Ratio and Proportion, Indices, Logarithms: Chapte R

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CHAPTE

R
1
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES,
LOGARITHMS
UNIT I: RATIO

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit a student will learn –
How to compute and compare two ratios;
Effect of increase or decrease of a quantity on the ratio;
The concept and application of inverse ratio.

UNIT OVERVIEW

Overview of
Ratios

Inverse Type of Ratio


Ratio Ratios

Triplicate Ratio Duplicate Ratio


Sub-triplicate Sub-duplicate
Ratio Ratio

We use ratio in many ways in practical fields. For example, it is given that a certain sum of money is
divided into three parts in the given ratio. If first part is given then we can find out total amount and the
other two parts.
In the case when ratio of boys and girls in a school is given and the total number of student is also given,
then if we know the number of boys in the school, we can find out the number of girls of that school by
using ratios.

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


1.2 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

1.1 RATIO
A ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two or more quantities of the same kind by division.
If a and b are two quantities of the same kind (in same units), then the fraction a/b is called the ratio of a
to b. It is written as a : b. Thus, the ratio of a to b = a/b or a : b. The quantities a and b are called the
terms of the ratio, a is called the first term or antecedent and b is called the second term or
consequent.
For example, in the ratio 5 : 6, 5 & 6 are called terms of the ratio. 5 is called first term and 6 is called
second term.

1.1.2 Remarks
 Both terms of a ratio can be multiplied or divided by the same (non–zero) number.
Usually a ratio is expressed in lowest terms (or simplest form).
Illustration I:
12 : 16 = 12/16 = (3 × 4)/(4 × 4) = 3/4 = 3 : 4
 The order of the terms in a ratio is important.

Illustration II:
3 : 4 is not same as 4 : 3.
 Ratio exists only between quantities of the same kind.

Illustration III:
(i) There is no ratio between number of students in a class and the salary of a teacher.
(ii) There is no ratio between the weight of one child and the age of another child.
 Quantities to be compared (by division) must be in the same units.
Illustration IV:
(i) Ratio between 150 gm and 2 kg = Ratio between 150 gm and 2000 gm
= 150/2000 = 3/40 = 3 : 40
(ii) Ratio between 25 minutes and 45 seconds = Ratio between (25 × 60) sec. and 45 sec.
= 1500/45 = 100/3 = 100 : 3

Illustration V:
(i) Ratio between 3 kg & 5 kg = 3/5
 To compare two ratios, convert them into equivalent like fractions.
Illustration VI: To find which ratio is greater
1 1
2 3 : 3 3 ; 3.6 : 4.8
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.3

Solution: 2 1 1 = 7/3 : 10/3 = 7 : 10 = 7/10


3 :3 3

3.6 : 4.8 = 3.6/4.8 = 36/48 = 3/4


L.C.M of 10 and 4 is 20.
So, 7/10 = (7 × 2)/(10 × 2) = 14/20 And
3/4 = (3 × 5)/(4 × 5) = 15/20
As 15 > 14 so, 15/20 > 14/20 i. e. 3/4 > 7/10
Hence, 3.6 : 4.8 is greater ratio.
 If a quantity increases or decreases in the ratio a : b then new quantity = b of the
original quantity/a
The fraction by which the original quantity is multiplied to get a new quantity is called the
factor multiplying ratio.

Illustration VII: Rounaq weighs 56.7 kg. If he reduces his weight in the ratio 7 : 6, find his new
weight.
Solution: Original weight of Rounaq = 56.7 kg He
reduces his weight in the ratio 7 : 6
His new weight = (6 × 56.7)/7 = 6 × 8.1 = 48.6 kg

Applications:
Example 1: Simplify the ratio 1/3 : 1/8 : 1/6
Solution: L.C.M. of 3, 8 and 6 is 24.
1/3 : 1/8 : 1/6 = 1 × 24/3 : 1 × 24/8 : 1 × 24/6
=8:3:4
Example 2: The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls in a school of 720 students is 3 : 5. If
18 new girls are admitted in the school, find how many new boys may be admitted so that the ratio of the
number of boys to the number of girls may change to 2 : 3.
Solution: The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls = 3 : 5
Sum of the ratios = 3+5 = 8
So, the number of boys in the school = (3 × 720)/8 = 270
And the number of girls in the school = (5 × 720)/8 = 450
Let the number of new boys admitted be x, then the number of boys become (270 + x). After
admitting 18 new girls, the number of girls become 450 + 18 = 468
According to given description of the problem, (270 + x)/468 = 2/3
or, 3 (270 + x) = 2 x 468
or, 810 + 3x = 936 or, 3x = 126 or, x = 42.
Hence the number of new boys admitted = 42.
1.4 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

1.1.S Inverse Łatio : One ratio is the inverse of another if their product is 1. Thus a : b is the
inverse of b : a and vice-versa.
Some Properties of Łatios :
1. A ratio a : b is said to be of greater inequality if a>b and of less inequality if a<b. 2.
The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
For example compound ratio of 3 : 4 and 5 : 7 is 15 : 28.
Compound ratio of 2 : 3, 5 : 7 and 4 : 9 is 40 : 189.
3. A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio.
Thus a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a : b. Similarly, the triplicate ratio of a : b is a 3 : b3. For
example, duplicate ratio of 2 : 3 is 4 : 9. Triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 is 8 : 27.
4. The sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is a : b and the sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is 3 a : 3b .
For example sub-duplicate ratio of 4 : 9 is 4 : 9 =2: 3
And sub-triplicate ratio of 8 : 27 is 3 8 : 3 27 = 2 : 3.
5. If the ratio of two similar quantities can be expressed as a ratio of two integers, the quantities
are said to be commensurable; otherwise, they are said to be incommensurable. 3 : 2
cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers and therefore,
3 and 2 are
incommensurable quantities.
6. Continued Ratio is the relation (or comparison) between the magnitudes of three or more quantities
of the same kind. The continued ratio of three similar quantities a, b, c is written as a : b : c.

Applications:
Illustration I: The continued ratio of ` 200, ` 400 and ` 600 is ` 200 : ` 400 :
` 600 = 1 : 2 : 3.
Example 1: The monthly incomes of two persons are in the ratio 4 : 5 and their monthly expenditures
are in the ratio 7 : 9. If each saves ` 50 per month, find their monthly incomes.
Solution: Let the monthly incomes of two persons be ` 4x and ` 5x so that the ratio is
` 4x : ` 5x = 4 : 5. If each saves ` 50 per month, then the expenditures of two persons are `
(4x – 50) and ` (5x – 50).
4x  50 7
= or 36x  450 = 35x  350
5x  50 9
or, 36x – 35x = 450 – 350, or, x = 100
Hence, the monthly incomes of the two persons are ` 4 × 100 and ` 5 × 100
i.e. ` 400 and ` 500.
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.5

Example 2 : The ratio of the prices of two houses was 16 : 23. Two years later when the price of the
first has increased by 10% and that of the second by ` 477, the ratio of the prices becomes 11 : 20. Find
the original prices of the two houses.

Solution: Let the original prices of two houses be ` 16x and ` 23x respectively. Then by the given
conditions,

16x + 10% of 16x 11


23x + 477 =20

16x +1.6x 11
or, = , or, 320x + 32x = 253x + 5247
23x + 477 20
or, 352x – 253x = 5247, or, 99x = 5247;  x = 53
Hence, the original prices of two houses are ` 16 × 53 and ` 23 × 53 i.e. ` 848 and
` 1,219.

Example 3: Find in what ratio will the total wages of the workers of a factory be increased or decreased
if there be a reduction in the number of workers in the ratio 15 : 11 and an increment in their wages in
the ratio 22 : 25.
Solution: Let x be the original number of workers and ` y the (average) wages per workers. Then the
total wages before changes = ` xy.
After reduction, the number of workers = (11x)/15
After increment, the (average) wages per workers = ` (25y)/22

 The total wages after changes 11 25


= ( x)  (` y) = ` 5xy
15 22 6
Thus, the total wages of workers get decreased from ` xy to ` 5xy/6
5xy
Hence, the required ratio in which the total wages decrease is xy : = 6: 5 .
6
EXERCISE 1(A)
Choose the most appropriate optio n (a) (b) (c) or (d).
1. The inverse ratio of 11 : 15 is
(a) 15 : 11 (b) 11 : 15 (c) 121 : 225 (d) none of these
2. The ratio of two quantities is 3 : 4. If the antecedent is 15, the consequent is
(a) 16 (b) 60 (c) 22 (d) 20
3. The ratio of the quantities is 5 : 7. If the consequent of its inverse ratio is 5, the antecedent is
(a) 5 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) none of these
1.6 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

