to be designed while the second
operation is required in the setting out of all kinds of engineering works. Leveling
deals with measurements in a vertical plane. To provide vertical controls in
topographic map, the elevations of the relevant points must be known so that
complete topography of the area can be explored.
Two types of leveling were performed at the site, namely direct leveling (spirit
leveling) and indirect leveling (trigonometric leveling).
Direct leveling:
It is the branch of leveling in which the vertical distances with respect to a horizontal
line (perpendicular to the direction of gravity) may be used to determine the relative
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difference in elevation between two adjacent points. A level provides horizontal line
of sight, i.e. a line tangential to a level surface at the point where the instrument
stands. The difference in elevation between two points is the vertical distance
between two level lines. With a level set up at any place, the difference in elevation
between any two points within proper lengths of sight is given by the difference
between the rod readings taken on these points. By a succession of instrument stations
and related readings, the difference in elevation between widely separated points is
thus obtained.
Following are some special methods of direct (spirit) leveling:
a. Differential leveling:
It is the method of direct leveling the object of which is solely to determine the
difference in elevation of two points regardless of the horizontal positions of the
points with respect of each other. This type of leveling is also known as fly leveling.
b. Profile leveling:
It is the method of direct leveling the object of which is to determine the elevations of
points at measured intervals along a given line in order to obtain a profile of the
surface along that line.
c. Cross-sectioning:
Cross-sectioning or cross leveling is the process of taking levels on each side of main
line at right angles to that line, in order to determine a vertical cross-section of the
surface of the ground, or of underlying strata, or of both.
d. Reciprocal leveling:
It is the method of leveling in which the difference in elevation between two points is
accurately determined by two sets of reciprocal observations when it is not possible to
set up the level between the two points.
Indirect leveling:
Indirect method or trigonometric leveling is the process of leveling in which the
elevations of points are computed from the vertical angles and horizontal distances
measured in the field, just as the length of any side in any triangle can be computed
from proper trigonometric relations.
Fly Leveling:
The RL of Given TBM2 point was found by transferring the level from Known
TBM2 located at ATM by the process of fly leveling. In this method auto level was
used and the level was transferred directly by taking BS and FS at every Turning
Point.
Level transfer to the major and minor traverse stations. The R. L of the temporary
benchmark was then transferred to the control stations of the major and minor
traverse. The closing error was found to be within the permissible limits. The
misclosure was adjusted in each leg of the leveling path by using the following
formula: Permissible error = ±25√k mm.
Where, k is perimeter in Km
Actual Error (e) = ∑BS – ∑F.S. = Last R.L. – First R.L.
Correction ith leg=-{e * (L1 + L2 +…. + Li)}/P
Where L1, L2, Li Length of 1st 2nd, ….. ith leg.
P is perimeter
2.11 Contouring:
A contour is an imaginary line, which passes through the points of equal elevation. It
is a line in which the surface of ground is intersected by a level surface. Every fifth
contour lines must be made darken. While drawing the contour lines, the
characteristics of the contours should be approached.
The characteristics are as follows:
Two contours of different elevations do not cross each other except in the case
of an overhanging cliff.
Contours of different elevations do not unite to form one contour except in the
case of a vertical cliff. Contours drawn closer depict a steep slope and if drawn
apart, represent a gentle slope.
Contours equally spaced depict a uniform slope. When contours are parallel,
equidistant and straight, these represent an inclined plane surface.
Contour at any point is perpendicular to the line of the steepest slope at the point.
A contour line must close itself but need not be necessarily within the limits of
the map itself.
A set ring contours with higher values inside depict a hill whereas a set of ring
contours with lower values inside depict a pond or a depression without an
outlet.
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When contours cross a ridge or V-shaped valley, they form sharp V-shapes
across them. Contours represent a ridge line, if the concavity of higher value
contour lies towards the next lower value contour and on the other hand these
represent a valley if the concavity of the lower value contour, lies toward the
higher value contours.
The same contour must appear on both the sides of a ridge or a valley.
Contours do not have sharp turnings.
Taking the reading at the change point on the ground does the indirect method of
locating contours. The interpolation method is used to draw the contour lines.
Interpolation of contours is done by estimation, by arithmetic calculations or by
graphical method. The eye estimation method is extremely rough and is used for
small-scale work only. Generally, arithmetic calculation method of interpolation is
used to draw the contour lines and is performed as follows:
Distance of contour point = difference in RL of two points * hz distance in scale
Difference in RL of two known points
2.12 RESECTION:
Resection is the determination of the observer’s position by means of observations
taken to previously fixed points. There are several methods of resection and they
include:
Observing horizontal angles from the unknown point to three known points.
Observing horizontal angles from two unknown points to two known points.
Observing horizontal angles from one unknown point to two known points
when the Azimuth of one of them is known.
In the camp we had adopt first method i.e. resection by observing horizontal angles
from the unknown point to three known points.
The site for survey camping was the campus area of TU, Kirtipur. The pattern was
very suitable because all the facilities for engineering work were available with the
good environment of doing work.
The arrangements of the survey instruments were appreciable although there were
some faulty instruments that made the fieldwork time consuming. Some instruments
like theodolite, levels etc. do not given the accurate reading. We hope that there will
be sufficient number of instrument for next survey camp. Some problems during the
field works were during fly leveling during transferring the R.L. from given
benchmark to the T.B.M. due to the disturbance by traffics.
The project of topographical survey was very effective and we felt as if we were
appointed as an engineer and working as per the norms and specification provided.
Further it is very interesting while using Total station for some of the station where
the data taken was assumed to be wrong. In this modern age of surveying, Theodolite
seems to be ineffective in comparison to the Total station.
We were able to familiarize ourselves with the different practical approaches applied
in surveying in the actual field condition. We experienced the difference between
working in a smaller area and working in a larger area. Along with gaining a lot of
confidence regarding the use of the instruments, we also felt the responsibility of
planning, executing, and completing a project. As a whole, we understood the value
of teamwork and mutual coordination in the execution of any project. Completion of
survey work within the period and under the required precision was one of the major
tasks that we had achieved during the camp
The given Topography survey camp work was finished satisfactorily within the given
span of time. The subject survey needs practice as much as possible. For surveying,
theory can only take as the introduction but if there is practice, there will be much
gain of knowledge about the techniques of surveying. Thus, this camp helps us by
practicing the survey work to gain the much essential knowledge as far as possible. It
is better to say that it provides us a confidence to perform survey and apply the
techniques at any type of problem facing during the actual work in the future career.
