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TCP/IP Model: Model Is A Concise Version of The OSI Model. It Contains Four Layers, Unlike

This document summarizes the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. The TCP/IP model contains four layers - Process/Application layer, Host-to-Host/Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access/Link layer. It provides details on the functions of each layer, including key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and others. While less complex than the OSI model, TCP/IP is the most commonly used networking model today.

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Samuel Zodingliana
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85 views2 pages

TCP/IP Model: Model Is A Concise Version of The OSI Model. It Contains Four Layers, Unlike

This document summarizes the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. The TCP/IP model contains four layers - Process/Application layer, Host-to-Host/Transport layer, Internet layer, and Network Access/Link layer. It provides details on the functions of each layer, including key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and others. While less complex than the OSI model, TCP/IP is the most commonly used networking model today.

Uploaded by

Samuel Zodingliana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCP/IP Model

The OSI Model we just looked at is just a reference/logical model. It was


designed to describe the functions of the communication system by dividing
the communication procedure into smaller and simpler components. But
when we talk about the TCP/IP model, it was designed and developed by
Department of Defense (DoD) in 1960s and is based on standard protocols.
It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The TCP/IP
model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike
seven layers in the OSI model. The layers are:
1. Process/Application Layer
2. Host-to-Host/Transport Layer
3. Internet Layer
4. Network Access/Link Layer
The diagrammatic comparison of the TCP/IP and OSI model is as follows :

1. Network Access Layer –

This layer corresponds to the combination of Data Link Layer and Physical Layer of the OSI model. It looks out
for hardware addressing and the protocols present in this layer allows for the physical transmission of data.

2. Internet Layer –

This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the protocols which are responsible for
logical transmission of data over the entire network. The main protocols residing at this layer are :
1. IP – stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for delivering packets from the source host to
the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet headers. IP has 2 versions:
IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the one that most of the websites are using currently. But IPv6 is growing as the
number of IPv4 addresses are limited in number when compared to the number of users.
2. ICMP – stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is encapsulated within IP datagrams and is
responsible for providing hosts with information about network problems.
3. ARP – stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Its job is to find the hardware address of a host from a
known IP address. ARP has several types: Reverse ARP, Proxy ARP, Gratuitous ARP and Inverse ARP.

3. Host-to-Host Layer –
This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for end-to-end communication
and error-free delivery of data. It shields the upper-layer applications from the complexities of data. The two
main protocols present in this layer are :
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – It is known to provide reliable and error-free communication
between end systems. It performs sequencing and segmentation of data. It also has acknowledgment
feature and controls the flow of the data through flow control mechanism. It is a very effective protocol but
has a lot of overhead due to such features. Increased overhead leads to increased cost.
2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – On the other hand does not provide any such features. It is the go-
to protocol if your application does not require reliable transport as it is very cost-effective. Unlike TCP,
which is connection-oriented protocol, UDP is connectionless.

4. Application Layer –

This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model: Application, Presentation and Session
Layer. It is responsible for node-to-node communication and controls user-interface specifications. Some of
the protocols present in this layer are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, SNMP, NTP, DNS,
DHCP, NFS, X Window, LPD. Have a look at Protocols in Application Layer for some information about these
protocols. Protocols other than those present in the linked article are :
1. HTTP and HTTPS – HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is used by the World
Wide Web to manage communications between web browsers and servers. HTTPS stands for HTTP-
Secure. It is a combination of HTTP with SSL(Secure Socket Layer). It is efficient in cases where the
browser need to fill out forms, sign in, authenticate and carry out bank transactions.
2. SSH – SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a terminal emulations software similar to Telnet.
The reason SSH is more preferred is because of its ability to maintain the encrypted connection. It sets up
a secure session over a TCP/IP connection.
3. NTP – NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. It is used to synchronize the clocks on our
computer to one standard time source. It is very useful in situations like bank transactions. Assume the
following situation without the presence of NTP. Suppose you carry out a transaction, where your computer
reads the time at 2:30 PM while the server records it at 2:28 PM. The server can crash very badly if it’s out
of sync.

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