4. The ratio compounded of 2 : 3, 9 : 4, 5 : 6 and 8 : 10 is


(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 5 (c) 3 : 8 (d) none of these
5. The duplicate ratio of 3 : 4 is
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 9 : 16 (d) none of these
6. The sub-duplicate ratio of 25 : 36 is
(a) 6 : 5 (b) 36 : 25 (c) 50 : 72 (d) 5 : 6
7. The triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 is
(a) 8 : 27 (b) 6 : 9 (c) 3 : 2 (d) none of these
8. The sub-triplicate ratio of 8 : 27 is
(a) 27 : 8 (b) 24 : 81 (c) 2 : 3 (d) none of these
9. The ratio compounded of 4 : 9 and the duplicate ratio of 3 : 4 is
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 3 : 1 (d) none of these
10. The ratio compounded of 4 : 9, the duplicate ratio of 3 : 4, the triplicate ratio of 2 : 3 and 9 : 7 is
(a) 2 : 7 (b) 7 : 2 (c) 2 : 21 (d) none of these
11. The ratio compounded of duplicate ratio of 4 : 5, triplicate ratio of 1 : 3, sub duplicate ratio of 81 :
256 and sub-triplicate ratio of 125 : 512 is
(a) 4 : 512 (b) 3 : 32 (c) 1 : 12 (d) none of these
12. If a : b = 3 : 4, the value of (2a+3b) : (3a+4b) is
(a) 54 : 25 (b) 8 : 25 (c) 17 : 24 (d) 18 : 25
13. Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3. If 4 be subtracted from each, they are in the ratio 3 : 5. The
numbers are
(a) (16, 24) (b) (4, 6) (c) (2, 3) (d) none of these
14. The angles of a triangle are in ratio 2 : 7 : 11. The angles are
(a) (20, 70, 90) (b) (30, 70, (c) (18, 63, 99) (d) none of these
80)
15. Division of ` 324 between X and Y is in the ratio 11 : 7. X & Y would get Rupees
(a) (204, 120) (b) (200, 124) (c) (180, 144) (d) none of these
16. Anand earns ` 80 in 7 hours and Promode ` 90 in 12 hours. The ratio of their earnings is (a) 32 :
21 (b) 23 : 12 (c) 8 : 9 (d) none of these
17. The ratio of two numbers is 7 : 10 and their difference is 105. The numbers are
(a) (200, 305) (b) (185, 290) (c) (245, 350) (d) none of these
18. P, Q and R are three cities. The ratio of average temperature between P and Q is 11 : 12 and that
between P and R is 9 : 8. The ratio between the average temperature of Q and R is
(a) 22 : 27 (b) 27 : 22 (c) 32 : 33 (d) none of these
19. If x : y = 3 : 4, the value of x2y + xy2 : x3 + y3 is
(a) 13 : 12 (b) 12 : 13 (c) 21 : 31 (d) none of these

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.7

20. If p : q is the sub-duplicate ratio of p–x2 : q–x2 then x2 is


p q
(a) (b) pq
(c) (d) none of these
p+q p+q p+q

21. If 2s : 3t is the duplicate ratio of 2s – p : 3t – p then


(a) p2 = 6st (b) p = 6st (c) 2p = 3st (d) none of these
22. If p : q = 2 : 3 and x : y = 4 : 5, then the value of 5px + 3qy : 10px + 4qy is
(a) 71 : 82 (b) 27 : 28 (c) 17 : 28 (d) none of these
23. The number which when subtracted from each of the terms of the ratio 19 : 31 reducing it to 1 : 4
is
(a) 15 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) none of these
24. Daily earnings of two persons are in the ratio 4:5 and their daily expenses are in the ratio 7 : 9. If
each saves ` 50 per day, their daily earnings in ` are
(a) (40, 50) (b) (50, 40) (c) (400, 500) (d) none of these
25. The ratio between the speeds of two trains is 7 : 8. If the second train runs 400 kms. in 5 hours, the
speed of the first train is
(a) 10 Km/hr (b) 50 Km/hr (c) 70 Km/hr (d) none of these

SUMMARY
 A ratio is a comparison of the sizes of two or more quantities of the same kind by division.
 If a and b are two quantities of the same kind (in same units), then the fraction a/b is called the
ratio of a to b. It is written as a : b. Thus, the ratio of a to b = a/b or a : b.
 The quantities a and b are called the terms of the ratio, a is called the first term or antecedent and
b is called the second term or consequent.
 The ratio compounded of the two ratios a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
 A ratio compounded of itself is called its duplicate ratio. a2 : b2 is the duplicate ratio of a
b. Similarly, the triplicate ratio of a : b is a3 : b3.
 For any ratio a : b, the inverse ratio is b : a
 The sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is a½ : b½ and the sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is a1/3: b1/3.
 Continued Ratio is the relation (or comparison) between the magnitudes of three or more
Quantities of the same kind. The continued ratio of three similar quantities a, b, c is written as a :
b : c.

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


1.8 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

UNIT II: PROPORTIONS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit a student will learn –
What is proportion?
Properties of proportion and how to use them.

UNIT OVERVIEW

Overview of Proportions

Properties of Proportions Proportions

 Cross Producet rule  Cross Product Rule


 Invertendo  Continued Proporitons
 Alternendo  Mean Proportional
 Componendo
 Dividendo
 Compnendo and Dividendo
 Addendo

1.2 PROPORTIONS
If the income of a man is increased in the given ratio and if the increase in his income is given then to
find out his new income, Proportion problem is used.
Again if the ages of two men are in the given ratio and if the age of one man is given, we can find out
the age of the another man by Proportion.
An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. Four quantities a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion if
a : b = c : d (also written as a : b :: c : d) i.e. if a/b = c/d i.e. if ad = bc.
The quantities a, b, c, d are called terms of the proportion; a, b, c and d are called its first, second, third
and fourth terms respectively. First and fourth terms are called extremes (or extreme terms). Second
and third terms are called means (or middle terms).

If a : b = c : d then d is called fourth proportional.


If a : b = c : d are in proportion then a/b = c/d i.e. ad = bc
i.e. product of extremes = product of means.
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.9

This is called cross product rule.


Three quantities a, b, c of the same kind (in same units) are said to be in continuous
proportion if a : b = b : c i.e. a/b = b/c i.e. b2 = ac
If a, b, c are in continuous proportion, then the middle term b is called the mean
proportional between a and c, a is the first proportional and c is the third proportional.

Thus, if b is mean proportional between a and c, then b 2 = ac i.e. b = ac .

When three or more numbers are so related that the ratio of the first to the second, the ratio of the second
to the third, third to the fourth etc. are all equal, the numbers are said to be in continued proportion.
We write it as
x/y = y/z = z/w = w/p = p/q =...............................................................when
x, y, z, w, p and q are in continued proportion. If a ratio is equal to the reciprocal of the other, then either
of them is in inverse (or reciprocal) proportion of the other. For example 5/4 is in inverse proportion of
4/5 and vice-versa.
Note: In a ratio a : b, both quantities must be of the same kind while in a proportion a : b =
c : d, all the four quantities need not be of the same type. The first two quantities should be of the same
kind and last two quantities should be of the same kind.

Applications :
Illustration I:
` 6 : ` 8 = 12 toffees : 16 toffees are in a proportion.
Here 1st two quantities are of same kind and last two are of same kind.
Example 1: The numbers 2.4, 3.2, 1.5, 2 are in proportion because these numbers satisfy the property
the product of extremes = product of means.
Here 2.4 × 2 = 4.8 and 3.2 × 1.5 = 4.8
Example 2: Find the value of x if 10/3 : x : : 5/2 : 5/4.
Solution: 10/3 : x = 5/2 : 5/4
Using cross product rule, x × 5/2 = (10/3) × 5/4 Or, x =
(10/3) × (5/4) × (2/5) = 5/3
Example 3: Find the fourth proportional to 2/3, 3/7, 4.
Solution: If the fourth proportional be x, then 2/3, 3/7, 4, x are in proportion.
Using cross product rule, (2/3) × x = (3 × 4)/7
or, x = (3 × 4 × 3)/(7 × 2) = 18/7.
Example 4: Find the third proportion to 2.4 kg, 9.6 kg.
Solution: Let the third proportion to 2.4 kg, 9.6 kg be x kg.
Then 2.4 kg, 9.6 kg and x kg are in continued proportion since b2 = ac So,
2.4/9.6 = 9.6/x or, x = (9.6 × 9.6)/2.4 = 38.4
1.10 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Hence the third proportional is 38.4 kg.