All the groups prepared their topographic map of the given area of the TU campus
areas in the same scale. The whole area was divided in such a way that area allocated
for one group contains some part of the area allocated for another group. One traverse
leg is also common to all groups and hence the combination of all groups' effort will
provide a perfect and complete topographic map of TU after combining it.
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
3.4 EQUIPMENTS
The equipment used in the survey during the preparation of topographic map, are as
follows:
• Theodolite
• Ranging rods
• Leveling instruments
• Abney level
• Marker
• Arrow
• Staffs
• Tapes
• Pegs
• Tripod
3.5 METHODOLOGY
The various methods performed during the bridge site survey were triangulation,
leveling, tacheometry, cross section, L-section etc. The brief descriptions of these
methodologies were given below:
3.5.1 Recci:
The bridge site was observed and the overview of the placement of axis was made.
3.5.2 Site Selection:
The selection of bridge site is an art and requires considerable investigations. There
are various factors for the selection of bridge site such as geological condition, socio-
economic and ecological aspect etc. Therefore, the site was chosen such that it should
be at well-defined and stable banks and not affect the ecological balance of the flora
and fauna of the site area.
The site should be on a straight reach of the stream. The site which is sufficiently
away from the confluences of large tributaries, which offers a square crossing & more
advantageous foundation conditions, which is sufficiently away from landslides &
subsidence should be preferred. The bridge axis should be so located that it should be
fairly perpendicular to the flow direction and at the same time, the river width should
be narrow from the economical point of view and the free board should be at least
5m. The starting point of bridge axis should not in any way lie or touch the curve of
the road. A site which blends with the topography and landscape will be aesthetically
pleasing.
Keeping in minds the above factors, the bridge site was selected. For the purpose of
the shortest span, the stations were set perpendicular to the river flow direction. The
riverbanks were not eroded and were suitable for bridge construction. The chance of
change of direction of river on the selected axis line was nominal.
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3.5.6 Cross-Section
For the cross-section of the river, the detail points were taken at an interval of 10m.
This was done up to 50m downstream and 150m upstream. While taking the reading
the prism was erected on the bed of river. At every 15m chainage the readings were
taken for cross sectioning. The spot heights were taken where the change in slope was
noticed or remarkable points were noticed such as normal depth level flood depth
level, riverbank, etc. Total station was used for this purpose.
3.5.7 Leveling:
Transferring R.L. from B.M. to control points:
The R.L of benchmark TBM3 was given and was transferred to the bride axis
starting point then to the triangulation stations by fly leveling along the turning points
by taking the back sight reading to the bridge axis starting point which should be
within the given accuracy.
Reciprocal Leveling:
When it is required to carry leveling across a river, ravine or any obstacle requiring a
long sight between two points so situated that no place for the level can be found
from which the lengths of foresight & back sight will be even approximately equal,
reciprocal leveling must be used to obtain accuracy and to eliminate the error in
instrument adjustment, combined effect of earth’s curvature & the refraction of the
atmosphere, and Variations in the average refraction.
Reciprocal leveling was carried out to transfer the R.L. from one side of bridge to
another side of bridge.
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3.5.8 Detailing
The detailing was done with the help of total station. The important details, which
were not included in the cross-section data, were taken. Trigonometric leveling was
also done to find out the RL of the inaccessible points. All the detailing points were
noted for the topographic view of the bridge site.
Triangulation was performed for the determination of the approximate span of the
bridge axis. The triangulation stations can be taken as the control points for detailing.
Two points on either bank of the river were fixed as control points and one of the
sides of the triangle was taken as the bridge axis. Then two triangles from each bank
were fixed. The base line was measured accurately by two ways tapping as well as
tacheometry and interior angles were measured by taking two sets of reading by
theodolite. The accurate span of bridge was computed by applying sine rule. To
minimize the plotting error well- conditioned triangles were constructed i.e. the
angles greater than 30 degree, less than 120 degree and nearer to 60 degree. The best
triangle is equilateral triangle.
4. Road Alignment
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Road is an important infrastructure for development. It occupies a pivotal position in
the growth of developing countries. The various civilizations of the world that are
known for their excellence and attainments have left traces of their art of road
construction. Roads can be constructed to penetrate the interior of any region and to
connect remote villages. The advantage becomes particularly evident when planning
the communications system in hilly regions & sparsely populated areas. Road
transport offers quick & assured deliveries, a flexible service free from fixed
schedules, door to door service, permits simpler packing, has a high employment
potential etc.
The safe, efficient and economic operation of a highway is governed to a large extent
by the care with which the geometric design has been worked out. Geometric design
includes the design elements of horizontal & vertical alignment, sight distance, X-
section components, lateral & vertical clearances, control of access, etc.
The general guide-lines in selecting the alignment & locating route are:
• Should handle the traffic most efficiently & serve inhabited localities.
• Should have minimum Gradients & curvature, necessary for terrain.
• Should involve least impact on the environment.
• Should be located along the edge of properties.
In case of hill road,
• Should attain change in elevation by adopting ruling gradient in most of
length.
• Should avoid unstable hill features & areas prone to landslides.
• Should avoid steep terrain.
• Should avoid hair-pin bends.
• Should align preferably on the side of hill exposed to sun during winter.
• Should avoid deep cuttings & costly tunnels.
• Should develop alignment to suit obligatory points like passes, saddles,
valleys, crossing points of major rivers.
In short, road should be short, easy, safe and economic as far as possible. Roads are
specially prepared ways between different places for the use of vehicles, people &
animals. In countries like Nepal, where there are less chances of airways & almost
negligible chances of waterway, roads form a major part of the transportation system.
Therefore, it would not be an exaggeration in saying that the roads have an almost
importance.
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
The amount of cutting and filling required for the road construction had to be
determined from the L-Section and the cross sections. However, the volume of
cutting had to be roughly equal to the volume of filling.
