Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithms: Chapte R
Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithms: Chapte R
Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithms: Chapte R
R
1
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES,
LOGARITHMS
UNIT I: RATIO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit a student will learn –
How to compute and compare two ratios;
Effect of increase or decrease of a quantity on the ratio;
The concept and application of inverse ratio.
UNIT OVERVIEW
Overview of
Ratios
We use ratio in many ways in practical fields. For example, it is given that a certain sum of money is
divided into three parts in the given ratio. If first part is given then we can find out total amount and the
other two parts.
In the case when ratio of boys and girls in a school is given and the total number of student is also given,
then if we know the number of boys in the school, we can find out the number of girls of that school by
using ratios.
1.1 RATIO
A ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two or more quantities of the same kind by division.
If a and b are two quantities of the same kind (in same units), then the fraction a/b is called the ratio of a
to b. It is written as a : b. Thus, the ratio of a to b = a/b or a : b. The quantities a and b are called the
terms of the ratio, a is called the first term or antecedent and b is called the second term or
consequent.
For example, in the ratio 5 : 6, 5 & 6 are called terms of the ratio. 5 is called first term and 6 is called
second term.
1.1.2 Remarks
Both terms of a ratio can be multiplied or divided by the same (non–zero) number.
Usually a ratio is expressed in lowest terms (or simplest form).
Illustration I:
12 : 16 = 12/16 = (3 × 4)/(4 × 4) = 3/4 = 3 : 4
The order of the terms in a ratio is important.
Illustration II:
3 : 4 is not same as 4 : 3.
Ratio exists only between quantities of the same kind.
Illustration III:
(i) There is no ratio between number of students in a class and the salary of a teacher.
(ii) There is no ratio between the weight of one child and the age of another child.
Quantities to be compared (by division) must be in the same units.
Illustration IV:
(i) Ratio between 150 gm and 2 kg = Ratio between 150 gm and 2000 gm
= 150/2000 = 3/40 = 3 : 40
(ii) Ratio between 25 minutes and 45 seconds = Ratio between (25 × 60) sec. and 45 sec.
= 1500/45 = 100/3 = 100 : 3
Illustration V:
(i) Ratio between 3 kg & 5 kg = 3/5
To compare two ratios, convert them into equivalent like fractions.
Illustration VI: To find which ratio is greater
1 1
2 3 : 3 3 ; 3.6 : 4.8
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.3
Illustration VII: Rounaq weighs 56.7 kg. If he reduces his weight in the ratio 7 : 6, find his new
weight.
Solution: Original weight of Rounaq = 56.7 kg He
reduces his weight in the ratio 7 : 6
His new weight = (6 × 56.7)/7 = 6 × 8.1 = 48.6 kg
Applications:
Example 1: Simplify the ratio 1/3 : 1/8 : 1/6
Solution: L.C.M. of 3, 8 and 6 is 24.
1/3 : 1/8 : 1/6 = 1 × 24/3 : 1 × 24/8 : 1 × 24/6
=8:3:4
Example 2: The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls in a school of 720 students is 3 : 5. If
18 new girls are admitted in the school, find how many new boys may be admitted so that the ratio of the
number of boys to the number of girls may change to 2 : 3.
Solution: The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls = 3 : 5
Sum of the ratios = 3+5 = 8
So, the number of boys in the school = (3 × 720)/8 = 270
And the number of girls in the school = (5 × 720)/8 = 450
Let the number of new boys admitted be x, then the number of boys become (270 + x). After
admitting 18 new girls, the number of girls become 450 + 18 = 468
According to given description of the problem, (270 + x)/468 = 2/3
or, 3 (270 + x) = 2 x 468
or, 810 + 3x = 936 or, 3x = 126 or, x = 42.
Hence the number of new boys admitted = 42.
1.4 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
1.1.S Inverse Łatio : One ratio is the inverse of another if their product is 1. Thus a : b is the
inverse of b : a and vice-versa.
Some Properties of Łatios :
1. A ratio a : b is said to be of greater inequality if a>b and of less inequality if a<b. 2.
The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
For example compound ratio of 3 : 4 and 5 : 7 is 15 : 28.
Compound ratio of 2 : 3, 5 : 7 and 4 : 9 is 40 : 189.
3. A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio.
Thus a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a : b. Similarly, the triplicate ratio of a : b is a 3 : b3. For
example, duplicate ratio of 2 : 3 is 4 : 9. Triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 is 8 : 27.
4. The sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is a : b and the sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is 3 a : 3b .
For example sub-duplicate ratio of 4 : 9 is 4 : 9 =2: 3
And sub-triplicate ratio of 8 : 27 is 3 8 : 3 27 = 2 : 3.
5. If the ratio of two similar quantities can be expressed as a ratio of two integers, the quantities
are said to be commensurable; otherwise, they are said to be incommensurable. 3 : 2
cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers and therefore,
3 and 2 are
incommensurable quantities.
6. Continued Ratio is the relation (or comparison) between the magnitudes of three or more quantities
of the same kind. The continued ratio of three similar quantities a, b, c is written as a : b : c.
Applications:
Illustration I: The continued ratio of ` 200, ` 400 and ` 600 is ` 200 : ` 400 :
` 600 = 1 : 2 : 3.