Example 5: Find the mean proportion between 1.25 and 1.8.
Solution: Mean proportion between 1.25 and 1.8 is (1.25×1. = 2.25 = 1.5.
8)
1.2.1 Properties of Proportion
1. If a : b = c : d, then ad = bc

Proof. a c
= ad = bc (By cross - multiplication)
;
b d
2. If a : b = c : d, then b : a = d : c (Invertendo)

Proof. a c
a c or 1 = , or, b d
= =
1
b d b d a c
Hence, b : a = d : c.
3. If a : b = c : d, then a : c = b : d (Alternendo)

Proof.
a c or, ad = bc
b= d
Dividing both sides by cd, we get
ad bc a b
= , or = , i.e. a : c = b : d.
cd cd c d
4. If a : b = c : d, then a + b : b = c + d : d (Componendo)
a c c a
Proof. = , or,
+ 1= + 1
b d b d
a+ b c + d
or, = , i.e. a + b : b = c + d : d.
b d
5. If a : b = c : d, then a – b : b = c – d : d (Dividendo)
a c a c
Proof. = ,   1=  1
b d b d
ab cd
= , i.e. a  b : b = c  d :
d. b d
6. If a : b = c : d, then a + b : a – b = c + d : c – d (Componendo and Dividendo)

Proof. a c a c a+b c+d


= , or  1= + 1, or =.................................................. 1
b d b d b d
Again
a c ab cd
 1 ,=  1 , or = ...................................................2
b d b d
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.11

Dividing (1) by (2) we get


a+ b c + d
= i.e. a + b: a  b = c + d : c  d
,
ab cd
7. If a : b = c : d = e : f =.................................., then each of these ratios (Addendo) is equal
(a + c + e + ……..) : (b + d + f +............)
Proof. a c e
= ,= =............(say) k,
b d f
a = bk, c = dk, e = fk, .............
Now
a + c + e....... = k (b + d + f)............or a + c + e....= k
b+ d + f.....
Hence, (a + c + e + ……..) : (b + d + f + …….) is equal to each ratio
8. Subtrahendo :
If a : b = c : d = e : f =.................................., then each of these ratios is equal
(a - c - e - ……..) : (b - d - f - …….)
Example 1: If a : b = c : d = 2.5 : 1.5, what are the values of ad : bc and a + c : b + d?
a c 2.5
Solution: We have = ,= ...........................(1)
b d 1.5
ad
From (1) ad = bc, or, =1 , i.e. ad : bc = 1 : 1
bc
a c
Again from (1) = a+c
=
b d b+d
a+c 2.5 25
5
, = = = i.e. a + c : b + d = 5 : 3
b+ d 1.5 15 3
Hence, the values of ad : bc and a + c : b + d are 1 : 1 and 5 : 3 respectively.

a b c a+b+c
Example 2: If = = , then prove that =2
c
3 4 7
a b c a+ b + c a + b +c
Solution: We have = = = 3+ 4+ 7= 14
3 4 7
a+ b + c c
a+ b + = 14 = 2

or =
c
14 7 c 7
Example 3: A dealer mixes tea costing ` 6.92 per kg. with tea costing ` 7.77 per kg and sells the
1
mixture at ` 8.80 per kg and earns a profit of on his sale price. In what proportion does
17 %
2
he mix them?
Solution: Let us first find the cost price (C.P.) of the mixture. If S.P. is ` 100, profit is
1 1 1
17 Therefore C.P. = ` ` 82 =` 165
(100 - 17 )=
2 2 2 2
1.12 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

If S.P. is ` 8.80, C.P. is (165 × 8.80)/(2 × 100) = ` 7.26


 C.P. of the mixture per kg = ` 7.26
2nd difference = Profit by selling 1 kg. of 2nd kind @ ` 7.26
= ` 7.77 – ` 7.26 = 51 Paise
1st difference = ` 7.26 – ` 6.92 = 34 Paise
We have to mix the two kinds in such a ratio that the amount of profit in the first case must balance
the amount of loss in the second case.
Hence, the required ratio = (2nd diff) : (1st diff.) = 51 : 34 = 3 : 2.

EXERCISE 1(B)
Choose the most appropriate option (a) (b) (c) or (d).
1. The fourth proportional to 4, 6, 8 is
(a) 12 (b) 32 (c) 48 (d) none of these
2. The third proportional to 12, 18 is
(a) 24 (b) 27 (c) 36 (d) none of these
3. The mean proportional between 25, 81 is
(a) 40 (b) 50 (c) 45 (d) none of these
4. The number which has the same ratio to 26 that 6 has to 13 is
(a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 21 (d) none of these
5. The fourth proportional to 2a, a , c is
2

(a) ac/2 (b) ac (c) 2/ac (d) none of these


6. If four numbers 1/2, 1/3, 1/5, 1/x are proportional then x is
(a) 6/5 (b) 5/6 (c) 15/2 (d) none of these
7. The mean proportional between 12x2 and 27y2 is
(a) 18xy (b) 81xy (c) 8xy (d) none of these
(Hint: Let z be the mean proportional and z = 2 2
(12x x 27y )
8. If A = B/2 = C/5, then A : B : C is (a)
3:5:2 (b) 2 : 5 : 3
(c) 1 : 2 : 5 (d) none of these
9. If a/3 = b/4 = c/7, then a + b + c/c is
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) none of these
10. If p/q = r/s = 2.5/1.5, the value of ps : qr is (a)
3/5 (b) 1:1 (c) 5/3 (d) none of these
11. If x : y = z : w = 2.5 : 1.5, the value of (x + z)/(y + w) is
(a) 1 (b) 3/5 (c) 5/3 (d) none of these
12. If (5x – 3y)/(5y – 3x) = 3/4, the value of x : y is
(a) 2 : 9 (b) 7 : 2 (c) 7 : 9 (d) none of these
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.13

13. If A : B = 3 : 2 and B : C = 3 : 5, then A : B : C is


(a) 9 : 6 : 10 (b) 6 : 9 : 10 (c) 10 : 9 : 6 (d) none of these
14. If x/2 = y/3 = z/7, then the value of (2x – 5y + 4z)/2y is
(a) 6/23 (b) 23/6 (c) 3/2 (d) 17/6
15. If x : y = 2 : 3, y : z = 4 : 3 then x : y : z is
(a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 4 : 3 : 2 (c) 3 : 2 : 4 (d) none of these
16. Division of ` 750 into 3 parts in the ratio 4 : 5 : 6 is
(a) (200, 250, 300) (b) (250, 250, 250) (c) (350, 250, 150) (d) 8 : 12 : 9
17. The sum of the ages of 3 persons is 150 years. 10 years ago their ages were in the ratio 7 : 8 : 9.
Their present ages are
(a) (45, 50, 55) (b) (40, 60, 50) (c) (35, 45, 70) (d) none of these
18. The numbers 14, 16, 35, 42 are not in proportion. The fourth term for which they will be in
proportion is
(a) 45 (b) 40 (c) 32 (d) none of these
19. If x/y = z/w, implies y/x = w/z, then the process is called
(a) Dividendo (b) Componendo (c) Alternendo (d) none of these
20. If p/q = r/s = p – r/q – s, the process is called
(a) Subtrahendo (b) Addendo (c) Invertendo (d) none of these
21. If a/b = c/d, implies (a + b)/(a – b) = (c + d)/(c – d), the process is called
(a) Componendo (b) Dividendo (c) Componendo (d) none of these
and Dividendo
22. If u/v = w/p, then (u – v)/(u + v) = (w – p)/(w + p). The process is called
(a) Invertendo (b) Alternendo (c) Addendo (d) none of these
23. 12, 16, *, 20 are in proportion. Then * is
(a) 25 (b) 14 (c) 15 (d) none of these
24. 4, *, 9, 13½ are in proportion. Then * is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) none of these
25. The mean proportional between 1.4 gms and 5.6 gms is
(a) 28 gms (b) 2.8 gms (c) 3.2 gms (d) none of these
a b c a + b +c
26. If 4 = 5 = 9 then c
is
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 7 (d) none of these.
27. Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 4; if 6 be added to each terms of the ratio, then the new ratio will
be 4 : 5, then the numbers are
(a) 14, 20 (b) 17, 19 (c) 18 and 24 (d) none of these

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


1.14 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

28. If a = b then
45
a+4=b-5 a+4=b+5 a-4=b+5
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
a - 4b + 5 a - 4b - 5 a + 4b - 5
b
a+b
29. If a : b = 4 : 1 then is
(b) 4 a
(a) 5/2 (c) 5 (d) none of these

If x= y= zth
30. en
b + c  ac + a  ba + b  c
(b – c)x + (c – a)y + (a – b)z is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 5 (d) none of these

SUMMARY
 p : q = r : s => q : p = s : r (Invertendo)
(p/q = r/s) => (q/p = s/r)
 a : b = c : d => a : c = b : d (Alternendo)
(a/b = c/d) => (a/c = b/d)
 a : b = c : d => a + b : b = c + d : d (Componendo) (a/b
= c/d) => (a + b)/b = (c + d)/d
 a : b = c : d => a – b : b = c – d : d (Dividendo) (a/b
= c/d) => (a – b)/b = (c – d)/d
 a : b = c : d => a + b : a – b = c + d : c – d (Componendo & Dividendo) (a +
b)/(a – b) = (c + d)/(c – d)
 a : b = c : d = a + c : b + d (Addendo) (a/b
= c/d = a + c/b + d)
 a : b = c : d = a – c : b – d (Subtrahendo) (a/b
= c/d = a – c/b – d)
 If a : b = c : d = e : f = ............ then each of these ratios = (a – c – e – .......) : (b – d – f...............)
 The quantities a, b, c, d are called terms of the proportion; a, b, c and d are called its first, second,
third and fourth terms respectively. First and fourth terms are called extremes (or extreme
terms). Second and third terms are called means (or middle terms).