4.5 EQIIPMENTS
The equipment used in the survey of road alignment were as follows:
Theodolite
Staffs
Ranging rods
Tapes
Leveling instruments
Compass
Abney level
Pegs
Marker
4.7 METHODOLLOGY
4.7.1 Reconnaissance:
First of all reconnaissance were done by walking through the purposed road
alignment, where the actual alignment of road has to be run. After this pegging was
done on the proper position for instrument station for traversing ensuring that the
preceding and succeeding pegs were visible and simultaneously pegs were marked.
4.7.2Horizontal alignment:
Horizontal alignment is done for fixing the road direction in horizontal plane.The
interior angles were observed using 10" Theodolite at each IP and then deflection
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
angles were calculated. The distance between two traverse stations was measured in
the desired precision by tape.
If +ve, the survey line deflects right (clockwise) with the prolongation of preceding
line and deflects left if –ve (anti-clockwise). The radius was assumed according to the
deflection angle. Then the tangent length, BC, M.C EC, along with their chainage
were found by using following formulae,
The BC and EC points were located along the line by measuring the tangent length
from the apex and the points were marked distinctly. The radius was chosen such that
the tangent does not overlap. The apex was fixed at the length of apex distance from
IP along the line bisecting the interior angle.
Topographic survey
Topographic survey of road corridor was done by taking the deflection angle at each
point where two straight roads meet. The chainage of intersection point, tangent point
and middle points were also taken by linear measurements and applying formula. The
staff readings of each of these points were also taken. The staff points were chosen at
every change of slope, important feature, existing electrical pole etc.
4.7.4 Leveling:
The method of fly leveling was applied in transferring the level from the given T.
B.M. to all the I.Ps. The R.L. of beginnings, mid points and ends of the curves as well
as to the points along the center line of the road where the cross sections were taken,
are taken by tachometry.
of the curve, ending of the curve and apex were also taken. The RL of each point
were calculated.
The profile was plotted on the graph at the horizontal scale of 1:1000 and vertical
scale of 1:100.
The cross section was plotted on graph paper using following scale:
Horizontal scale= 1:100
Vertical scale = 1:100
CURVES
Curves are generally used on highways and railways where it is necessary to change
the direction of motion. A curve may be circular, parabola or spiral and is always
tangential to two straight directions. Circular curves may be simple, compound, &
reverse.
Simple Circular Curves
A simple circular curve is the curve, which consists of a single arc of a circle. It is
tangential to both the straight lines. The elements of simple circular curves are
tangent length, external distance, length of curve, length of long chord, mid ordinate.
The notations used are back tangent, forward tangent, point of intersection, point of
curve, point of tangency, external deflection angle, normal chord, sub chord etc. The
sharpness of the curve is either designated by its radius or by its degree of curvature.
Setting out of curves can be done by two methods depending upon the instrument
used.
i) Linear method:
In this method, only a chain or a tape is used. Linear methods are used
when a high degree of accuracy is not required and the curve is short.
The linear methods for setting out simple circular curves are:
• By ordinate from long chord.
• By successive bisection of arcs.
• By offsets from tangents.
• By offsets from chord produced.
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
The linear methods for setting out simple circular curves are:
• The Rankine’s method
• The two theodolite method
• The tachometric method
•
Vertical Curves
A vertical curve is used to join two intersecting grade lines of railways, highways or
other routes to smooth out the chainage in vertical motion .The vertical curve
contributes to the safety, increase sight distance , give comfort in driving and have a
good appearance.
Transition Curves
Transition curve is a curve of varying radius introduced between a straight line and a
circular curve. While the vehicle moves on the straight line of infinite radius to the
curve of finite radius, the passenger feels uncomfortable and even the vehicle may
overturn. This is due to the causes of the centrifugal force couple with the inertia of
the vehicle .To avoid these effects, a curve of changing radius must be introduced
between the straight and the circular curve, which is known as the transition curve.
• To accomplish gradually the transition curve from the tangent to the circular
curve, so that the curvature increased gradually from zero to a specific value.
• To provide a medium for the gradual introduction or change of required super
elevation.
RETAINING STRUCTURES:
A retaining structure is usually a wall constructed for the purpose of supporting or
retaining a vertical or nearly vertical earth bank, which in turn may support vertical
loads along with the self- weight of it. It provides adequate stability to the road way
and to the slope. Retaining walls are constructed on the valley side on the roadway
and also on the cut hillside to prevent slide towards the roadway. Types of retaining
wall are:
1. Gravity walls
2. Semi gravity walls
3. Cantilever walls
4. Counter fort walls
5. Buttressed walls
6. Crib walls
7. Breast walls
8. Reinforced soil walls
4.8 Comments and Conclusions:
Survey of the road alignment was done to make most economical, comfortable, safe
and durable. Extra care is taken to avoid any soil erosion and any other ecological
damage. Vertical and horizontal curves are set according to Road Design Standards
for comfort and other factors.
While setting the road alignment, it should be kept in mind that the minimum IP
points should be taken as far as possible and deflection angles should be minimum as
far as possible. The task was challengeable and tough due to the high altitude along
the route.
In spite of the different kinds of obstacles in the field, our group was successful in
completing the fieldwork as well as the office work in time. In the field, we had spent
quite some time discussing the route of the road and in designing the curves, which
led to good results. The road had to be designed on a sloping ground, so our group
members felt the restrictions during the cutting and filling and for the construction of
different retaining structures.
Moreover, after performing this road alignment survey, we were able to gain
confidence in designing roads at difficult terrain taking factors like economy,
convenience and its use into consideration.