Example 1: The monthly incomes of two persons are in the ratio 4 : 5 and their monthly expenditures
are in the ratio 7 : 9. If each saves ` 50 per month, find their monthly incomes.
Solution: Let the monthly incomes of two persons be ` 4x and ` 5x so that the ratio is
` 4x : ` 5x = 4 : 5. If each saves ` 50 per month, then the expenditures of two persons are `
(4x – 50) and ` (5x – 50).
4x 50 7
= or 36x 450 = 35x 350
5x 50 9
or, 36x – 35x = 450 – 350, or, x = 100
Hence, the monthly incomes of the two persons are ` 4 × 100 and ` 5 × 100
i.e. ` 400 and ` 500.
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.5
Example 2 : The ratio of the prices of two houses was 16 : 23. Two years later when the price of the
first has increased by 10% and that of the second by ` 477, the ratio of the prices becomes 11 : 20. Find
the original prices of the two houses.
Solution: Let the original prices of two houses be ` 16x and ` 23x respectively. Then by the given
conditions,
16x +1.6x 11
or, = , or, 320x + 32x = 253x + 5247
23x + 477 20
or, 352x – 253x = 5247, or, 99x = 5247; x = 53
Hence, the original prices of two houses are ` 16 × 53 and ` 23 × 53 i.e. ` 848 and
` 1,219.
Example 3: Find in what ratio will the total wages of the workers of a factory be increased or decreased
if there be a reduction in the number of workers in the ratio 15 : 11 and an increment in their wages in
the ratio 22 : 25.
Solution: Let x be the original number of workers and ` y the (average) wages per workers. Then the
total wages before changes = ` xy.
After reduction, the number of workers = (11x)/15
After increment, the (average) wages per workers = ` (25y)/22
SUMMARY
A ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two or more quantities of the same kind by division.
If a and b are two quantities of the same kind (in same units), then the fraction a/b is called the
ratio of a to b. It is written as a : b. Thus, the ratio of a to b = a/b or a : b.
The quantities a and b are called the terms of the ratio, a is called the first term or antecedent and
b is called the second term or consequent.
The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio. a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a
b. Similarly, the triplicate ratio of a : b is a3 : b3.
For any ratio a : b, the inverse ratio is b : a
The sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is a½ : b½ and the sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is a1/3: b1/3.
Continued Ratio is the relation (or comparison) between the magnitudes of three or more
Quantities of the same kind. The continued ratio of three similar quantities a, b, c is written as a :
b : c.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit a student will learn –
What is proportion?
Properties of proportion and how to use them.
UNIT OVERVIEW
Overview of Proportions
1.2 PROPORTIONS
If the income of a man is increased in the given ratio and if the increase in his income is given then to
find out his new income, Proportion problem is used.
Again if the ages of two men are in the given ratio and if the age of one man is given, we can find out
the age of the another man by Proportion.
An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. Four quantities a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion if
a : b = c : d (also written as a : b :: c : d) i.e. if a/b = c/d i.e. if ad = bc.
The quantities a, b, c, d are called terms of the proportion; a, b, c and d are called its first, second, third
and fourth terms respectively. First and fourth terms are called extremes (or extreme terms). Second
and third terms are called means (or middle terms).
When three or more numbers are so related that the ratio of the first to the second, the ratio of the second
to the third, third to the fourth etc. are all equal, the numbers are said to be in continued proportion.
We write it as
x/y = y/z = z/w = w/p = p/q =...............................................................when
x, y, z, w, p and q are in continued proportion. If a ratio is equal to the reciprocal of the other, then either
of them is in inverse (or reciprocal) proportion of the other. For example 5/4 is in inverse proportion of
4/5 and vice-versa.
Note: In a ratio a : b, both quantities must be of the same kind while in a proportion a : b =
c : d, all the four quantities need not be of the same type. The first two quantities should be of the same
kind and last two quantities should be of the same kind.
Applications :
Illustration I:
` 6 : ` 8 = 12 toffees : 16 toffees are in a proportion.
Here 1st two quantities are of same kind and last two are of same kind.
Example 1: The numbers 2.4, 3.2, 1.5, 2 are in proportion because these numbers satisfy the property
the product of extremes = product of means.
Here 2.4 × 2 = 4.8 and 3.2 × 1.5 = 4.8
Example 2: Find the value of x if 10/3 : x : : 5/2 : 5/4.
Solution: 10/3 : x = 5/2 : 5/4
Using cross product rule, x × 5/2 = (10/3) × 5/4 Or, x =
(10/3) × (5/4) × (2/5) = 5/3
Example 3: Find the fourth proportional to 2/3, 3/7, 4.
Solution: If the fourth proportional be x, then 2/3, 3/7, 4, x are in proportion.
Using cross product rule, (2/3) × x = (3 × 4)/7
or, x = (3 × 4 × 3)/(7 × 2) = 18/7.
Example 4: Find the third proportion to 2.4 kg, 9.6 kg.
Solution: Let the third proportion to 2.4 kg, 9.6 kg be x kg.