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.15

If a : b = c : d are in proportion then a/b = c/d i.e. ad = bc i.e. product of extremes = product of means. This is called cross
product rule.
Three quantities a, b, c of the same kind (in same units) are said to be in continuous proportion
if a : b = b : c i.e. a/b = b/c i.e. b2 = ac
If a, b, c are in continuous proportion, then the middle term b is called the mean proportional between a and c, a is the
first proportional and c is the third proportional.
Thus, if b is mean proportional between a and c, then b 2 = ac i.e. b = ac.

UNIT III: INDICES


LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit a student will learn –
A meaning of indices and their applications.
Laws of indices which facilitates their easy applications.

UNIT OVERVIEW

Overview of
Indices
Meaning of Indices Laws of
Indices

Law Law Law


1 2 3

1.3 INDICES:
We are aware of certain operations of addition and multiplication and now we take up certain higher
order operations with powers and roots under the respective heads of indices.
We know that the result of a repeated addition can be held by multiplication e.g.
4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 5(4) = 20
a + a + a + a + a = 5(a) = 5a
Now, 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 45;
a × a × a × a × a = a 5.
1.16 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

It may be noticed that in the first case 4 is multiplied 5 times and in the second case ‘a’ is multiplied 5
times. In all such cases a factor which multiplies is called the “base” and the number of times it is
multiplied is called the “power” or the “index”. Therefore, “4” and “a” are the bases and “5” is the index
for both. Any base raised to the power zero is defined to be 1; i.e. ao = 1. We also
define r
a =a1r .
If n is a positive integer, and ‘a’ is a real number, i.e. n  N and a  R (where N is the set of positive
integers and R is the set of real numbers), ‘a’ is used to denote the continued product of n factors each
equal to ‘a’ as shown below:
an = a × a × a.....................to n factors.
Here an is a power of “a“ whose base is “a“ and the index or power is “n“. For
example, in 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 34 , 3 is base and 4 is index or power.

Law 1
am × an = am+n, when m and n are positive integers; by the above definition, am = a ×
a ………….. to m factors and an = a × a........................................to n factors.
 am × an = (a × a ………….. to m factors) × (a × a..............to n factors)
= a × a.....................to (m + n) factors
m+n
=a
Now, we extend this logic to negative integers and fractions. First let us consider this for negative
integer, that is m will be replaced by –n. By the definition of am × an = am+n,
we get a–n × an = a–n+n = a0 = 1
For example 34 × 3 5 = (3 × 3 × 3 × 3) × (3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3) = 3 4 + 5 = 39
Again, 3–5 = 1/35 = 1/(3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3) = 1/243

Example 1: Simplify 2x 1/2 3x-1 if x = 4


Solution: We have 1/2 -1
2x 3x
1/2 -1 1/2-1
= 6x x = 6x

= 6x 1/2

6 6 6 6
= = = = =3
x1/2 4
1/2 2 1/2
(2 ) 2
Example 2: Simplify 6ab2c3 × 4b–2c–3d.
Solution: 6ab2c3 × 4b–2c–3d
= 24 × a × b2 × b–2 × c3 × c–3 × d
= 24 × a × b2+(–2) × c3+(–3) × d
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.17

= 24 × a × b2 – 2 × c3 – 3 × d
= 24a b0 × c0 × d
= 24ad

Law 2
am/an = am–n, when m and n are positive integers and m > n. By
definition, am = a × a............................to m factors
m n am
aa.................to m factors
Therefore, a ÷ a =n
= aa....................to n factors
a
= a × a ……… to (m–n) factors
m–n
=a
Now we take a numerical value for a and check the validity of this Law
7 4 27
2 ´ 2 ...........to7 factors
2÷2= 4
= 2 ´ 2..............to 4 factors
2
= 2 × 2 × 2.................to (7–4) factors.
= 2 × 2 × 2................to 3 factors
= 23 = 8
27
7 4
2 2 2  2 2  2 2
or 2 ÷ 2 = 4
= 2 2  2 2
2
= 2 × 2 × 2 = 21+1+1 = 23
=8

Example 3: Find the value of -1


4x
-1/3
1 x
Solution: 4x
1/ 3
x
= 4x-1 - (-1/3)
-1 + 1/3
= 4x

4
= 4x-2/3 or
x2/3
1.18 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

1 2 7

3
2a a  6a 2 3
Example 4: Simplify -5 3 if a= 4
9a  a 3 2

1 2 7

3
2a 2 a 3  6a
Solution: -5 3 if a= 4
9a  a3 2

1 2 7
 3 3
2.2.3.a 2 4a
(3 + 4 - 14) / 6

= 5 3
- 3 2 = 3 (-10 + 9) / 6
3.3a a
- 7/6
4a 7 1

= . = 4a66
3 a
-1/6 3
4 -1
a 4 1 = 4 1 1
= 3 = 3.a 3 .4  3

Law 3
(am)n = amn. where m and n are positive integers
By definition (am)n = am × am × am............................to n factors
= (a × a …….. to m factors) a × a ×…….. to n factors...............to n times
= a × a.............to mn factors
mn Following
=a
above, (am)n = (am)p/q
(We will keep m as it is and replace n by p/q, where p and q are positive integers) Now the qth

power of (am)p/q is(am )p/q q

= (a )
m (p/q)x q

mp
=a
If we take the qth root of the above we obtain
q amp
a 
1/q
mp
=

Now with the help of a numerical value for a let us verify this law. (2 4)3 = 24
× 24 × 24
4+4+4
=2
= 212 = 4096
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.19

Law 4
(ab)n = an.bn when n can take all of the values.
For example 63 = (2 × 3) 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 23 × 33
First, we look at n when it is a positive integer. Then by the definition, we have (ab) n
= ab × ab........................to n factors
= (a × a ……..……. to n factors) × (b × b......................n factors)
= a n × bn
When n is a positive fraction, we will replace n by p/q. Then we
will have (ab)n = (ab)p/q
The qth power of (ab)p/q = {(ab)(p/q)}q = (ab)p

Example 5: Simplify (xa.y–b)3 . (x3 y2)–a


Solution: (xa.y–b)3 . (x3 y2)–a
= (xa)3 . (y–b)3 . (x3)–a . (y2)–a

=x .y
3a–3a –3b–2a.

=x
0
. y –3b–2a.

1
= 3b+2a
y

Example 6: a4b x6
6
.(a2/3 x-1 )-b
Solution: 6 a4b x6
.(a2/3 x-1 )-b
1 2
= (a4b x 6 ) 6 . (a 3 )-b .(x -1) -b

1 6 1 2 b
= 4b -1-b
6 6
(a ) .(x ) .a 3. x
2  2b
= a3 b .x.a 3
.xb
2 2
b b
= a3 3
.x 1+b

=a .x =x
0 1+b 1+b

Example 7: Find x, if x x = (x x ) x

Solution x (x) 1/2  xx .xx/2


:
1.20 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

or,
x1 1/2  xx  x/2
or,
3/2 3x/2
x x
[If base is equal, then power is also equal]
3 2
i.e. 3 3x or, x    1

2 2 2 3
 x=1
Example 8: Find the value of k from (
9 )–7  ( 3 )–5 = 3k

Solution: (
9 ) ×(
–7
)–5 = 3k
3
or, (32 × 1/2) –7 × (3½) –5 = 3k
or,
= 3k
37  5/
2

or, 3 –19/2 = 3k or, k = –19/2

SUMMARY
 am × an = am + n (base must be same)

Ex. 23 × 22 = 23 + 2 = 25
 am × an = am–n
Ex. 25 × 23 = 25 – 3 = 22
(am)n = amn

Ex. (25)2 = 25 × 2 = 210
ao = 1

Ex. 20 = 1, 30 = 1
a–m = 1/am and 1/a–m = am Ex. 2–3
 = 1/23 and 1/2–5 = 25
If ax = ay, then x=y
If xa = ya, then x=y


m a = a1/m , x = x½ , 4 = 22  1/2 = 21/2 × 2

= 2
Ex. 3 8 = 81/3 = (23)1/3 = 23×1/3 = 2
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.21

EXERCISE 1(C)
Choose the most appropriate option (a) (b) (c) or (d).
1. 4x–1/4 is expressed as
(a) –4x1/4 (b) x–1 (c) 4/x1/4 (d) none of these
2. The value of 81/3 is
(a) 32 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) none of these
3. The value of 2 × (32) 1/5 is
(a) 2 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) none of these
4. The value of 4/(32)1/5 is
(a) 8 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) none of these
5. The value of (8/27)1/3 is
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/2 (c) 2/9 (d) none of these
6. The value of 2(256)–1/8 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these
7. 2½ . 4¾ is equal to
(a) a fraction (b) a p ositive integer (c) a negative integer (d) none of these
1
 81x4 ⎞ 4