GROUP 2 SURVEY CAMP REPORT 2076
With the helpful regard of teacher and cooperative behavior of all friends all the work
is completed as scheduled in routine time assigned to us although we faced minor
difficulties due to rain especially during our orientation and detailing. All results we
obtained were within the limits given to us. This camp really helped us with the
practical parts of survey fieldwork as we were working in conditions we will surely
have to face in the future. It increased our confidence in handling instruments as well
as completing projects within given deadlines. This trip also offered us relief from the
monotony of performing all survey practical within the college compound. It was also
a chance to get to know our friends from other sections, work closely, and interact
with them. This trip is a good experience in dealing with locals and other people who
were interested in our work. We also learned to explain what we were doing to
laymen in simple terms. We think I.O.E should organize (should keep on I.O.E
syllabus) such trips frequently and for all possible subjects, as practical knowledge is
better. Also our college management should organize such trip frequently for
instinctual development of students. In these trips, we gain first hand concept of the
subject matter that makes it easier for us to grasp the concept. All in this entire trip
was very informative, effective and enjoyable.
Any suggestion and comment are heartily acceptable. During report preparation all
confusion are cleared by teacher whom we are very grateful.
GROUP 2
AASHISH GHIMIRE
ANUPRAJ ACHARYA
BISHAL SAPKOTA
DIWAKAR KHAREL
NAWARAJ SUNDAS
Tribhuvan University
Institute of Engineering
Thapathali Campus
Group no:2 Bearing :
Department of Civil Engineering
Observer : Date :
Recorder : Major Traverse by Total Station Weather:
Instrument : Horizontal Angle Observation Sheet Temperature:
Sighted to
FACE
Sighted to
of Inst Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Target
FACE
HCR Horizontal HCR Horizontal
Mean Mean angle Distance Distance Height
observation Angle observation Angle
{(I+II)/2} (m) ± (m) (m)
m s m-s d m s d m s m-s d m s d m s
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 97.465 -0.048 1.54
M3 - 0'6" 0'3"
R 179 59 48 270 0 6
M4, 1.596 L 218 37 18
218 37 25
308 37 22
218 57 20 218 37 23
103.929 3.706 1.54
M5 37'19" 37'23"
R 38 37 20 128 37 23
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 103.915 -0.861 1.54
M4 - 0'5" - 0'9"
R 179 54 50 269 59 42
M5, 1.552 L 150 2 20
150 2 30
240 2 40
150 2 50 150 2 40
87.518 5.749 1.54
M6 2'25" 2'41"
R 330 2 30 60 2 41
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 87.514 -2.887 1.54
M5 0'4" - 0'10"
R 180 0 8 269 59 40
M6, 1.592 L 137 8 11
137 8 2
227 8 3
137 8 14 137 8 8
84.13 3.496 1.54
M7 8'6" 8'4"
R 317 8 1 407 8 2
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 84.116 -0.663 1.54
M6 - 0'4" 0'0"
R 179 59 52 270 0 0
M7, 1.634 L 148 31 25
0 31 35
238 31 30
148 31 34 148 31 35
104.682 2.133 1.54
M8 31'31" 31'34"
R 328 31 37 58 31 58
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 104.688 0.758 1.54
M7 0'0" 0'7"
R 180 0 0 270 0 14
M8, 1.532 L 239 10 51
239 10 52
329 10 30
239 10 32 239 10 42
84.023 5.556 1.54
M9 10'52" 10'39"
R 59 10 52 149 10 45
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 84.031 -2.574 1.54
M8 - 0'9" 0'0"
R 179 59 42 270 0 0
M9, 1.512 L 84 11 40
84 11 54
174 11 59
84 11 54 84 11 54
114.076 -2.635 1.54
M10 11'45" 11'54"
R 264 11 50 354 11 49
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 114.086 5.718 1.54
M9 0'0" - 0'5"
M10, R 180 0 0 269 59 50
205 3 59 205 4 13 205 4 6
1.424 L 205 3 59 295 4 9 104.419 0.352 1.54
M11 3'59" 4'8"
R 25 3 59 115 4 8
Mean
Inst st and Ht
Set-I Set-II
Sighted to
Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Target
of Inst
FACE
HCR Horizontal HCR Horizontal angle
Mean Mean Distance Distance Height
observation Angle observation Angle {(I+II)/2} (m) ± (m) (m)
m s m-s d m s d m s m-s d m s d m s
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 104.427 2.83 1.54
M10 - 0'8" 0'0"
M11, R 179 59 45 270 0 0
111 39 25 111 39 3 111 39 14
1.454 M12
L 111 39 16
39'17"
201 39 0
39'3"
93.974 -0.443 1.54
R 291 39 17 21 39 7
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 93.98 3.518 1.54
M11 0'0" - 0'10"
M12, R 180 0 0 269 59 40
148 7 13 148 6 57 148 7 5
1.542 L 148 7 10 238 6 40 90.812 -1.957 1.54
M13 7'13" 6'47"
R 328 7 16 58 6 54
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 90.81 5.047 1.54
M12 - 0'4" 0'3"
M13, R 179 59 52 270 0 6
223 47 43 223 47 49 223 47 46
1.400 L 223 47 38 313 47 50 97.68 -2.022 1.54
M14 47'39" 47'52"
R 43 47 39 133 47 54
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 97.676 5.133 1.54
M13 0'0" 0'5"
M14, R 180 0 0 270 0 10
133 8 43 123 8 43 123 8 43
1.470 M15
L 133 18 34
8'43"
213 8 43
8'48"
101.528 -1.26 1.54
R 313 18 32 33 8 53
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 101.54 4.36 1.5
M14 0'5" - 0'1"
M15, R 180 0 10 269 59 58
206 20 21 206 19 47 206 20 4
1.418 M16
L 206 20 25
20'26"
296 19 40
19'46"
126.001 -5.894 1.9
R 26 20 26 116 19 52
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 126.013 9.116 1.5
M15 0'6" 0'0"
M16, R 180 0 13 270 0 0
153 6 8 153 6 8 153 6 8
1.372 M17
L 153 6 19
6'14"
243 6 11
6'8"
84.437 -3.345 1.9
R 333 6 9 83 6
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 84.447 6.541 1.5
M16 0'3" - 0'10"
R 180 0 6 269 59 49
M17, 1.46 L 87 35 5
87 35 6
177 134 13
87 34 30 87 34 48
76.06 -6.106 1.9
M18 35'9" 34'20"
R 267 35 13 357 34 26
Inst st and Ht of
Set-I Set-II Mean
Sighted to
Horizontal Horizontal Vertical Target
FACE
HCR Horizontal HCR Horizontal angle
Inst observation
Mean
Angle observation
Mean
Angle {(I+II)/2}
Distance Distance Height
(m) ± (m) (m)
m s m-s d m s d m s m-s d m s d m s
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 76.064 9.315 1.5
M17 - 0'1" 0'0"
R 179 59 47 270 0 0
M18, 1.4 L 263 12 27
263 12 33
353 12 27
263 12 30 263 12 31
72.068 1.366 1.9
M19 12'32" 12'30"
R 83 12 37 173 12 32
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 72.066 1.703 1.5
M18 0'0" - 0'5"
R 180 0 0 269 59 50
M19,1.7 L 148 11 30
148 11 32
238 11 40
148 11 40 148 11 36
87.2 6.555 1.9
M20 11'32" 11'35"
R 328 11 34 58 11 30
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 87.204 -5.121 1.5
M19 - 0'2" - 0'5"
R 179 59 56 270 0 15
M20,1.574 L 99 43 21
99 43 25
189 43 20
99 43 29 99 43 27
131.163 11.336 1.9
21 43'23" 11'35"
R 279 43 24 9 43 22
L 0 0 0 90 0 0 131.145 -10.98 1.5
M20 0'5" - 0'8"
R 180 0 10 270 0 0
M21,1.518 271 7 11 271 7 14 271 7 13
L 271 17 18 1 7 13 73.685 -5.648 1.9
CP1 17'16" 43'21"
R 91 17 14 181 7 14
Tribhuvan University
Institute of Engineering
Observer : Date :
Minor Traverse by Total
Recorder : Station Weather:
Instrument : Temperature:
& Ht. of
Face
Observation distance
to
ins.
