Basic Electrical Engineering

Unit-I
(i) DC Generators:
• Principle of Operation
• DC Machine Construction
• EMF equation, Problems
• Types of Generators, Problems
• Magnetization Characteristics
• Internal and external Characteristics
1
 Principle of DC Generator
• Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• Faradays Laws: whenever flux is cut by a conductor, an
e.m.f. is induced which will cause a current to flow, if the
conductor circuit is closed.
• The essential components of a generator are:
(a) a magnetic field
(b) conductor or a group of conductors
(c) motion of conductor w.r.t. magnetic field
• The direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence current) is
given by Fleming’s right hand rule. 2
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
Principle of DC Generator

Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd. 3
Action of Commutator

4
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 DC Machine Construction

5
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 DC Machines

• Schematic representation of a DC Machine

N
+ If
Rotor
Vf If

- Stator

If S
f
2
6
D.C.Machine Construction

7
Stator with Field Winding

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Rotor with Armature Winding

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Rotor with Armature winding and Commutator

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.

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Assembling of Parts

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Assembly of D.C.Machine

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Stator
 Yoke
 Pole Cores, Pole shoes and Inter Poles
 Field windings
 Compensating windings
 Brushes

Rotor
 Armature core
 Armature winding
 Commutator, Shaft

14
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Yoke
Functions:
• It provide mechanical Support
for poles
• It also provide protection to
whole machine from dust,
moisture etc.
• It also carries magnetic flux
produced by the poles
• Yoke is also called as frame.

• Made up of Cast iron or Steel

15
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Poles
Pole Core Function:
• Pole of a generator is an Pole Shoe Functions:
electromagnet.
• It is extended part of pole. It
• The field winding is wounded over enlarges area of pole.
pole.
• Due to this enlarged area, flux is
• Pole provides magnetic flux when spread out in the air gap and more
field winding is excited. flux can pass through the air gap
• It is made up of magnetic material to armature.
like Cast iron or Cast steel • It is made up of magnetic material
• Inter poles-reducing the armature like Cast iron or Cast steel
reaction effect in the commutating
zone.
• Compensating Windings-In order
to neutralize the cross magnetizing
effect of armature reaction,
a compensating winding is used. 16
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Field Windings
• The field winding is wound on • Must be a conducting
the pole core with a definite material – Copper.
direction
Functions:
• To carry current due to which
pole core on which the field
winding is placed behaves as
an electromagnet, producing
necessary flux.
• As it helps in producing the
magnetic field i.e exciting the
pole as an electromagnet it is
called Field winding or
Exciting Winding 17
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Armature
Armature Core:
• It has large number of slots in
its periphery.
• Armature conductors are placed
in these slots.
• It also provides path of low
reluctance to the flux produced
by field winding.
• It is made up of magnetic
material like Cast iron or Cast
steel.

18
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Armature Winding
• Armature conductors are inter connected to form armature
Winding.
• When armature winding is rotated using prime mover in case
of generator, the magnetic flux gets cut by the armature
conductors and e.m.f gets induced in them.
• Armature winding is connected to external circuit.
• As armature winding carries entire current, which depends on
external load, it has to be made up of conducting material i.e.
Copper
• Depending upon the way of connecting the armature windings,
these are basically of two types:
• Lap winding A=P
• Wave Winding A=2 19
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Commutator
Functions:

• To facilitate the collection of current from the

armature conductors.
• To convert internally developed alternating e.m.f to
unidirectional (D.C) emf .
• To produce unidirectional torque in case of motor.
• As it collects current from armature, it is also made
up of Copper segments.

20
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Brushes
• Brushes are stationary and resting on the surface of
the commutator.

Functions:
• To collect current from commutator and make it
available to the stationary external circuit.
• Brushes are normally made up of soft material like
Carbon.

21
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 EMF Equation of DC Generator

Let f = flux/pole in Wb
Z = total number of armature conductors
P = number of poles
A = number of parallel paths=2 for wave winding
= P for lap winding
N = speed of armature in r.p.m.
Eg = e.m.f. of the generator = e.m.f./parallel path

22
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
• Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution of the
armature = d = P webers
• Time taken to complete one revolution=dt=60/N second
d P PN
• e.m.f generated/conductor =   volts
dt 60 / N 60
• e.m.f of generator,Eg=e.m.f. Per parallel path
=(e.m.f/conductor)xNo.of conductors
PN Z
in series per parallel path= 60  A volts
ZNP
 Eg  Volts
60 A
where A=2 for wave winding;
= P for lap winding
23
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Types of DC Generators

Separately Excited DC Generators Self Excited DC Generator

Series Wound Shunt Wound Compound Wound

Long Shunt Short Shunt

C.C D.C C.C 24D.C

Separately excited D.C. generators

- Vbrush

where Ra= Resistance of armature winding + Resistance of brushes

25
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
Self-Excited D.C. Generators

26
 Series Generator

Armature current, Ia = Ise = IL = I

Terminal voltage, V = Eg - I(Ra + Rse) - Vbrush
Power developed in armature = EgIa
Power delivered to load
27
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Applications
• Series Generators are used as boosters
on DC feeders in Traction service

• In Welding and Arc lamps

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 Shunt generator

Shunt field current, Ish = V/Rsh

Armature current, Ia = IL + Ish
Terminal voltage, V = Eg – IaRa - Vbrush
Power developed in armature = Eg.Ia
Power delivered to load = V.IL

29
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Applications
• Shunt generators are used for ordinary
lighting and Power supply purposes

• For charging batteries

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 Compound generator
Short Shunt Long Shunt

Series field current, Ise = IL Series field current, Ise = Ia = IL + Ish

Shunt field current, Ish Shunt field current, Ish = V/Rsh

Terminal voltage,V=Eg-IaRa-IseRse-Vbrush Terminal voltage, V=Eg-Ia(Ra+Rse)-Vbrush

Power developed in armature = EgIa Power developed in armature = EgIa

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Power delivered to load = VIL Power delivered to load = VIL
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Problems on EMF Equation

32
Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
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Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
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Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 35
Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 36
Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 37
Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 38
Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 39
Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 40
Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
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Ref : A Text Book of Electrical Technology, Volume II by B.L.Theraja & A.K.Theraja, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 42
Ref: Basic Electrical Engineering by D C Kulshreshtha, Tata McGraw Hill
 D.C. Generator Characteristics
Open Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C.) or Magnetisation Characteristics :
No-load EMF (E0) and field current (If) at constant speed.

43
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
Characteristics of a Separately Excited
D.C.Generator

Fig. Open circuit characteristic

44
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Fig. Internal and External Characteristics

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Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Series generator

V = E - Ia (Ra + Rse )

46
Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
Characteristics of a Shunt Generator

V = E - IaRa =E – (IL + Ish)Ra

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Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.
 Critical Field Resistance for a Shunt Generator

• The maximum field circuit resistance (for a given

speed) with which the shunt generator would just
excite is known as its critical field resistance.
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 Critical Speed (NC)

• The critical speed of a shunt generator is the minimum

speed below which it fails to excite.
• Clearly, it is the speed for which the given shunt field
resistance represents the critical resistance.

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Compound Generator Characteristics

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Ref : Principles of Electrical Machines by V.K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta, S.Chand & Company Ltd.