8.  y-8  has simplified value equal to


⎝ ⎠
(a) xy2 (b) x2y (c) 9xy2 (d) none of these
9. xa–b × xb–c × xc–a is equal to
(a) x (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) none of these
 2p2q3 ⎞0
10. The value of  3xy where p, q, x, y  0 is equal to
⎝ ⎠
(a) 0 (b) 2/3 (c) 1 (d) none of these
11. {(3 ) × (4 ) × (5 ) } / {(3 ) × (4 ) × (5 ) } is
3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3

(a) 3/4 (b) 4/5 (c) 4/7 (d) 1


12. Which is True ?
(a) 20 > (1/2)0 (b) 20 < (1/2)0 (c) 20 = (1/2)0 (d) none of these
13. If x1/p = y1/q = z1/r and xyz = 1, then the value of p + q + r is
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these
14. The value of y × y × y × y is
a–b b–c c–a –a–b

(a) ya+b (b) y (c) 1 (d) 1/ya+b

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


1.22 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

15. The True option is


(a) x2/3 = 3x2 (b) x2/3 = x3 (c) x2/3 > 3x2 (d) x2/3 < 3x2
16. The simplified value of 16x–3y2 × 8–1x3y–2 is
(a) 2xy (b) xy/2 (c) 2 (d) none of these
17. The value of (8/27) × (32/243) is
–1/3 –1/5

(a) 9/4 (b) 4/9 (c) 2/3 (d) none of these


18. The value of {(x + y)2/3 (x – y)3/2/(x+y) ×  (x – y)3}6 is
(a) (x + y)2 (b) (x – y) (c) x + y (d) none of these
19. Simplified value of (125) × 25 × 5 × 5 is
2/3 3 3 1/2

(a) 5 (b) 1/5 (c) 1 (d) none of these


20. [{(2)1/2 . (4)3/4 . (8)5/6 . (16)7/8 . (32)9/10}4]3/25 is
(a) A fraction (b) an integer (c) 1 (d) none of these
21. [1–{1–(1–x2)–1}–1]–1/2 is equal to
(a) x (b) 1/x (c) 1 (d) none of these
1
n - 1  n+1
 
22.  x n n
 is equal to
⎝ 
(a) x n
(b) xn+1 (c) xn–1 (d) none of these
23. If a3–b3 = (a–b) (a2 + ab + b2), then the simplified form of
xl 2 2
 l +lm+m  x  m 2 +mn+n x  l 2 +ln+n 2
m n
2

 m  n  l
x x x
⎝  ⎝  ⎝ 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) x (d) none of these
24. Using (a–b)3 = a3–b3–3ab(a–b) tick the correct of these when x = p1/3 – p–1/3
(a) x3+3x = p + 1/p (b) x3 + 3x = p – 1/p (c) x3 + 3x = p + 1 (d) none of these
25. On simplification, 1/(1+a +a ) + 1/(1+a +a ) + 1/(1+a +a ) is equal to
m–n m–p n–m n–p p–m p–n

(a) 0 (b) a (c) 1 (d) 1/a

a+ b b+c c+a
26. The value of  x b⎞
a  x bc⎞  xca⎞
x x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) none of these
-
1 1 3
27. If x = 3 +3 3 , then 3x -9x is
3

(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 12 (d) none of these


© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.23

28. If ax = b, by = c, cz = a, then xyz is


(a) 1(b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none of these
(a 22
+ab+ b ) (b 22
+ bc+c ) (c 22
+ca+a )
 xa⎞  xb ⎞  xc ⎞
29. The value of  b  x    a
⎝⎠x ⎝⎠ c ⎝⎠x
(a) 1 ()b)
00 (c) –1 (d) none of these

30. If 2x = 3y = 6-z, x 1 + 1 + 1 is
yz
(a) 1
(b) 0 (c) 2 (d) none of these

UNIT IV: LOGARITHM


LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this unit a student will learn –
After reading this unit, a student will get fundamental knowledge of logarithm and its application for solving
business problems.

UNIT
OVERVIEW
Overview of
Logarithms

Change Fundamental Definition


of Base Laws of of
Logarithms Logarithms

Logarithms of the Quotient of Product of Anti


numbers same two two Logarithms
base numbers numbers

1.4 LOGARITHMS:
The logarithm of a number to a given base is the index or the power to which the base must be raised to
produce the number, i.e. to make it equal to the given number. If there are three quantities indicated by
say a, x and n, they are related as follows:
If ax = n, where n > 0, a > 0 and a  1
then x is said to be the logarithm of the number n to the base ‘a’ symbolically it can be expressed as
follows:
© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
1.24 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

logan = x
i.e. the logarithm of n to the base ‘a’ is x. We give some illustrations below:
(i) 24 = 16  log 216 = 4
i.e. the logarithm of 16 to the base 2 is equal to 4
(ii) 103 = 1000  log101000 = 3
i.e. the logarithm of 1000 to the base 10 is 3
1⎞
(iii) 5-3 = 1 log
125  5
⎝  =-3
125⎠
1
i.e. the logarithm of to the base 5 is –3
125
(iv) 2 = 8  log28 = 3
3

i.e. the logarithm of 8 to the base 2 is 3


1. The two equations ax = n and x = logan are only transformations of each other and should be
remembered to change one form of the relation into the other.
2. The logarithm of 1 to any base is zero. This is because any number raised to the power zero is one.
Since a0 = 1 , loga1 = 0
3. The logarithm of any quantity to the same base is unity. This is because any quantity raised to the
power 1 is that quantity only.
Since a1 = a , logaa = 1

ILLUSTRATIONS:

1. If loga 1
2 = , find the value of a.
6
We have a1/6 =
2 a=(2) =2 =8
6 3

2. Find the logarithm of 5832 to the base 3 2.


Let us take
log 5832 = x
3 2

We may write, (3 2 )x = 5832 = 8  729= 2 3 36 2 )6 (3)6 =(3 2 ) 6


Hence, x = 6 =(
Logarithms of numbers to the base 10 are known as common logarithm.
1.4.1 Fundamental Laws of Logarithm
1. Logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum of the logarithms of the numbers to
the same base, i.e.
logamn = logam + logan
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.25

Proof:
Let logam = x so that ax = m – (I)
Logan = y so that ay = n – (II)
Multiplying (I) and (II), we get
m × n = ax × ay = ax+y
logamn = x + y (by definition)
 logamn = logam + logan
2. The logarithm of the quotient of two numbers is equal to the difference of their logarithms to the
same base, i.e.

m
loga n = logam – logan

Proof:
Let logam = x so that ax = m ————(I) logan
= y so that ay = n ———————(II)
Dividing (I) by (II) we get
m a x x-y
= y= a
n a
Then by the definition of logarithm, we get
m
log = x – y = log m – log n
a
n a a

1
Similarly, log a = loga 1 - loga n = 0 - loga n = – logan [ loga1 = 0]
n
Illustration I: log ½ = log 1 – log 2 = –log 2

3. Logarithm of the number raised to the power is equal to the index of the power multiplied by the
logarithm of the number to the same base i.e.
logamn = n logam
Proof:
Let logam = x so that ax = m
Raising the power n on both sides we get (ax)n =
(m)n
axn = mn (by definition)
logamn = nx
i.e. logamn = n logam
1.26 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

Illustration II: 1(a) Find the logarithm of 1728 to the base 23.
Solution: We have 1728 = 26 × 33 = 26 × (3)6 = (23)6; and so, we may write log
23
1728 = 6
1
1(b) Solve log 25 - 2log 3 + log 18
10 10 10
2 given expression
Solution: The
1
= log 25 2 - log 32 + log 18
10 10 10

= log 5 - log 9 + log 18


10 10
10

= log10
5x18
9 = log 10 =1
10

1.4.2 Change of Base


If the logarithm of a number to any base is given, then the logarithm of the same number to any other
base can be determined from the following relation.

log
a m
log m
a = log mb ´ log b 
a logbm = loga b

Proof:
Let logam = x, logbm = y and logab = z
Then by definition,
ax = m, by = m and az = b
Also ax = by = (az)y = ayz
Therefore, x = yz
 logam = logbm  logab
log a m
log m =
b
loga b
Putting m = a, we have
logaa = logba  logab
 logba  logab = 1, since logaa = 1.
Example 1: Change the base of log531 into the common logarithmic base.

log b x 1.27
Solution: Since log x =
a
logba
log 10 31
 log 31=
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS
5
log10 5

Prove that log 3 8 = 3 log10 2


Example 2: log 9 16 log 4 10

Solution: Change all the logarithms on L.H.S. to the base 10 by using the formula.

log
loga x
b x= , we may write
loga b
log 10 8 log 23 3log 2
 log 10
3  log 310
10 10 10
4
log 10 16 log 10 2 4log 10 2
log 916  log 9  2 
log 3 2log 3
10 10 10
log 10 10 1 1
log 10 
4
  log 10 = 1
log 4 log 22 2 log 2 10
10 10 10

L.H.S.=
3 log 10 2 2 log 10  2 log 10 2  log 10 = 1
 3
10
log10 3 4 log10 2 1
= 3 log102 = R.H.S.