d m s m s d m s
L 0 0 0
M19 0'10" 89.61
M20, R 180 0 20
82 46 2
1.595 L 82 46 7
m1 46'12" 129.4
R 262 46 16
L 0 0 0
M20 10" 129.423
m1, R 180 0 20
142 56 57
1.618 L 142 57 25
m2 57'7" 65.01
R 322 57 29
L 0 0 0
m1 - 0'4" 65
m2, R 179 59 52
229 34 38
1.520 L 229 34 44
m3 34'34" 56.167
R 49 34 28
L 0 0 0
m2 - 0'7" 56.185
m3, R 179 59 47
211 48 57
1.474 L 211 48 40
m4 48'50" 52.36
R 31 49 0
L 0 0 0
m3 0'0" 52.352
m4, R 180 0 0
248 15 58
1.514 L 248 15 53
m5 15'58" 50.85
R 68 16 3
L 0 0 0
m4 - 0'6" 50.834
m5, R 179 59 47
131 26 48
1,536 L 131 26 45
M3 28'42" 70.08
R 311 26 38
L 0 0 0
m5 0'2" 70.098
M3, R 180 0 4
356 38 24
1.502 L 356 38 24
M2 38'26" 89.595
R 176 38 29
Tribhuvan University
Institute of Engineering
Thapathali Campus
Observer: Date :
Recorder: Weather:
Instrument : Distance measurement sheet by Total Station Temperature:
Correction
Leg/Line Correction Independent Co-ordinate
Distance
Co-ordinate
Station
Observed Angle Whole Circle Correction Corrected WCB Consecutive Corrected consecutive Independent Co-
Correction
Leg/Line
bearing Co-ordinate
Distance
Adjusted
d m s d m s d m s d m s Bearing
Latitude Departure Departur length
Latitude Latitude Departure Northing Easting
= l cosɵ = l sinɵ e
d m s
M20 M20m1 129.412 82 46 2 278 7 6 0 0 -3 278 7 3 3063353.772 627468.227 129.39696 278 7 53
m1 m1m2 65.005 142 56 57 241 4 3 0 0 -6 241 3 57 18.27344 -128.1154 0.0294 0.01939 18.302842 -128.096 3063372.075 627340.131 64.990172 241 4 21
m2 m2m3 56.176 229 34 38 290 38 41 0 0 -9 290 38 32 -31.4497 -56.89083 0.013977 0.00922 -31.43572 -56.88161 3063340.639 627283.2494 56.172864 290 39 22
m3 m3m4 52.356 211 48 57 322 27 38 0 0 -11 322 27 27 19.8038 -52.5695 0.011863 0.00782 19.815664 -52.56168 3063360.455 627230.6877 52.360283 322 28 15
m4 m4m5 50.842 248 15 58 30 43 36 0 0 -14 30 43 22 41.51315 -31.90312 0.010948 0.00722 41.524103 -31.8959 3063401.979 627198.7918 50.854666 30 43 24
m5 m5M3 70.089 131 26 48 342 10 24 0 0 -17 342 10 7 43.70629 25.9744 0.010586 0.00698 43.716872 25.981381 3063445.696 627224.7732 70.100398 342 10 48
M3 M3M2 89.605 356 38 24 158 48 48 0 0 -20 158 48 28 66.72205 -21.46243 0.015195 0.01002 66.737244 -21.45242 3063512.433 627203.3208 89.605 158 48 28
WCB of M3M2 from major traverse= 158 48 28 Σl Σd
Error
TOTAL 513.485 0 0 20 158.569 -264.9668 158.661 -264.9062
=
Actual Consecutive Coordinate
without M20m1 448.48 158.661 -264.9062
M2M20=
precision
error = 0.11 ∆= 0.091969 0.060644 4661.11
=
Tribhuwan University
Institute Of Engineering
Thapathali Campus
Observer Date
Recorder Weather
Instrument Temperature
Line/Leg
IP to IP Deflection Angle = ± Δ Whole Circle Bearing Consecutive coordinates Independent Coordinate
From To
Distance
IP IP ± d m s d m s lattitude departure Northing Easting
ip0 3063159.179 627437.0534
ip0 ip1 29.922 307 17 27 18.12857661 -23.80505816 3063177.308 627413.2483
ip1 ip2 53.953 - 22 22 35 284 54 52 13.88622952 -52.1353895 3063191.194 627361.113
ip2 ip3 35.799 - 18 38 10 266 16 42 -2.323701279 -35.72350505 3063188.87 627325.3894
ip3 ip4 35.76 + 31 35 55 297 52 37 16.72045172 -31.61018972 3063205.591 627293.7793
ip4 A 23.26 + 57 42 30 355 35 7 23.19098773 -1.790443607 3063228.782 627291.9888
A B 64.763 355 35 7 64.57084858 -4.985146143 3063293.352 627287.0037
B ip5 21.953 355 35 7 21.88786559 -1.689836995 3063315.24 627285.3138
ip5 ip6 78.914 + 59 51 0 55 26 7 44.77081792 64.98456169 3063360.011 627350.2984
ip6 ip7 62.5001 - 30 21 50 25 4 17 56.61137267 26.4842403 3063416.622 627376.7826
ip7 ip8 57.302 - 42 22 30 342 41 47 54.70862925 -17.04362312 3063471.331 627359.739
ip8 ip9 63.537 + 32 5 20 14 47 7 61.433226 16.21447231 3063532.764 627375.9535
