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ITC 244; Systems Analysis and Design

Lecture 2:
The Systems Development
Life Cycle(SDLC)

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Lecture Objectives
•By the end of the lecture, the student will be able
to:
1. Explain what the SDLC is
2. State and describe the phases of the SDLC
3. State the key questions addressed by each phase
of the SDLC
4. Identify the steps of each of the phases
5. State the key deliverables of each phase.
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Introduction - 1
• System development is a birth-to-mature process.
• A system project begins(is born) with a decision to analyze
user requirements.
• The project is completed (matures) once a usable software
package is produced and implemented.
• The period of time it takes to conceive , develop,
implement and operate a system is referred to as the
Development Life Cycle of a system.
• An opportunity to create business value from using
information technology initiates an IS project.
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Introduction -2
• Feasibility analysis helps determine whether or not to
proceed with the IS project.
• Projects are selected based on business needs and project
risks.
• The project sponsor is a key person who identifies
business value to be gained from using information
technology.
• The approval committee reviews system requests from
groups throughout the organization and selects projects
for the benefit of the business.
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What is the SDLC?

• About 28% of IS projects succeed, 18% of the projects
are cancelled prior to completion.
• Even the IS projects that are not abandoned are
delivered significantly late, has cost overrun, and
have fewer features than originally planned.

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What is the SDLC? - 1

• The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), also
referred to as the application development life-cycle,
is a term used in systems engineering, to describe a
process for planning, creating, testing, and deploying
an information system.
• The SDLC is the process of understanding how an
information system(IS) can support business needs,
designing the system, building it, and delivering it to
users.
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What is the SDLC? - 2

• The systems development lifecycle concept applies to a range
of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be
composed of hardware only, software only, or a combination of
both.
• The SDLC is composed of a number of clearly defined and
distinct work stages which are used by systems engineers and
developers to plan, design, build, test, and deliver information
systems.
• Each phase consists of steps that lead to specific deliverables.
• The system evolves through gradual refinement.
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Why the SDLC

• The SDLC aims to produce high-quality systems that
meet or exceed customer expectations, based on
customer requirements, by delivering systems
which move through each clearly defined phase,
within scheduled time frames and cost estimates.

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Phases of the SDLC

• The actual phases of the SDLC varies in number but it
largely consists of:
Planning
1. Planning
2. Analysis Analysis
3. Design and Implementation
Phases
of the
SDLC
4. Implementation

Design
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ITC 244; Systems Analysis and Design

The Planning Phase of

the SDLC

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Phase I: The Planning Phase

• The planning phase establishes the fundamental
process of understanding why an information system
should be built.
• This phase also determines how the project team will
go about building the information system.
• The Planning phase consists of two steps:
1. Project Initiation
2. Project Management

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Planning: Two Steps

• 1. Project Initiation: During this step, the system’s
business value to the organization is identified (How
will it lower costs or increase revenues?)
• 2. Project Management: during this step, the project
manager creates a work plan, staffs the project, and
puts techniques in place to help the project team
control and direct the project through the entire SDLC.

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ITC 244; Systems Analysis and Design

The Analysis Phase of

the SDLC

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Phase II: The Analysis Phase

• The analysis phase answers the questions of who will
use the system, what the system will do, and where
and when it will be used.
• During this phase the project team investigates any
current system(s), identifies improvement
opportunities, and develops a concept for the new
system.
• This phase has three key steps.
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Steps of the Analysis Phase

1. Analysis strategy: This is developed to guide the project
team’s efforts. This includes an analysis of the current
system.
2. Requirements gathering: The analysis of this information
leads to the development of a concept for a new system.
This concept is used to build a set of analysis models.
3. System proposal: The proposal is presented to the project
sponsor and other key individuals who decide whether the
project should continue or otherwise.

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Deliverables of the Analysis Phase

• The system proposal is the initial deliverable that
describes what business requirements the new
system should meet.
• The deliverable from this phase is both an analysis
and a high-level initial design for the new system.

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ITC 244; Systems Analysis and Design

The Design Phase of the

SDLC

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Phase III: The Design Phase

• During the design phase of the SDLC, the project team
decides on how the system will operate, in terms of
the hardware, software, and network infrastructure;
the user interface, forms, and reports that will be
used; and the specific programs, databases, and files
that will be needed for the realization of the proposed
system.

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The four(4) Steps of the Design Phase

1. Design Strategy: This clarifies whether the system
will be developed in-house or outsourced to an
external company.
2. Architecture Design: This describes the hardware,
software, and network infrastructure that will be
used.
3. Database and File Specifications: These documents
define what and where the data will be stored.
4. Program Design: Defines what programs need to be
written and what they will do.
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ITC 244; Systems Analysis and Design

The Implementation
Phase of the SDLC

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Phase IV: The Implementation Phase

• During this phase, the system is either developed or
purchased (in the case of packaged software).
• This phase is usually the longest and most expensive
part of the process.
• This phase has three steps.
1. System Construction
2. System Installation
3. Support Plan

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Three Steps of the Implementation Phase

1. System Construction: The system is built and tested
to make sure it performs as designed.
2. Installation: This step ensures that preparations are
made to support the installed system.
3. Support Plan: Includes a post-implementation
review.

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Key Deliverables of the SDLC Phases

Phase Key Deliverables
Planning System Request, Feasibility Study Report,
and Project Plan
Analysis System Proposal
Design System Specification
Implementation Actual System, Test Plan, Migration Plan,
System Documentation, and Support Plan

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QUITTING TIME

QUITTING TIME

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Next Week Lecture

The System
Development
Methodologies

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