Logarithm Tables:
The logarithm of a number consists of two parts, the whole part or the integral part is called the
characteristic and the decimal part is called the mantissa where the former can be known by mere
inspection, the latter has to be obtained from the logarithm tables.
Characteristic:
The characteristic of the logarithm of any number greater than 1 is positive and is one less than the
number of digits to the left of the decimal point in the given number. The characteristic of the logarithm
of any number less than one (1) is negative and numerically one more than the number of zeros to the
right of the decimal point. If there is no zero then obviously it will be –1. The following table
will illustrate it.

Number Characteristic
3 7 1 One less than the number of digits to
4 [ 623 ]
3 the left of the decimal point
6.21 0
Number Characteristic
.8
.07
–1
–2 [ One more than the number of zeros on
the right immediately after the decimal point. ]
1.28 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

.00507 –3
.000670 –4
Zero on positive characteristic when the number under consideration is greater than unity:
Since 100 = 1 , log 1 = 0
101 = 10 , log 10 = 1
102 = 100 , log 100 = 2
103 = 1000 , log 1000 = 3
All numbers lying between 1 and 10 i.e. numbers with 1 digit in the integral part have their logarithms
lying between 0 and 1. Therefore, their integral parts are zero only.
All numbers lying between 10 and 100 have two digits in their integral parts. Their logarithms lie between
1 and 2. Therefore, numbers with two digits have integral parts with 1 as characteristic. In general, the
logarithm of a number containing n digits only in its integral parts is (n – 1) + a
decimal. For example, the characteristics of log 75, log 79326, log 1.76 are 1, 4 and 0 respectively.

Negative characteristics
1
Since 10-1 = = 0.1  log 0.1=- 1
10
1
10-2 = = 0.01  log 0.01=- 2
100
All numbers lying between 1 and 0.1 have logarithms lying between 0 and –1, i.e. greater than
–1 and less than 0. Since the decimal part is always written positive, the characteristic is –1.
All numbers lying between 0.1 and 0.01 have their logarithms lying between –1 and –2 as characteristic
of their logarithms.
In general, the logarithm of a number having n zeros just after the decimal point is – (n + 1)
+ a decimal.
Hence, we deduce that the characteristic of the logarithm of a number less than unity is one more than
the number of zeros just after the decimal point and is negative.

Mantissa
The mantissa is the fractional part of the logarithm of a given number.

Number Mantissa Logarithm


Log 4594 = (……… 6623) = 3.6623
Log 459.4 = (……… 6623) = 2.6623
Log 45.94 = (……… 6623) = 1.6623
Log 4.594 = (……… 6623) = 0.6623
Log .4594 = (……… 6623) = 1 .6623
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.29

Thus with the same figures there will be difference in the characteristic only. It should be remembered,
that the mantissa is always a positive quantity. The other way to indicate this is
Log .004594 = – 3 + .6623 = – 3.6623.
Negative mantissa must be converted into a positive mantissa before reference to a logarithm table. For
example
– 3.6872 = – 4 + (1 – 3.6872) = 4 + 0.3128 = 4.3128
It may be noted that 4 .3128 is different from – 4.3128 as – 4.3128 is a negative number whereas, in 4 .
3128, 4 is negative while .3128 is positive.

Illustration I: Add 4.74628 and 3.42367


– 4 + .74628
3 + .42367
–1 + 1.16995 = 1 – 0.16995
Antilogarithms
If x is the logarithm of a given number n with a given base then n is called the antilogarithm (antilog) of
x to that base.
This can be expressed as follows:
If logan = x then n = antilog x
For example, if log 61720 = 4.7904 then 61720 = antilog 4.7904

Number Logarithm
206 2.3139
20.6 1.3139
2.06 0.3139
.206 –1.3139
.0206 –2.3139

Example 1: Find the value of log 5 if log 2 is equal to .3010.


10
Solution: log5 = log = log 10 - log 2
2
= 1 – .3010
= .6990
Example 2: Find the number whose logarithm is 2.4678.
Solution: From the antilog table, for mantissa .467, the number = 2931 for
mean difference 8, the number = 5
 for mantissa .4678, the number = 2936
1.30 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

The characteristic is 2, therefore, the number must have 3 digits in the integral part. Hence,
Antilog 2.4678 = 293.6
Example 3: Find the number whose logarithm is –2.4678.

Solution: -2.4678 = - 3 + 3 - 2.4678 = - 3 + .5322 = 3.5322


For mantissa .532, the number = 3404 For
mean difference 2, the number = 2
 for mantissa .5322, the number = 3406
The characteristic is –3, therefore, the number is less than one and there must be two zeros just after
the decimal point.
Thus, Antilog (–2.4678) = 0.003406

Relation between Indices and Logarithm


Let x = logam and y = logan
 ax = m and ay =
n so ax. ay = mn
or ax+y = mn
or x1 +y1 = logamn
or logam + logan = logamn [ logaa = 1] or
logamn = logam + logan
Also, (m/n) = ax/ay
or (m/n) = ax–y
or loga (m/n) = (x–y)
or loga (m/n) = logam – logan [ logaa = 1]
Again m n
= m.m.m. ———————— to n times
so logamn = loga(m.m.m ——————— to n times)
or logamn = logam + logam + logam + —————— + logam
or logamn = n logam Now
a0 = 1  0 = loga1
Let logba = x and logab = y
 a = bx and b=ay
 so a = (ay)x
or axy = a
or xy = 1
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.31

or logba × logab = 1 let


logbc = x & logcb = y
 c = bx & b = cy
so c = cxy or xy = l
logbc × logcb = l

Example 1: Find the logarithm of 64 to the base 2 2


Solution: log2264=log 22 82 =2 log228 =2log22(22)2= 4 log2222 = 4x1= 4

Example 2: If logabc = x, logbca = y, logcab = z, prove that


1 1 1
x+ 1 y + 11 z + 1
Solution: x+1 = logabc + logaa = logaabc
y+1 = logbca + logbb = logbabc z+1
= logcab + logcc = logcabc

Therefore 1 1 1 1 1 1 x+ 1


 y + 1  z + 1  log a abc  log babc log c abc

= logabca +logabcb + logabcc


= log abcabc = 1 (proved)
Example 3: If a=log2412, b=log3624, and c=log4836 then prove that
1+abc = 2bc
Solution: 1+abc = 1+ log2412 × log3624 × log4836
= 1+ log3612 × log4836
= 1 + log4812
= log4848 + log4812
= log4848×12
= log48 (2×12)2
= 2 log4824
= 2 log3624 x log4836
= 2bc
1.32 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

SUMMARY
 logamn = logam + logan
Ex. log (2 × 3) = log 2 + log 3
 loga(m/n) = logam – logan
Ex. log (3/2) = log3 – log2
 logamn = n logam Ex.
log 23 = 3 log 2
 logaa = 1, a = 1
Ex. log1010 = 1, log22 = 1, log33 = 1 etc.
 loga1 = 0
Ex. log21 = 0, log101 = 0 etc.
 logba × logab = 1
Ex. log32 × log23 = 1

 logba × logcb = logca


Ex. log32 × log53 = log52
 logba = log a/log b Ex.
log32 = log2/log3

 logba = 1/logab
 alog x = x (Inverse logarithm Property)
a
 The two equations ax= n and x = logan are only transformations of each other and should be
remembered to change one form of the relation into the other.
Since a1 = a, loga = 1
a
Notes:
(A) If base is understood, base is taken as 10
(B) Thus log 10 = 1, log 1 = 0
(C) Logarithm using base 10 is called Common logarithm and logarithm using base e is called
Natural logarithm {e = 2.33 (approx.) called exponential number}.