ip9 ip10 35.79 - 15 8 10 359 38 57 35.78932906 -0.219147844 3063568.554 627375.7343
ip10 ip11 34.287 - 32 0 0 327 38 57 28.96522621 -18.34704443 3063597.519 627357.3873
ip11 ip12 42.172 + 36 36 0 4 14 57 42.05608026 3.124691568 3063639.575 627360.512
ip12 ip13 29.089 - 57 45 50 306 29 7 17.29679108 -23.38783742 3063656.872 627337.1241
ip13 C 25.99 + 31 17 20 337 46 27 24.05894641 -9.830930667 3063680.931 627327.2932
C D 6 337 46 27 5.554200787 -2.269549211 3063686.485 627325.0237
D ip14 12.48 337 46 27 11.55273764 -4.72066236 3063698.038 627320.303
ip14 ip15 48 - 26 44 50 311 1 37 31.50786591 -36.21124667 3063729.545 627284.0918
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
Institute Of Engineering
Thapathali Campus
Department Of Civil Engineering
Group no:2
Observer Date
Recorder Weather
Instrument Temperature
Leveling Field Book by Rise and Fall method(minor traverse)
Observer : Date :
Recorder : Chainage computation of curve in Road alignment Weather:
Instrument : Temperature:
Line/Leg Deflection Angle = ± Radius Length
Tangent Apex
IP to IP IP Chainage of Δ of
Length
of
Distance,
Chainage of Chainage of Chainage of
From To
Distance Station IP station Curve, Curve, BC (km) MC (km) EC (km)
IP IP ± d m s TL (m) E (m)
R (m) L (m)
ip 0 ip1 30.346 ip 0 0+ 0.000
ip 1 ip2 53.953 ip 1 0+ 30.346 - 22 22 35 40 7.912 15.614 0.775 0+ 22.434 0+ 30.241 0+ 38.048
ip 2 ip3 35.799 ip 2 0+ 84.089 - 18 38 10 70 11.486 22.757 0.936 0+ 72.603 0+ 83.982 0+ 95.360
ip 3 ip4 35.730 ip 3 0+ 119.674 + 31 35 55 50 14.148 27.561 1.963 0+ 105.526 0+ 119.306 0+ 133.087
ip 4 A 23.260 ip 4 0+ 154.669 + 57 42 30 20 11.020 20.134 2.835 0+ 143.649 0+ 153.716 0+ 163.783
A B 64.763 A 0+ 176.023
ip 5 B 21.953 B 0+ 240.786
ip 5 ip 6 78.914 ip 5 0+ 262.739 + 59 51 0 30 17.268 31.322 4.615 0+ 245.471 0+ 261.132 0+ 276.792
ip 6 ip 7 62.500 ip 6 0+ 338.438 - 30 21 50 35 9.497 18.539 1.266 0+ 328.941 0+ 338.210 0+ 347.480
ip 7 ip 8 57.303 ip 7 0+ 400.482 - 42 22 30 60 23.257 44.353 4.350 0+ 377.225 0+ 399.401 0+ 421.577
ip 8 ip 9 63.537 ip 8 0+ 455.622 + 32 5 20 85 24.445 47.581 3.445 0+ 431.178 0+ 454.968 0+ 478.758
ip 9 ip 10 35.790 ip 9 0+ 517.851 - 15 8 10 80 10.629 21.123 0.703 0+ 507.222 0+ 517.783 0+ 528.345
ip 10 ip 11 34.287 ip 10 0+ 553.506 - 32 0 0 40 11.470 22.329 1.612 0+ 542.036 0+ 553.201 0+ 564.365
ip 11 ip 12 42.172 ip 11 0+ 587.182 + 36 36 0 45 14.882 28.731 2.397 0+ 572.300 0+ 586.665 0+ 601.031
ip 12 ip 13 29.089 ip 12 0+ 628.320 - 51 45 50 30 14.556 27.090 3.345 0+ 613.765 0+ 627.310 0+ 640.855
ip 13 C 25.799 ip 13 0+ 655.388 + 31 17 20 45 12.602 24.562 1.731 0+ 642.786 0+ 655.067 0+ 667.348
C D 6.000 C 0+ 680.545
ip 14 D 12.480 D 0+ 686.545
ip 14 ip 15 48.000 ip 14 0+ 699.025 - 26 44 50 40 9.510 18.664 1.115 0+ 689.515 0+ 698.847 0+ 708.179
ip 15 0+ 746.669
Tribhuvan University
Institute of Engineering
Observer : Date :
Recorder : Two peg or Collimation test Weather:
Instrument : AL-M4 ,610377 Temperature:
Note: Compare mean value with middle wire readings which should be within tolerance ± 1mm
Institute of Engineering
Thapathali Campus
Observer : Date :
Recorder : Weather:
Instrument : Fly Levelling (RL Transfer) Temperature:
FORWARD ROUTE
BS S1 FS S2 Stadia Hz. Dst
Stations Mean Mean Fall Elevation
Rise + Interval (m) Remarks
Chainage Top Mid Bot BS (T-B) Top Mid Bot FS (T-B) - (m)
S=S1+S2 Sx100
0.813 0.794 0.776 0.794 0.037 1312.784 0.037 3.7 TBM3
0.753 0.738 0.723 0.738 0.03 1.769 1.748 1.726 1.748 0.043 0 0.954 1311.830 0.073 7.3 TP
0.787 0.768 0.749 0.768 0.038 1.859 1.845 1.829 1.844 0.03 0 1.106 1310.724 0.068 6.8 TP
0.856 0.831 0.81 0.832 0.046 1.966 1.947 1.928 1.947 0.038 0 1.179 1309.545 0.084 8.4 TP