Then 2.4 kg, 9.6 kg and x kg are in continued proportion since b2 = ac So,
2.4/9.6 = 9.6/x or, x = (9.6 × 9.6)/2.4 = 38.4
1.10 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
Proof. a c
= ad = bc (By cross - multiplication)
;
b d
2. If a : b = c : d, then b : a = d : c (Invertendo)
Proof. a c
a c or 1 = , or, b d
= =
1
b d b d a c
Hence, b : a = d : c.
3. If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (Alternendo)
Proof.
a c or, ad = bc
b= d
Dividing both sides by cd, we get
ad bc a b
= , or = , i.e. a : c = b : d.
cd cd c d
4. If a : b = c : d, then a + b : b = c + d : d (Componendo)
a c c a
Proof. = , or,
+ 1= + 1
b d b d
a+ b c + d
or, = , i.e. a + b : b = c + d : d.
b d
5. If a : b = c : d, then a – b : b = c – d : d (Dividendo)
a c a c
Proof. = , 1= 1
b d b d
ab cd
= , i.e. a b : b = c d :
d. b d
6. If a : b = c : d, then a + b : a – b = c + d : c – d (Componendo and Dividendo)
a b c a+b+c
Example 2: If = = , then prove that =2
c
3 4 7
a b c a+ b + c a + b +c
Solution: We have = = = 3+ 4+ 7= 14
3 4 7
a+ b + c c
a+ b + = 14 = 2
or =
c
14 7 c 7
Example 3: A dealer mixes tea costing ` 6.92 per kg. with tea costing ` 7.77 per kg and sells the
1
mixture at ` 8.80 per kg and earns a profit of on his sale price. In what proportion does
17 %
2
he mix them?
Solution: Let us first find the cost price (C.P.) of the mixture. If S.P. is ` 100, profit is
1 1 1
17 Therefore C.P. = ` ` 82 =` 165
(100 - 17 )=
2 2 2 2
1.12 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE 1(B)
Choose the most appropriate option (a) (b) (c) or (d).
1. The fourth proportional to 4, 6, 8 is
(a) 12 (b) 32 (c) 48 (d) none of these
2. The third proportional to 12, 18 is
(a) 24 (b) 27 (c) 36 (d) none of these
3. The mean proportional between 25, 81 is
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 45 (d) none of these
4. The number which has the same ratio to 26 that 6 has to 13 is
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 21 (d) none of these
5. The fourth proportional to 2a, a , c is
2
28. If a = b then
45
a+4=b-5 a+4=b+5 a-4=b+5
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
a - 4b + 5 a - 4b - 5 a + 4b - 5
b
a+b
29. If a : b = 4 : 1 then is
(b) 4 a
(a) 5/2 (c) 5 (d) none of these
If x= y= zth
30. en
b + c ac + a ba + b c
(b – c)x + (c – a)y + (a – b)z is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 5 (d) none of these
SUMMARY
p : q = r : s => q : p = s : r (Invertendo)
(p/q = r/s) => (q/p = s/r)
a : b = c : d => a : c = b : d (Alternendo)
(a/b = c/d) => (a/c = b/d)
a : b = c : d => a + b : b = c + d : d (Componendo) (a/b
= c/d) => (a + b)/b = (c + d)/d
a : b = c : d => a – b : b = c – d : d (Dividendo) (a/b
= c/d) => (a – b)/b = (c – d)/d
a : b = c : d => a + b : a – b = c + d : c – d (Componendo & Dividendo) (a +
b)/(a – b) = (c + d)/(c – d)
a : b = c : d = a + c : b + d (Addendo) (a/b
= c/d = a + c/b + d)
a : b = c : d = a – c : b – d (Subtrahendo) (a/b
= c/d = a – c/b – d)
If a : b = c : d = e : f = ............ then each of these ratios = (a – c – e – .......) : (b – d – f...............)
The quantities a, b, c, d are called terms of the proportion; a, b, c and d are called its first, second,
third and fourth terms respectively. First and fourth terms are called extremes (or extreme
terms). Second and third terms are called means (or middle terms).
If a : b = c : d are in proportion then a/b = c/d i.e. ad = bc i.e. product of extremes = product of means. This is called cross
product rule.
Three quantities a, b, c of the same kind (in same units) are said to be in continuous proportion
if a : b = b : c i.e. a/b = b/c i.e. b2 = ac
If a, b, c are in continuous proportion, then the middle term b is called the mean proportional between a and c, a is the
first proportional and c is the third proportional.
Thus, if b is mean proportional between a and c, then b 2 = ac i.e. b = ac.
UNIT OVERVIEW
Overview of
Indices
Meaning of Indices Laws of
Indices
1.3 INDICES:
We are aware of certain operations of addition and multiplication and now we take up certain higher
order operations with powers and roots under the respective heads of indices.
We know that the result of a repeated addition can be held by multiplication e.g.
4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 5(4) = 20
a + a + a + a + a = 5(a) = 5a
Now, 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 45;
a × a × a × a × a = a 5.
1.16 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
It may be noticed that in the first case 4 is multiplied 5 times and in the second case ‘a’ is multiplied 5
times. In all such cases a factor which multiplies is called the “base” and the number of times it is
multiplied is called the “power” or the “index”. Therefore, “4” and “a” are the bases and “5” is the index
for both. Any base raised to the power zero is defined to be 1; i.e. ao = 1. We also
define r
a =a1r .