EXERCISE 1(D)
Choose the most appropriate option. (a) (b) (c) or (d).
log 6 + log 5 is expressed as
log 11(b) log 30(c) log 5/6 (d) none of these
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.33

2. log28 is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) none of these
3. log 32/4 is equal to
(a) log 32/log 4 (b) log 32 – log 4 (c) 23 (d) none of these
4. log (1 × 2 × 3) is equal to
(a) log 1 + log 2 + log 3 (b) log 3 (c) log 2 (d) none of these
5. The value of log 0.0001 to the base 0.1 is
(a) –4 (b) 4 (c) 1/4 (d) none of these
6. If 2 log x = 4 log 3, the x is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 9 (c) 2 (d) none of these
7. log 2 64 is equal to
(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 1 (d) none of these
8. log 23 1728 is equal to
(a) 23 (b) 2 (c) 6 (d) none of these
9. log (1/81) to the base 9 is equal to
(a) 2 (b) ½ (c) –2 (d) none of these
10. log 0.0625 to the base 2 is equal to
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) none of these
11. Given log2 = 0.3010 and log3 = 0.4771 the value of log 6 is
(a) 0.9030 (b) 0.9542 (c) 0.7781 (d) none of these
12. The value of log2 log2 log2 16
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) none of these
1
13. The value of log to3 the base 9 is
(a) – ½ (b) ½ (c) 1 (d) none of these
14. If log x + log y = log (x+y), y can be expressed as
(a) x–1 (b) x (c) x/x–1 (d) none of these
15. The value of log2 [log2 {log3 (log327 )}] is equal to
3

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) none of these


16. If log2x + log4x + log16x = 21/4, these x is equal to
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 16 (d) none of these
17. Given that log102 = x and log103 = y, the value of log1060 is expressed as
(a) x – y + 1 (b) x + y + 1 (c) x – y – 1 (d) none of these
18. Given that log102 = x, log103 = y, then log101.2 is expressed in terms of x and y as
(a) x + 2y – 1 (b) x + y – 1 (c) 2x + y – 1 (d) none of these
19. Given that log x = m + n and log y = m – n, the value of log 10x/y is expressed in terms of m and n
2

as
(a) 1 – m + 3n (b) m – 1 + 3n (c) m + 3n + 1 (d) none of these

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


1.34 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

20. The simplified value of 2 log (a)


1/2( 10 5 + log108 – ½ log104 is
b) 4 (c) 2 (d) none of these
21. log [1 – {1 – (1 – x2)–1}–1]–1/2 can be written as
(a) log x2 (b) log x (c) log 1/x (d) none of these

The simplified value of log 4 729. 3 9-1.27 -4/3 is


log 3(b) log 2(c) log ½ (d) none of these
23. The value of (logba × logcb × logac)3 is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 0(c) 1 (d) none of these
24. The logarithm of 64 to the base 22 is
(a) 2(b) 2 (c) ½ (d) none of these
The value of log825 given log 2 = 0.3010 is
1(b) 2(c) 1.5482(d) none of these

ANSWERS
Exercise 1(A)
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a)
17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (c)
25. (c)
Exercise 1(B)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (a) 21. (c) 22. (d) 23. (c) 24. (a)
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (b)

Exercise 1(C)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d)
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (c)
17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b)
25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (b)

Exercise 1(D)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a)
17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d)
25. (c)

© The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India


RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.35

ADDITIONAL QUESTION BANK


-1 2 7 2  6-2 7
3 ⎞ -5
1. 
The value of  6 7 ⎞ ×
2
is
2 -4   3 -5 
⎝6 7 ⎠ ⎝ 6 7 ⎠
(a) 0 (b) 252 (c) 250 (d) 248
2. The value of
x2/7 × x2/5 × x-9/7 × z5/6
is –3/5
z-1/2 z2/3 z2/3 x
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) None
x+3
2 × 32x- y × 5x+y+3 × 6y+1
3. On simplification reduces to
x+1
6 × 10y+3 × 15x
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 10
y 2
( )
-y
9 .3 . 3 - 1 - 27
y

4. If 1
3
= then x – y is given by
3 27
x
.23
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) None
1 1 1
1 a-c 1 b-a 1 c-b

5. Show that xa-b × x b-c × xc-a is given by

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 3 (d) 0


x
16 32
3x2 x1 x1
6. Show that 2 .4 5 5 is given by
 52 x
 16 
x1 x
15  2 
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) 0
a+b b+c c+a
xa x b xb xc
7. Show that × xc × xa is given by
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 3 (d) 1

a+b
8. Show that
×b+c x ×c+a x
a2
x reduces to
2
b c2

x a
b2 x x
2
c2

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) None


1 1 1

9. Show that b+c


a
a-b c
+ x a- b
b-c

x c- × a ×
a+b c-a ces to
x b- c
redu
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) –1 (d) None
1.36 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

a b c
xb xc xa x b
10. Show that xc ×xa × reduces to
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 2
1
b bc
11. Show that  xc ⎞  xc ⎞ ca  xa ⎞ ab
1 1

x  a  b  reduces to
x x
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None
2 2 2 2 2 2
a +ab+b b +bc+c c +ca+a
xa xb xb xc
12. Show that × xc is given by
xa
×

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) 3

13. If 2x+y = 4x8x16, then (x+y)2 is equal to


(a) 16 (b) 81 (c) 32 (d) 64
b+c-a c+a-b a+b-c
xb xc xa xb
14. Show that xc × xa × is given by
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) None
2 2 2 2 2 2
a -ab+b b -bc+c c -ca+a

15. Show that xa x-b ×


xb xc x-a is reduces to
x-c
×

(a) 1 (b)

-2 a 2 +b 2 +c 2 (c) 
2 a 3 +b 3 +c 3 (d) 
-2 a 3 +b 3 +c 3 
x x x
 
16. –x³ would reduce to zero if c is given by
a 2 b -1 c -1 b 2 c -1 a -1
c 2 a -1
x .x .x
b -1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) None
17. The value of z is given by the following if
3 3 9
(a) 2 (b) (c) -
2 (d)
2 4

18. 1 1 1 would reduce to one if c is given by


+ +
x b +x -c +1 x c +x -a +1 xa +x -b +1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) None

19. On simplification 1 1 1
would reduces to
1+z +z 1+zb-c+zb-a 1+zc-a+zc-b
a-b a-c
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.37

1
(a) 1
(b) (c) 1 (d) 0
a+b+c
z 2
a+b+c z
x y
20. If 5.678 = 0.5678 =10z then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
- + =1 - - - + =-
(a) x y z (b) (d) None
=0 1
xyz (c) x y z

21. If x=413 +4-13 prove that 4x3 -12x is given by


(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 15 (d) 17
-
22. If x=513 +5 13 prove that 5x3 -15x is given by
(a) 25 (b) 26 (c) 27 (d) 30

23. If ax2 3 +bx 13 +c=0 then the value of a 3 x 2 +b 3 x+c 3


is given by
(a) 3abcx (b) –3abcx (c) 3abc (d) –3abc
24. If ap =b , bq =c , cr =a the value of pqr is given by
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
25.If ap =bq =cr and b2 =ac the value of q (p  r)/ pr is given by
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) None
a+b
 a b

26. On simplification   xa ÷ xb  reduces to
a-b b-a


⎝ x x 
a+b b+a

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) None

 xab
a+ b+c 2 2
 xca c+a
 x
b +c

b

27. On simplification  a2 +b2  ×  bc ×
x
2
c +a 2
reduces to
 x  x
⎝  ⎝  ⎝ 
(a)
(b) (c) 
-2 a3 +b3 +c 3  (d)  3
2 a +b +c
3 3

x -2a 3

x 2a3 x x

 xab ab xc b b  xca ca


 
c

28. On simplification       reduces to


xa b xb c xc a
2 2 2 2 2 2
⎝  ⎝  ⎝ 
(a)
(b) (c) 
-2 a 3 +b3 +c3  (d)  3
2 a +b +c
3 3

x -2a 3

x 2a3 x x
x x+y
m ⎞ y y+z x-z
29. On simplification ×
 y 
  
m ⎞ ÷3 mxmz
mreduces to

⎝m ⎠ ⎝ mz ⎠
1.38 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

1 1
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) - (d)
3 3
1 1
30. The value of + is given by
y-x x-y
1+a 1+a
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) N one

31. If xyz  1 then the value of 1 1


1  is
1 x   1 y  1 z  x 1
1
y1 z

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) None


1 1
32. If 2a  3b  12 , then   reduces to
c

2 c b a

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) None


1 1 1
33. If 2a =3b =6-c then the value of + + reduce to
a b
c
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 1
If 3a =5 b =  75  , then the value of ab-c  2a+b  reduces to
c
34.

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 5


If 2a =3b = 12 , then the value of ab-ca+2b reduces to
c
35.