0.862 0.846 0.827 0.845 0.035 1.971 1.944 1.918 1.944 0.053 0 1.112 1308.433 0.088 8.8 TP
0.883 0.866 0.849 0.866 0.034 1.924 1.906 1.887 1.906 0.037 0 1.061 1307.372 0.071 7.1 TP
0.709 0.693 0.677 0.693 0.032 1.992 1.977 1.964 1.978 0.028 0 1.112 1306.260 0.06 6 TP
0.757 0.747 0.736 0.747 0.021 1.848 1.831 1.814 1.831 0.034 0 1.138 1305.122 0.055 5.5 TP
0.672 0.66 0.648 0.66 0.024 0.087 0 1305.209 0.024 2.4 B
SUM SUM
Sum BS SUM FS
RISE FALL RL Diff TOTAL
6.283 13.858 0.087 7.662 7.575 56.000
BACKWARD ROUTE
BS S1 FS S2 Stadia Hz. Dst
Stations Mean Mean Rise Fall Elevation
Interval (m) Remarks
Chainage Top Mid Bot BS (T-B) Top Mid Bot FS (T-B) + - (m)
S=S1+S2 Sx100
0.672 0.66 0.648 0.66 0.024 1305.206 B
1.789 1.771 1.754 1.771 0.035 0.685 0.67 0.656 0.67 0.029 0 0.01 1305.196 0.064 6.4 TP
1.759 1.748 1.729 1.745 0.03 0.66 0.644 0.628 0.644 0.032 1.127 0 1306.323 0.062 6.2 TP
1.966 1.953 1.941 1.953 0.025 0.818 0.8 0.782 0.8 0.036 0.945 0 1307.268 0.061 6.1 TP
1.889 1.87 1.851 1.87 0.038 0.94 0.927 0.916 0.928 0.024 1.025 0 1308.293 0.062 6.2 TP
1.956 1.928 1.9 1.928 0.056 0.643 0.623 0.603 0.623 0.04 1.247 0 1309.54 0.096 9.6 TP
1.839 1.82 1.809 1.823 0.03 0.946 0.919 0.891 0.919 0.055 1.009 0 1310.549 0.085 8.5 TP
1.948 1.924 1.899 1.924 0.049 0.716 0.696 0.676 0.696 0.04 1.127 0 1311.676 0.089 8.9 TP
0.845 0.816 0.787 0.816 0.058 1.108 0 1312.784 0.058 5.8 TBM3
SUM SUM SUM
Sum BS
FS RISE FALL RL Diff TOTAL
13.674 6.096 7.588 0.010 7.578 57.700
Correction Correction
∠ACB= - 7" ∠ADB= - 10"
∠ABC= - 7" ∠ABD= - 10"
∠BAC= - 6" ∠BAD= - 10"
G
E
Corrected Angles Corrected Angles
∠ACB= 58°52'13" ∠ADB= 68°5'20" A D
∠ABC= 90°57'13" ∠ABD= 38°49'30"
∠BAC= 30°10'34" ∠BAD= 73°5'10"
Face
angle
to
Remarks
d m s m s d m s
L 0 0 0
E
R 180 0 20 0'10"
A 60 34 20
L 60 34 40
C
R 240 34 50 34'30"
L 0 0 0
A
R 180 0 0 0'0"
43 31 40
L 43 31 40
E
R 223 31 40 31'40"
C
L 43 31 40
E
R 223 31 40 31'40"
60 21 0
L 103 53 0"
F R 283 52 20" 52'40"
L 0 0 0
G
R 180 0 10 0'5"
33 39 30
L 33 39 40
F
R 213 39 30 39'35"
L 33 39 40
F
R 213 39 30 39'35"
E 45 0 5
L 78 39 30
C
R 258 39 50 39'40"
L 78 39 30
C
R 258 39 50 39'40"
75 54 40
L 154 34 30
A
R 334 34 10 34'20"
L 0 0 0
C
R 180 0 0 0'0"
74 38 30
L 74 38 20
E
R 254 38 40 38'30"
F
L 74 38 20
E
R 254 38 40 38'30"
61 5 0
L 138 43 40
G
R 318 43 20 43'30"
L 0 0 0
F - 0'5"
R 179 59 50
G 85 15 40
L 85 15 50
E
R 265 15 40 15'45"
In Minor Triangle ACE
In Base Triangle CEF
∠AEC= 75°54'40"
∠CEF= 45°0'5"
∠ACE= 43°31'40"
∠EFC= 74°38'30"
∠EAC= 60°34'20"
∠FCE= 60°21'0"
SUM= 180°0'40"
SUM= 179°59'35"
Geometrical sum= 180°
Geometrical sum= 180°
Error= 40"
Error= - 25"
Correction
Correction
∠AEC= - 14"
∠CEF= 8"
∠ACE= - 13"
∠EFC= 9"
∠EAC= - 13"
∠FCE= 8"
Corrected Angles
Corrected Angles
∠AEC= 75°54'26"
∠CEF= 45°0'13"
∠ACE= 43°31'27"
∠EFC= 74°38'39"
∠EAC= 60°34'7"
∠FCE= 60°21'8"
Corrected Angles
∠EFG= 61°4'57"
∠FEG= 33°39'27"
∠FGE= 85°15'36"
TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
Institute Of Engineering
Thapathali Campus
Observer Date
Recorder Weather
Instrument Temperature
Leveling Field Book by Rise and Fall method
bridge
Staff Rise Fall Reduced
BS FS Correction Corrected Remarks
Stations + - Level (m)
1.132 1305.944 1305.944 a
0.67 1.989 0 0.857 1305.087
2.02 1.224 0 0.554 1304.533
1.017 1.017 1.003 0 1305.536 -0.00075 1305.535 e
0.835 1.846 0 0.829 1304.707
0.645 1.376 0 0.541 1304.166
0.616 1.837 0 1.192 1302.974
1.591 1.83 0 1.214 1301.76
1.209 1.204 0.387 0 1302.147 -0.0015 1302.146 g
1.724 1.591 0 0.382 1301.765
1.697 0.768 0.956 0 1302.721
1.796 1.033 0.664 0 1303.385
1.986 0.956 0.84 0 1304.225
0.983 0.679 1.307 0 1305.532
1.363 1.989 0 1.006 1304.526