If n is a positive integer, and ‘a’ is a real number, i.e. n N and a R (where N is the set of positive
integers and R is the set of real numbers), ‘a’ is used to denote the continued product of n factors each
equal to ‘a’ as shown below:
an = a × a × a.....................to n factors.
Here an is a power of “a“ whose base is “a“ and the index or power is “n“. For
example, in 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 34 , 3 is base and 4 is index or power.
Law 1
am × an = am+n, when m and n are positive integers; by the above definition, am = a ×
a ………….. to m factors and an = a × a........................................to n factors.
am × an = (a × a ………….. to m factors) × (a × a..............to n factors)
= a × a.....................to (m + n) factors
m+n
=a
Now, we extend this logic to negative integers and fractions. First let us consider this for negative
integer, that is m will be replaced by –n. By the definition of am × an = am+n,
we get a–n × an = a–n+n = a0 = 1
For example 34 × 3 5 = (3 × 3 × 3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3) = 3 4 + 5 = 39
Again, 3–5 = 1/35 = 1/(3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3) = 1/243
= 6x 1/2
6 6 6 6
= = = = =3
x1/2 4
1/2 2 1/2
(2 ) 2
Example 2: Simplify 6ab2c3 × 4b–2c–3d.
Solution: 6ab2c3 × 4b–2c–3d
= 24 × a × b2 × b–2 × c3 × c–3 × d
= 24 × a × b2+(–2) × c3+(–3) × d
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.17
= 24 × a × b2 – 2 × c3 – 3 × d
= 24a b0 × c0 × d
= 24ad
Law 2
am/an = am–n, when m and n are positive integers and m > n. By
definition, am = a × a............................to m factors
m n am
aa.................to m factors
Therefore, a ÷ a =n
= aa....................to n factors
a
= a × a ……… to (m–n) factors
m–n
=a
Now we take a numerical value for a and check the validity of this Law
7 4 27
2 ´ 2 ...........to7 factors
2÷2= 4
= 2 ´ 2..............to 4 factors
2
= 2 × 2 × 2.................to (7–4) factors.
= 2 × 2 × 2................to 3 factors
= 23 = 8
27
7 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
or 2 ÷ 2 = 4
= 2 2 2 2
2
= 2 × 2 × 2 = 21+1+1 = 23
=8
4
= 4x-2/3 or
x2/3
1.18 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
1 2 7
3
2a a 6a 2 3
Example 4: Simplify -5 3 if a= 4
9a a 3 2
1 2 7
3
2a 2 a 3 6a
Solution: -5 3 if a= 4
9a a3 2
1 2 7
3 3
2.2.3.a 2 4a
(3 + 4 - 14) / 6
= 5 3
- 3 2 = 3 (-10 + 9) / 6
3.3a a
- 7/6
4a 7 1
= . = 4a66
3 a
-1/6 3
4 -1
a 4 1 = 4 1 1
= 3 = 3.a 3 .4 3
Law 3
(am)n = amn. where m and n are positive integers
By definition (am)n = am × am × am............................to n factors
= (a × a …….. to m factors) a × a ×…….. to n factors...............to n times
= a × a.............to mn factors
mn Following
=a
above, (am)n = (am)p/q
(We will keep m as it is and replace n by p/q, where p and q are positive integers) Now the qth
= (a )
m (p/q)x q
mp
=a
If we take the qth root of the above we obtain
q amp
a
1/q
mp
=
Now with the help of a numerical value for a let us verify this law. (2 4)3 = 24
× 24 × 24
4+4+4
=2
= 212 = 4096
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.19
Law 4
(ab)n = an.bn when n can take all of the values.
For example 63 = (2 × 3) 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 23 × 33
First, we look at n when it is a positive integer. Then by the definition, we have (ab) n
= ab × ab........................to n factors
= (a × a ……..……. to n factors) × (b × b......................n factors)
= a n × bn
When n is a positive fraction, we will replace n by p/q. Then we
will have (ab)n = (ab)p/q
The qth power of (ab)p/q = {(ab)(p/q)}q = (ab)p
=x .y
3a–3a –3b–2a.
=x
0
. y –3b–2a.
1
= 3b+2a
y
Example 6: a4b x6
6
.(a2/3 x-1 )-b
Solution: 6 a4b x6
.(a2/3 x-1 )-b
1 2
= (a4b x 6 ) 6 . (a 3 )-b .(x -1) -b
1 6 1 2 b
= 4b -1-b
6 6
(a ) .(x ) .a 3. x
2 2b
= a3 b .x.a 3
.xb
2 2
b b
= a3 3
.x 1+b
=a .x =x
0 1+b 1+b
Example 7: Find x, if x x = (x x ) x
or,
x1 1/2 xx x/2
or,
3/2 3x/2
x x
[If base is equal, then power is also equal]
3 2
i.e. 3 3x or, x 1
2 2 2 3
x=1
Example 8: Find the value of k from (
9 )–7 ( 3 )–5 = 3k
Solution: (
9 ) ×(
–7
)–5 = 3k
3
or, (32 × 1/2) –7 × (3½) –5 = 3k
or,
= 3k
37 5/
2
SUMMARY
am × an = am + n (base must be same)
Ex. 23 × 22 = 23 + 2 = 25
am × an = am–n
Ex. 25 × 23 = 25 – 3 = 22
(am)n = amn
Ex. (25)2 = 25 × 2 = 210
ao = 1
Ex. 20 = 1, 30 = 1
a–m = 1/am and 1/a–m = am Ex. 2–3
= 1/23 and 1/2–5 = 25
If ax = ay, then x=y
If xa = ya, then x=y
m a = a1/m , x = x½ , 4 = 22 1/2 = 21/2 × 2
= 2
Ex. 3 8 = 81/3 = (23)1/3 = 23×1/3 = 2
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.21
EXERCISE 1(C)
Choose the most appropriate option (a) (b) (c) or (d).