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3


36. If 2a =4b
=8c and abc=288 then the value 1 1 1 is given by
 
2a 4b 8c
1 11
1 11
(a) (b) - (d) - 96
8 8
(c) 96
1 1 1 1
p q r s
37. If a p =bq =cr =ds and ab = cd then the value of    reduces to
(a)
(c) 0 (d) 1
a

1
a
a

b
1
)
(b
-1

38. If a b =ba , then the value of a


b -ab reduces to
b
(a) a (b) b (c) 0 (d) None
If m=bx, n=by
( )
39.
and mynx =b2 the value of xy is given by
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) None
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.39

40. If a=xy m-1 b=xyn-1 , c=xyp-1 then the value of


anp  bpm  cmn reduces to
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) None
41. If a=xn+pym , b=xp+myn , c = xm+nyp then the value of an-p ×bp-m ×cm-n reduces to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
42. Ifa= 3 2 +1- 3 2-1 then the value of a3 +3a-2 is
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 1
1 -1
43. If a = x 3 +x 3 then a3 -3a is
(a) x + x -1 (b) x - x -1 (c) 2x (d) 0

44. If a = 3 1 4 + 3 -1 4 and b = 3 1 4 - 3 -1 4 then the value of 3 a 2 +b 2 2 is ( )


(a) 67 (b) 65 (c) 64 (d) 62

45. If x = 3 1 1 then x²  y² is
+ 3 and y =
3
3

(a) 5 (b) 3 1
(c) (d) 4
3
4 6 a+2 3
46. If a = 2 a+2
2+ 3 then the value of + a-2 3 is given by
a-2 2
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) –2

47. If P + 3Q + 5R + 15S = 1 then the value of P is


1+ 3 + 5
(a) 7/11 (b) 3/11 (c) -1/11 (d) -2/11
48. If a = 3 + 2
2 then the value of a 1 2 + a -1 2 is
(a) 2 (b) - 2 (c) 2 2 (d) -2 2
49. If a = 3+2 2 then the value of a 12 - a-12 is
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 (c) 2 2 (d) -2 2

50. If a = 1
2
5- ( then the value of a3 + a-3 - 5a2 - 5a-2 + a + a-1 is

21 )
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 5 (d) –1

51. If a = 7+4 3
7-4 3 then the value of a  a-142 is
(a) 14 (b) 7 (c) 2 (d) 1
52. If a = 3- 5 then the value of a4 – a3 – 20a2 – 16a + 24 is
(a) 10 (b) 14 (c) 0 (d) 15
1.40 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

53. If a = 3 +2
then the value of 2a4 - 21a3 + 12a2 -a + 1 is
3- 2
(a) 21 (b) 1 (c) 12 (d) None
54. The square root of 3  5 is

(a) +
(b)
+ 1
2

2
(c)
5

2
5
2
1

Both the above (d) None

 
2- 2- 2 … the value of x is given by
55. If x =
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
3+ 2 3 -2
56. If a = ,b= then the value of a + b is
3- 2 3+ 2
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 98 (d) 99
3+2
57. If a = ,b= 3- 2 then the value of a2 + b2 is
3- 2
(a) 10 3+ 2 (b) 100 (c) 98 (d) 99

58. If a = 3 +2 3- 2 1 1
,b= then the value of + is
3- 2 3+ 2
a2 b2
(a) 10 (b) 100 (c) 98 (d) 99
59. The square root of x + x2 -y2
is given by
(a) 1 +
x+y 
(b)
1
- x -y(c)
+
(d)
 - x -y
2 x-y x+y x+y x-y x+y
2⎝  ⎝ 
60. The square root of 11 120 is given by

6 5 6 5 3 2 3 2
(a)
 (b)  (c) 2  (d) 2 3
3
61. log (1 + 2 + 3) is exactly equal to
(a) log 1 + log 2 + log 3 (b) log (c) Both the above (d) None
1×2×3
62. The logarithm of 21952 to the base of 2 7 and 19683 to the base of 3 3 are
(a) Equal (b) Not equal (c) Have a difference of 2269 (d) None
63. The v alue of is
8 16
4 log
 3log  log 5 is
25 125
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
64. alogb-logc
× blogc-loga × cloga-logb has a value of
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) None
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.41

1 1 1
65. logab ( abc+) logbc ( abc+) is equal to
logca
( abc)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
1 1 1
66. 1+loga ( bc+) 1+logb ( ca )+
1+log c ( ab ) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) –1
1 1 1
+ +
67. loga ( x ) logb ( x) log c ( is equal to
x)
b c a

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) –1

68.
log b ( a ) .log c ( b ) .log a is equal to

( c)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
 ⎞ 1
3
2

69. log b  a 2  . logc (b ) . loga (c 3 ) is equal to


⎝ ⎠
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
b c a
70. The value of is alog c .blog a .clog b

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None

( bc ) bc . ( ca ) c a . ( ab )
log log log
71. The value of a b is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
c
72. The value of log + log + log n
is
a b an
n n
bn cn
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
a b c
log 2 + log 2 + log 2
73. The value of
is
bc ca ab
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
74. log (a )  log a  10 if the value of a is given by
9

(a) 0 (b) 10 (c) –1 (d) None


loga
75. If logb logc the value of abc is
= =
y-z z-x x-y
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
1.42 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

76. If loga logb logc the value of y+z z+x x+y


= a .b .c is given by
=
y-z z-x x-y
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
1 1
77. If loga = logb = logc the value of a4 b3c-2 is
2 5
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
1 1 1
78. If 2 loga = 3 logb = logc the value of a4 - bc is
5
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
79. If 1 1 1
log a = log b = - log c the value of a3b2c is
2 2 2
4 6 24
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None
1 1
80. The value of loga ab + logb ab
is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) None

81. If 1 1 1 1 then the value if z is given by


+ + =
log at logbt logc t log zt
(a) abc (b) a + b + c (c) a(b + c) (d) (a + b)c
82. If
l 1+1+1-1
= 1+loga bc, m = 1 + logbca, , n  1  logc ab then the value of is
l m n
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 3
83. If a = b = c = d then the value of loga abcd is
2 3 4

(a) 1 + 1
1 1 1 (b) 1 + 1 1 (c) 1+2+3+4 (d) None
+ + + +
2 3 4 2! 3! 4!
84. The sum of the series logab + log a2 b2 + log 3ab3 +.......log n ba n is given by

(a) logabn n
(b) log a bn (c) loga bn (d) None
1
85. has a value of
alog b a

(a) a (b) b (b) b (c) (a + b) (d) None


86. The value of the following expression aloga b.logb c.logc d.logd t is given by
(a) t (b) abcdt (c) (a + b +c + d + t) (d) None
87. For any three consecutive integers x y z the equation log1+xz - 2logy = 0 is
(a) True (b) False (c) Sometimes true
(d) cannot be determined in the cases of variables with cyclic order.
RATIO AND PROPORTION, INDICES, LOGARITHMS 1.43

88. If log 1 a b
a+b
=
( loga+logb) then the value of + is
3 2 b a
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 3
a  b loga
89. If a2 + b2 = 7ab then the value of is log - log b
-
3 2 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 7

90. If a 3 + b3 = 0 then the value of log ( a+b) - 1


( loga + logb + is equal to

log3)
2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 3
91. If x = log bc y = log ca z = log ab then the value of xyz – x – y – z is
a b c
; ;
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
92. On solving the equation logt + log t-3  = 1 we get the value of t as
(a) 5 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
93. On solving the equation log3 ⎝ log2  log3t   =1 we get the value of t as
(a) 8 (b) 18 (c) 81 (d) 6561
94. On solving the equation log 1 ⎝log t  log 4 32  = 2 we get the value of t as
2

5
(a) 25 625
(b) (c) 16 (d) None
2 4
1 1
95. If ( 4.8) x = ( 0.48) y =1,000 then the value ofx y - is
1
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 1
3 (d) -
3
96. 2a-3 2a 6-a 5a x
If x y =x y then the value of alog is
y
(a) 3 log x (c) 6 log
(b) log x (d) 5 log x
n n x
e e
97. If x 
n n then the value of n is
e e
1 1
(a) log 1+x (b) log e
1+x
(c) log e
1-x log 1-x
e e
2 1-x 1-x 1+x 2 1+x
1.44 BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

ANSWERS
1. (b) 18. (b) 35. (a) 52. (c) 69. (b) 86. (a)
2. (a) 19. (c) 36. (c) 53. (b) 70. (b) 87. (a)
3. (c) 20. (b) 37. (c) 54. (a) 71. ( b) 88. (c)
4. (b) 21. (d) 38. (c) 55. (b) 72. (a) 89. (a)
5. (a) 22. (b) 39. (c) 56. (a) 73. (a) 90. (a)
6. (a) 23. (a) 40. (a) 57. (c) 74. (b) 91. (d)
7. (d) 24. (b) 41. (b) 58. (c) 75. (b) 92. (a)
8. (a) 25. (c) 42. (b) 59. (a) 76. (b) 93. (d)
9. (a) 26. (d) 43. (a) 60. (b) 77. (b) 94. (c)
10. (a) 27. (a) 44. (c) 61. (c) 78. (a) 95. (c)
11. (c) 28. (c) 45. (d) 62. (a) 79. (b) 96. (a)
12. (a) 29. (d) 46. (c) 63. (a) 80. (b) 97. (a)
13. (b) 30. (c) 47. (a) 64. (a) 81. (a)
14. (a) 31. (a) 48. (c) 65. (c) 82. (a)
15. (c) 32. (b) 49. (b) 66. (b) 83. (a)
16. (c) 33. (a) 50. (a) 67. (a) 84. (a)
17. (d) 34. (b) 51. (d) 68. (b) 85. (b)

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