Example 2.

If a total of 33 MHz of bandwidth is allocated to a particular FDD cellular telephone system which
uses two 25 kHz simplex channels to provide full duplex voice and control channels, compute the
number of channels available per cell if a system uses (a) 4-cell reuse, (b) 7-cell reuse (c) 12-cell
reuse. If 1 MHz of the allocated spectrum is dedicated to control channels, determine an equitable
distribution of control channels and voice channels in each cell for each of the three systems.

Example 2.2

If a signal to interference ratio of 15 dB is required for satisfactory forward channel performance of

a cellular system, what is the frequency reuse factor and cluster size that should be used for
maximum capacity if the path loss exponent is (a) it = 4 , (b) it = 3? Assume that there are 6 co-
channels cells in the first tier, and all of them are at the same distance from the mobile. Use suitable
approximations.

Example 2.4

How many users can be supported for 0.5% blocking probability for the following number of trunked
channels in a blocked calls cleared system? (a) 1, (b) 5, (c) 10, (d) 20, (e) 100. Assume each user
generates 0.1 Erlangs of traffic.

Example 2.5

An urban area has a population of 2 million residents. Three conijieting trunked mobile networks
(systems A, B, and C) provide cellular service in this area. System A has 394 cells with 19 channels
each, system B has 98 cells with 57 channels each, and system C has 49 cells, each with 100
channels. Find the number of users that can be supported at 2% blocking if each user averages 2
calls per hour at an average call duration of 3 minutes. Assuming that all three trunked systems are
operated at maximum capacity, compute the percentage market penetration of each cellular
provider.

Example 2.6

A certain city has an area of 1,300 square miles and is covered by a cellular system using a 7-cell
reuse pattern. Each cell has a radius of 4 miles and the city is allocated 40 MHz of spectrum with a
full duplex channe] bandwidth of 60 kHz. Assume a GOS of 2% for an Erlang B system is specified. If
the offered traffic per user is 0.03 Erlangs, compute (a) the number of cells in the service area, (b)
the number of channels per cell, (c) traffic intensity of each cell, (d) the maximum carried traffic; (e)
the total number of users that can be served for 2% GOS, (f') the number of mobiles per channel,
and (g) the theoretical maximum number of users that could be served at one time by the system.

Example 2.7

A hexagonal cell within a 4-cell system has a radius of 1.387 km. A total of 60 channels are used
within the entire system. If the load per user is 0.029 Erlangs, and X = callihour, compute the
following for an Erlang C system that has a 5% probability of a delayed call: (a) How many users per
square kilometer will this system support? (a) What is the probability that a delayed call will have to
wait for more than lOs? (c) What is the probability that a call will be delayed for more than 10
seconds?
Example 2.8

Consider Figure 2.9. Assume each base station uses 60 channels, regardless of cell size. If each
original cell has a radius of 1 km and each microcell has a radius of 0.5 km, find the number of
channels contained in a 3 km by 3 km square centered around A, (a) without the use of microcells,
(b) when the lettered microcells as shown in Figure 2.9 are used, and (c) if all the original base
stations are replaced by microcells. Assume cells on the edge of the square to be contained within
the square.

Example 3.1

Find the far-field distance for an antenna with maximum dimension of 1 m and operating frequency
of 900 MHz.

Example 3.2

If a transmitter produces 50 watts of power, express the transmit power in units of (a) dBm, and (b)
dBW. If 50 watts is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900 MHz carrier frequency, find the
received power in dBm at a free space distance of 100 m from the antenna, What is P (10 km) 2
Assume unity gain for the receiver antenna.

Example 3.3

Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 50 W transmitter. The carrier frequency is 900 MHz, free
space propagation is assumed, G1 = 1, and Gr = 2, find (a) the power at the receiver, (b) the
magnitude of the E-field at the receiver antenna (c) the rins voltage applied to the receiver input
assuming that the receiver antenna has a purely real impedance of 50 U and is matched to the
receiver.

Example 3.5

Calculate the Brewster angle for a wave impinging on ground having a permit- = 4.

Example 3.6

A mobile is located 5 km away from a base station and uses a vertical 2. 4 monopole antenna with a
gain of 2.55 dB to receive cellular3radio signals. The E-field at 1 km from the transmitter is measured
to be V/rn. The carrier frequency used for this system is 900 MHz. (a) Find the length and the gain of
the receiving antenna. (b) Find the received power at the mobile using the 2-ray ground reflection
model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is 50 m and the receiving antenna is 1.5 m
above ground.

Example 3.7

Compute the diffraction loss for the three cases shown in Figure 3.12. X= I/3m, d1 = 1km, d,=lkm,
and (a) h =25 m, (b) h=, (c ) h = —25 m. Compare your answers using values from Figure 3.14, as well
as the approximate solution given by equation (3.61.a) — (3.61.e). For each of these cases, identify
the Fresnel zone within which the tip of the obstruction lies.

Example 3.8

Given the following geometry, determine (a) the loss due to knife-edge diffraction, and (b) the
height of the obstacle required to induce 6 48 diffraction loss. Assume 1= 900 MHz.

Example 3.10
Find the median path loss using Okumura's model for d = 50 km, = 100 m, hre = 10 ni in a suburban
environment. If the base station transmitter radiates an EIRP of I kW at a carrier frequency of 900
MHz, find the power at the receiver (assume a unity gain receiving antenna).

Example 4.1

Consider a transmitter which radiates a sinusoidal carrier frequency of 1850 MHz. For a vehicle
moving 60 mph, compute the received carrier frequency if the mobile is moving (a) directly towards
the transmitter, (b) directly away from the transmitter, (c) in a direction which is perpendicular to
the direction of arrival of the transmitted signal.

Example 4.5

Determine the proper spatial sampling interval required to make small-scale propagation
measurements which assume that consecutive samples are highly correlated in time. How many
samples will be required over 10 m travel distance if 4 = 1900 MHz and v = 50 in/s. How long would it
take to make these measurements, assuming they could be made in real time from a moving
vehicle? What is the Doppler spread B0 for the channel?

Example 4.6

For a Rayleigh fading signal, compute the positive-going level crossing rate for p = 1, when the
maximum Doppler frequency (fm) is 20 Hz. What is the maximum velocity of the mobile for this
Doppler frequency if the carrier frequency is 900 MHz?

Example 5.1

A zero mean sinusoidal message is applied to a transmitter that radiates an AM signal with 10 kW
power. Compute the can-ier power if the modulation index is 0.6. What percentage of the total
power is in the carrier? Calculate the power in each sideband.

Example 5.2

A sinusoidal modulating signal, m (t) = 4cos2π4 x 10 3 to t, is applied to an FM modulator that has a

frequency deviation constant gain of 10 kHz/V. Compute (a) the peak frequency deviation, and (b)
the modulation index.

Example 5.3

An 880 MHz carrier signa] is frequency modulated using a 100 kHz sinusoidal modulating waveform.
The peak deviation of the FM signal is 500 kHz. If this FM signal is received by a superheterodyne
receiver having an IF frequency of 5 MHz, determine the IF bandwidth necessary to pass the signal.

Example 5.6

If the SNR of a wireless communication link is 20 dE and the HF bandwidth is 30 kHz, determine the
maximum theoretical data rate that can be transmitted. Compare this rate to the U.S. Digital Cellular
Standard described in Chapter 1.

Example 5.7 What is the theoretical maximum data rate that can be supported in a 200 kHz channel
for SNR = 10 dB, 30 dB. How does this compare to the GSM standard described in Chapter 1?