1. 4x–1/4 is expressed as
(a) –4x1/4 (b) x–1 (c) 4/x1/4 (d) none of these
2. The value of 81/3 is
(a) 32 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) none of these
3. The value of 2 × (32) 1/5 is
(a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) none of these
4. The value of 4/(32)1/5 is
(a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) none of these
5. The value of (8/27)1/3 is
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/2 (c) 2/9 (d) none of these
6. The value of 2(256)–1/8 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these
7. 2½ . 4¾ is equal to
(a) a fraction (b) a p ositive integer (c) a negative integer (d) none of these
1
81x4 ⎞ 4
m n l
x x x
⎝ ⎝ ⎝
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) x (d) none of these
24. Using (a–b)3 = a3–b3–3ab(a–b) tick the correct of these when x = p1/3 – p–1/3
(a) x3+3x = p + 1/p (b) x3 + 3x = p – 1/p (c) x3 + 3x = p + 1 (d) none of these
25. On simplification, 1/(1+a +a ) + 1/(1+a +a ) + 1/(1+a +a ) is equal to
m–n m–p n–m n–p p–m p–n
a+ b b+c c+a
26. The value of x b⎞
a x bc⎞ xca⎞
x x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) none of these
-
1 1 3
27. If x = 3 +3 3 , then 3x -9x is
3
30. If 2x = 3y = 6-z, x 1 + 1 + 1 is
yz
(a) 1
(b) 0 (c) 2 (d) none of these
UNIT
OVERVIEW
Overview of
Logarithms
1.4 LOGARITHMS:
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to which the base must be raised to
produce the number, i.e. to make it equal to the given number. If there are three quantities indicated by
say a, x and n, they are related as follows:
If ax = n, where n > 0, a > 0 and a 1
then x is said to be the logarithm of the number n to the base ‘a’ symbolically it can be expressed as
follows:
© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
1.24 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
logan = x
i.e. the logarithm of n to the base ‘a’ is x. We give some illustrations below:
(i) 24 = 16 log 216 = 4
i.e. the logarithm of 16 to the base 2 is equal to 4
(ii) 103 = 1000 log101000 = 3
i.e. the logarithm of 1000 to the base 10 is 3
1⎞
(iii) 5-3 = 1 log
125 5
⎝ =-3
125⎠
1
i.e. the logarithm of to the base 5 is –3
125
(iv) 2 = 8 log28 = 3
3
ILLUSTRATIONS:
1. If loga 1
2 = , find the value of a.
6
We have a1/6 =
2 a=(2) =2 =8
6 3
Proof:
Let logam = x so that ax = m – (I)
Logan = y so that ay = n – (II)
Multiplying (I) and (II), we get
m × n = ax × ay = ax+y
logamn = x + y (by definition)
logamn = logam + logan
2. The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the difference of their logarithms to the
same base, i.e.
m
loga n = logam – logan
Proof:
Let logam = x so that ax = m ————(I) logan
= y so that ay = n ———————(II)
Dividing (I) by (II) we get
m a x x-y
= y= a
n a
Then by the definition of logarithm, we get
m
log = x – y = log m – log n
a
n a a
1
Similarly, log a = loga 1 - loga n = 0 - loga n = – logan [ loga1 = 0]
n
Illustration I: log ½ = log 1 – log 2 = –log 2
3. Logarithm of the number raised to the power is equal to the index of the power multiplied by the
logarithm of the number to the same base i.e.
logamn = n logam
Proof:
Let logam = x so that ax = m
Raising the power n on both sides we get (ax)n =
(m)n
axn = mn (by definition)
logamn = nx
i.e. logamn = n logam
1.26 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
Illustration II: 1(a) Find the logarithm of 1728 to the base 23.
Solution: We have 1728 = 26 × 33 = 26 × (3)6 = (23)6; and so, we may write log
23
1728 = 6
1
1(b) Solve log 25 - 2log 3 + log 18
10 10 10
2 given expression
Solution: The
1
= log 25 2 - log 32 + log 18
10 10 10
= log10
5x18
9 = log 10 =1
10
log
a m
log m
a = log mb ´ log b
a logbm = loga b
Proof:
Let logam = x, logbm = y and logab = z
Then by definition,
ax = m, by = m and az = b
Also ax = by = (az)y = ayz
Therefore, x = yz
logam = logbm logab
log a m
log m =
b
loga b
Putting m = a, we have
logaa = logba logab
logba logab = 1, since logaa = 1.