1.983 0.936 0.427 0 1304.953
0.989 0.994 0 1305.947 -0.003 1305.944 a
Staff Reduced
Rise Fall
Stations BS FS Level Correction Corrected Remarks
+ -
(m)
1.997 1305.207 1305.207 b
1.854 0.605 1.392 0 1306.599
1.756 0.949 0.905 0 1307.504
1.56 1.667 0.089 0 1307.593 -0.00173 1307.591 c
0.892 1.016 0.544 0 1308.137
0.603 1.986 0 1.094 1307.043
0.896 1.046 0 0.443 1306.6
0.954 1.845 0 0.949 1305.651
1.291 1.687 0 0.733 1304.918
1.979 1.562 0 0.271 1304.647 -0.004005 1304.643 f
1.992 0.722 1.257 0 1305.904
1.995 0.801 1.191 0 1307.095
1.821 1.94 0.055 0 1307.15
1.378 1.378 0.443 0 1307.593
1.021 1.261 0.117 0 1307.71
1.395 1.645 0 0.624 1307.086
1.035 2.334 0 0.939 1306.147
1.372 1.881 0 0.846 1305.301
1.458 0 0.086 1305.215 -0.008 1305.207 b
Observer : Date :
Recorder : Reciprocal Levelling Weather:
Instrument : Temperature:
Observer : Date :
Recorder : Analytical Resection for Coordinate Transfer Weather:
Instrument : Temperature:
d m s m s d m s d m s m s d m s D M S
L 0 0 0 90 0 0
S - 0'1" 359 59 59 0'5" 0 0 5 0 0 2
R 179 59 58 270 0 10
L 3 28 23 93 28 57
M8 28'25.5" 3 28 26 28'50" 3 28 50 3 28 38
R 183 28 28 273 28 43
L 147 4 28 237 4 55
Rp C 4'24" 147 4 24 4'54" 147 4 54 147 4 39
R 327 4 20 57 4 53
L 308 45 1 38 45 1
CT 44'53" 308 44 53 45'2.5" 308 45 3 308 44 58
R 128 44 45 218 45 4
L 359 59 58 89 59 44
S 59'56.5" 359 59 56 59'44" 359 59 44 359 59 50
R 179 59 55 269 59 44
Mean
Inst st and Ht
Set-I Set-II
Sighted to
Horizontal
of Inst
FACE
Observer : Date :
Recorder : Weather:
Instrument : Temperature:
Levelling for L- Section and X - Section
5 1.726 1310.843
10 0.712 1.477 1311.804 1311.092 TP
5 3.131 1308.673
10 3.992 1307.812
1.007 1310.797
5 0.977 1310.827
10 0.923 1310.881
5 1.186 1310.618
10 2.082 1.325 1312.561 1310.479 TP
MC3 1.569 1310.992
5 1.355 1311.206
10 1.267 1311.294
5 1.794 1310.767
10 0.996 2.325 1311.232 1310.236 TP
EC3 2.025 1309.207
5 1.956 1309.276
10 1.925 1309.307
5 1.936 1309.296
10 1.431 1.98 1310.683 1309.252 TP
BC4 1.522 1309.161
5 1.582 1309.101
10 1.57 1309.113
5 1.376 1309.307
10 1.254 1309.429
MC4 1.602 1309.081
5 1.589 1309.094
10 1.737 1308.946
5 1.585 1309.098
10 1.52 1309.163
EC4 2.168 1308.515
5 2.145 1308.538
10 1.824 1308.859
5 2.112 1308.571
10 1.285 2.15 1309.818 1308.533 TP
A 3.874 1305.944
5 3.862 1305.956
10 3.875 1305.943
5 4.116 1305.702
10 4.418 1305.4
2.87 0.73 1311.958 1309.088 TP
BC3 0.9 1311.058
Left Center Right Reduced
Points Offset Line Offset BS IS FS HI Level Remarks
(m) Chainage (m) (m)
5 0.772 1311.186
10 0.6 1311.358
5 1.178 1310.78
10 1.229 1310.729 TP
B 2.462 1307.669 1305.207
5 2.174 1305.495
10 1.571 1306.098
5 2.348 1305.321
10 2.479 1305.19
BC5 0.637 1307.032
5 0.755 1306.914
10 0.638 1307.031
5 0.843 1306.826
10 0.86 1306.809
2.979 0.654 1309.994 1307.015 TP
2.627 1.121 1311.5 1308.873 TP
MC4 1.719 1309.781
5 1.62 1309.88
10 1.619 1309.881
5 1.768 1309.732
10 2.739 2.024 1312.215 1309.476 TP
EC5 1.301 1310.914
5 2.139 1310.076
10 1.423 1310.792
5 0.634 1311.581
9 3.921 1308.294
2.339 1309.876
1.973 0.764 1313.424 1311.451 TP
0+280 1.41 1312.014
5 2.234 1311.19
10 3.012 1310.412
5 0.861 1312.563
10 0.714 1312.71
0+300 2.714 1.88 1314.258 1311.544 TP
5 1.92 1312.338
5 3.265 1310.993
BC6 2.205 1312.053
5 1.597 1312.661
10 4.291 1309.967
MC6 1.425 1312.833
5 2.713 1311.545
5 1.274 1312.984
Left Center Right Reduced
Points Offset Line Offset BS IS FS HI Level Remarks
(m) Chainage (m) (m)
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Sighted to
Observation level
Horizontal
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s
Distance (m)
Distance (m)
Horizontal
Sighted to
Observation
Vertical
of ins.
(m)
d m s