Example 1: Change the base of log531 into the common logarithmic base.
log b x 1.27
Solution: Since log x =
a
logba
log 10 31
log 31=
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
5
log10 5
Solution: Change all the logarithms on L.H.S. to the base 10 by using the formula.
log
loga x
b x= , we may write
loga b
log 10 8 log 23 3log 2
log 10
3 log 310
10 10 10
4
log 10 16 log 10 2 4log 10 2
log 916 log 9 2
log 3 2log 3
10 10 10
log 10 10 1 1
log 10
4
log 10 = 1
log 4 log 22 2 log 2 10
10 10 10
L.H.S.=
3 log 10 2 2 log 10 2 log 10 2 log 10 = 1
3
10
log10 3 4 log10 2 1
= 3 log102 = R.H.S.
Logarithm Tables:
The logarithm of a number consists of two parts, the whole part or the integral part is called the
characteristic and the decimal part is called the mantissa where the former can be known by mere
inspection, the latter has to be obtained from the logarithm tables.
Characteristic:
The characteristic of the logarithm of any number greater than 1 is positive and is one less than the
number of digits to the left of the decimal point in the given number. The characteristic of the logarithm
of any number less than one (1) is negative and numerically one more than the number of zeros to the
right of the decimal point. If there is no zero then obviously it will be –1. The following table
will illustrate it.
Number Characteristic
3 7 1 One less than the number of digits to
4 [ 623 ]
3 the left of the decimal point
6.21 0
Number Characteristic
.8
.07
–1
–2 [ One more than the number of zeros on
the right immediately after the decimal point. ]
1.28 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
.00507 –3
.000670 –4
Zero on positive characteristic when the number under consideration is greater than unity:
Since 100 = 1 , log 1 = 0
101 = 10 , log 10 = 1
102 = 100 , log 100 = 2
103 = 1000 , log 1000 = 3
All numbers lying between 1 and 10 i.e. numbers with 1 digit in the integral part have their logarithms
lying between 0 and 1. Therefore, their integral parts are zero only.
All numbers lying between 10 and 100 have two digits in their integral parts. Their logarithms lie between
1 and 2. Therefore, numbers with two digits have integral parts with 1 as characteristic. In general, the
logarithm of a number containing n digits only in its integral parts is (n – 1) + a
decimal. For example, the characteristics of log 75, log 79326, log 1.76 are 1, 4 and 0 respectively.
Negative characteristics
1
Since 10-1 = = 0.1 log 0.1=- 1
10
1
10-2 = = 0.01 log 0.01=- 2
100
All numbers lying between 1 and 0.1 have logarithms lying between 0 and –1, i.e. greater than
–1 and less than 0. Since the decimal part is always written positive, the characteristic is –1.
All numbers lying between 0.1 and 0.01 have their logarithms lying between –1 and –2 as characteristic
of their logarithms.
In general, the logarithm of a number having n zeros just after the decimal point is – (n + 1)
+ a decimal.
Hence, we deduce that the characteristic of the logarithm of a number less than unity is one more than
the number of zeros just after the decimal point and is negative.
Mantissa
The mantissa is the fractional part of the logarithm of a given number.
Thus with the same figures there will be difference in the characteristic only. It should be remembered,
that the mantissa is always a positive quantity. The other way to indicate this is
Log .004594 = – 3 + .6623 = – 3.6623.
Negative mantissa must be converted into a positive mantissa before reference to a logarithm table. For
example
– 3.6872 = – 4 + (1 – 3.6872) = 4 + 0.3128 = 4.3128
It may be noted that 4 .3128 is different from – 4.3128 as – 4.3128 is a negative number whereas, in 4 .
3128, 4 is negative while .3128 is positive.
Number Logarithm
206 2.3139
20.6 1.3139
2.06 0.3139
.206 –1.3139
.0206 –2.3139
The characteristic is 2, therefore, the number must have 3 digits in the integral part. Hence,
Antilog 2.4678 = 293.6
Example 3: Find the number whose logarithm is –2.4678.
SUMMARY
logamn = logam + logan
Ex. log (2 × 3) = log 2 + log 3
loga(m/n) = logam – logan
Ex. log (3/2) = log3 – log2
logamn = n logam Ex.
log 23 = 3 log 2
logaa = 1, a = 1
Ex. log1010 = 1, log22 = 1, log33 = 1 etc.
loga1 = 0
Ex. log21 = 0, log101 = 0 etc.
logba × logab = 1
Ex. log32 × log23 = 1
logba = 1/logab
alog x = x (Inverse logarithm Property)
a
The two equations ax= n and x = logan are only transformations of each other and should be
remembered to change one form of the relation into the other.
Since a1 = a, loga = 1
a
Notes:
(A) If base is understood, base is taken as 10
(B) Thus log 10 = 1, log 1 = 0
(C) Logarithm using base 10 is called Common logarithm and logarithm using base e is called
Natural logarithm {e = 2.33 (approx.) called exponential number}.
EXERCISE 1(D)
Choose the most appropriate option. (a) (b) (c) or (d).
log 6 + log 5 is expressed as
log 11(b) log 30(c) log 5/6 (d) none of these
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.33
2. log28 is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) none of these
3. log 32/4 is equal to
(a) log 32/log 4 (b) log 32 – log 4 (c) 23 (d) none of these
4. log (1 × 2 × 3) is equal to
(a) log 1 + log 2 + log 3 (b) log 3 (c) log 2 (d) none of these
5. The value of log 0.0001 to the base 0.1 is
(a) –4 (b) 4 (c) 1/4 (d) none of these
6. If 2 log x = 4 log 3, the x is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 2 (d) none of these
7. log 2 64 is equal to
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 1 (d) none of these
8. log 23 1728 is equal to
(a) 23 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) none of these
9. log (1/81) to the base 9 is equal to
(a) 2 (b) ½ (c) –2 (d) none of these
10. log 0.0625 to the base 2 is equal to
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) none of these
11. Given log2 = 0.3010 and log3 = 0.4771 the value of log 6 is
(a) 0.9030 (b) 0.9542 (c) 0.7781 (d) none of these
12. The value of log2 log2 log2 16
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) none of these
1
13. The value of log to3 the base 9 is
(a) – ½ (b) ½ (c) 1 (d) none of these
14. If log x + log y = log (x+y), y can be expressed as
(a) x–1 (b) x (c) x/x–1 (d) none of these
15. The value of log2 [log2 {log3 (log327 )}] is equal to
3
as
(a) 1 – m + 3n (b) m – 1 + 3n (c) m + 3n + 1 (d) none of these
ANSWERS
Exercise 1(A)
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a)
17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c)
25. (c)
Exercise 1(B)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a)
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b)
Exercise 1(C)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d)
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (c)
17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b)
25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (b)
Exercise 1(D)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a)
17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d)
25. (c)
4. If 1
3
= then x – y is given by
3 27
x
.23
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None
1 1 1
1 a-c 1 b-a 1 c-b
a+b
8. Show that
×b+c x ×c+a x
a2
x reduces to
2
b c2
x a
b2 x x
2
c2
x c- × a ×
a+b c-a ces to
x b- c
redu
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) –1 (d) None
1.36 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
a b c
xb xc xa x b
10. Show that xc ×xa × reduces to
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 2
1
b bc
11. Show that xc ⎞ xc ⎞ ca xa ⎞ ab
1 1
x a b reduces to
x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None
2 2 2 2 2 2
a +ab+b b +bc+c c +ca+a
xa xb xb xc
12. Show that × xc is given by
xa
×
(a) 1 (b)
-2 a 2 +b 2 +c 2 (c)
2 a 3 +b 3 +c 3 (d)
-2 a 3 +b 3 +c 3
x x x
16. –x³ would reduce to zero if c is given by
a 2 b -1 c -1 b 2 c -1 a -1
c 2 a -1
x .x .x
b -1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) None
17. The value of z is given by the following if
3 3 9
(a) 2 (b) (c) -
2 (d)
2 4
19. On simplification 1 1 1
would reduces to
1+z +z 1+zb-c+zb-a 1+zc-a+zc-b
a-b a-c
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.37
1
(a) 1
(b) (c) 1 (d) 0
a+b+c
z 2
a+b+c z
x y
20. If 5.678 = 0.5678 =10z then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- + =1 - - - + =-
(a) x y z (b) (d) None
=0 1
xyz (c) x y z
⎝ x x
a+b b+a
xab
a+ b+c 2 2
xca c+a
x
b +c
b
27. On simplification a2 +b2 × bc ×
x
2
c +a 2
reduces to
x x
⎝ ⎝ ⎝
(a)
(b) (c)
-2 a3 +b3 +c 3 (d) 3
2 a +b +c
3 3
x -2a 3
x 2a3 x x
x 2a3 x x
x x+y
m ⎞ y y+z x-z
29. On simplification ×
y
m ⎞ ÷3 mxmz
mreduces to
⎝m ⎠ ⎝ mz ⎠
1.38 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
1 1
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) - (d)
3 3
1 1
30. The value of + is given by
y-x x-y
1+a 1+a
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) N one
2 c b a
1
a
a
b
1
)
(b
-1
45. If x = 3 1 1 then x² y² is
+ 3 and y =
3
3
(a) 5 (b) 3 1
(c) (d) 4
3
4 6 a+2 3
46. If a = 2 a+2
2+ 3 then the value of + a-2 3 is given by
a-2 2
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) –2
50. If a = 1
2
5- ( then the value of a3 + a-3 - 5a2 - 5a-2 + a + a-1 is
21 )
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) –1
51. If a = 7+4 3
7-4 3 then the value of a a-142 is
(a) 14 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 1
52. If a = 3- 5 then the value of a4 – a3 – 20a2 – 16a + 24 is
(a) 10 (b) 14 (c) 0 (d) 15
1.40 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
53. If a = 3 +2
then the value of 2a4 - 21a3 + 12a2 -a + 1 is
3- 2
(a) 21 (b) 1 (c) 12 (d) None
54. The square root of 3 5 is
(a) +
(b)
+ 1
2
2
(c)
5
–
2
5
2
1
2- 2- 2 … the value of x is given by
55. If x =
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
3+ 2 3 -2
56. If a = ,b= then the value of a + b is
3- 2 3+ 2
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 98 (d) 99
3+2
57. If a = ,b= 3- 2 then the value of a2 + b2 is
3- 2
(a) 10 3+ 2 (b) 100 (c) 98 (d) 99
58. If a = 3 +2 3- 2 1 1
,b= then the value of + is
3- 2 3+ 2
a2 b2
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 98 (d) 99
59. The square root of x + x2 -y2
is given by
(a) 1 +
x+y
(b)
1
- x -y(c)
+
(d)
- x -y
2 x-y x+y x+y x-y x+y
2⎝ ⎝
60. The square root of 11 120 is given by
6 5 6 5 3 2 3 2
(a)
(b) (c) 2 (d) 2 3
3
61. log (1 + 2 + 3) is exactly equal to
(a) log 1 + log 2 + log 3 (b) log (c) Both the above (d) None
1×2×3
62. The logarithm of 21952 to the base of 2 7 and 19683 to the base of 3 3 are
(a) Equal (b) Not equal (c) Have a difference of 2269 (d) None
63. The v alue of is
8 16
4 log
3log log 5 is
25 125
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
64. alogb-logc
× blogc-loga × cloga-logb has a value of
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) None
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.41
1 1 1
65. logab ( abc+) logbc ( abc+) is equal to
logca
( abc)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
1 1 1
66. 1+loga ( bc+) 1+logb ( ca )+
1+log c ( ab ) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) –1
1 1 1
+ +
67. loga ( x ) logb ( x) log c ( is equal to
x)
b c a
68.
log b ( a ) .log c ( b ) .log a is equal to
( c)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
⎞ 1
3
2
( bc ) bc . ( ca ) c a . ( ab )
log log log
71. The value of a b is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
c
72. The value of log + log + log n
is
a b an
n n
bn cn
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
a b c
log 2 + log 2 + log 2
73. The value of
is
bc ca ab
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
74. log (a ) log a 10 if the value of a is given by
9
(a) 1 + 1
1 1 1 (b) 1 + 1 1 (c) 1+2+3+4 (d) None
+ + + +
2 3 4 2! 3! 4!
84. The sum of the series logab + log a2 b2 + log 3ab3 +.......log n ba n is given by
(a) logabn n
(b) log a bn (c) loga bn (d) None
1
85. has a value of
alog b a
88. If log 1 a b
a+b
=
( loga+logb) then the value of + is
3 2 b a
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 3
a b loga
89. If a2 + b2 = 7ab then the value of is log - log b
-
3 2 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 7
log3)
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 3
91. If x = log bc y = log ca z = log ab then the value of xyz – x – y – z is
a b c
; ;
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
92. On solving the equation logt + log t-3 = 1 we get the value of t as
(a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
93. On solving the equation log3 ⎝ log2 log3t =1 we get the value of t as
(a) 8 (b) 18 (c) 81 (d) 6561
94. On solving the equation log 1 ⎝log t log 4 32 = 2 we get the value of t as
2
5
(a) 25 625
(b) (c) 16 (d) None
2 4
1 1
95. If ( 4.8) x = ( 0.48) y =1,000 then the value ofx y - is
1
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 1
3 (d) -
3
96. 2a-3 2a 6-a 5a x
If x y =x y then the value of alog is
y
(a) 3 log x (c) 6 log
(b) log x (d) 5 log x
n n x
e e
97. If x
n n then the value of n is
e e
1 1
(a) log 1+x (b) log e
1+x
(c) log e
1-x log 1-x
e e
2 1-x 1-x 1+x 2 1+x
1.44 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
ANSWERS
1. (b) 18. (b) 35. (a) 52. (c) 69. (b) 86. (a)
2. (a) 19. (c) 36. (c) 53. (b) 70. (b) 87. (a)
3. (c) 20. (b) 37. (c) 54. (a) 71. ( b) 88. (c)
4. (b) 21. (d) 38. (c) 55. (b) 72. (a) 89. (a)
5. (a) 22. (b) 39. (c) 56. (a) 73. (a) 90. (a)
6. (a) 23. (a) 40. (a) 57. (c) 74. (b) 91. (d)
7. (d) 24. (b) 41. (b) 58. (c) 75. (b) 92. (a)
8. (a) 25. (c) 42. (b) 59. (a) 76. (b) 93. (d)
9. (a) 26. (d) 43. (a) 60. (b) 77. (b) 94. (c)
10. (a) 27. (a) 44. (c) 61. (c) 78. (a) 95. (c)
11. (c) 28. (c) 45. (d) 62. (a) 79. (b) 96. (a)
12. (a) 29. (d) 46. (c) 63. (a) 80. (b) 97. (a)
13. (b) 30. (c) 47. (a) 64. (a) 81. (a)
14. (a) 31. (a) 48. (c) 65. (c) 82. (a)
15. (c) 32. (b) 49. (b) 66. (b) 83. (a)
16. (c) 33. (a) 50. (a) 67. (a) 84. (a)
17. (d) 34. (b) 51. (d) 68. (b) 85. (b)