Sindh

Sindh (/ˈsɪnd/; Sindhi: ‫سنڌ‬‎; Urdu: ‫سندھ‬‎, pronounced [sɪndʱ]; historically romanized as Sind) is one
of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern parts of the country, Sindh is the
third-largest province of Pakistan by total area and the second-largest province by population
after Pakistani Punjab. It shares land borders with the Pakistani provinces of Balochistan and
Punjab to the north, respectively, and the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east; it is
also bounded by the Arabian Sea to the south. Sindh's landscape consists mostly of alluvial
plains flanking the Indus River, the Thar Desert in the eastern portion of the province along the
international border with India, and the Kirthar Mountains in the western portion of the province.
 Sindh

‫
سندھ‬
‫سنڌ‬

Province

From top, left to right: Jinnah Mausoleum/Mazar-e-Quaid, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Ranikot
Fort, Faiz Mahal, Nagan Chowrangi flyover, Ayub Bridge adjacent to Lansdowne Bridge
 Flag

Nickname(s): Mehran (Gateway), Bab-ul-Islam (Gateway of Islam)

Seal

Location of Sindh in Pakistan

Coordinates: 26°21′N 68°51′E (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sindh&params=

26_21_N_68_51_E_region:PK_type:city(47886051))

Country  Pakistan

Established 1 July 1970

Capital Karachi

Largest city Karachi

Government

 • Type Self-governing Province subject to the Federal

government

 • Body Government of Sindh

 • Governor Imran Ismail

 • Chief Minister Syed Murad Ali Shah

 • Chief Secretary Mumtaz Ali Shah

 • Legislature Provincial Assembly

 • High Court Sindh High Court

Area

 • Total 140,914 km2 (54,407 sq mi)

Area rank 3rd
Population (2017)[1]

 • Total 47,886,051

 • Rank 2nd

 • Density 340/km2 (880/sq mi)

Demonym(s) Sindhi

Society

 • Languages Sindhi and Urdu

Time zone UTC+05:00 (PST)

ISO 3166 code PK-SD

Notable sports teams Karachi Kings

Karachi United

Hyderabad Hawks

Karachi Dolphins

Karachi Zebras

HDI (2018) 0.533

[2]

Low

Seats in National Assembly 75

Seats in Provincial Assembly 168[3]

Divisions 7

Districts 30

Tehsils 138

Union Councils 1108[4]

Website sindh.gov.pk (http://www.sindh.gov.pk)

This article contains Sindhi text, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without
proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Sindhi script.
 This article contains Urdu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters
running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script.

The economy of Sindh is the second-largest in Pakistan after the province of Punjab; its
provincial capital of Karachi is the most populous city in the country as well as its main financial
hub. Sindh is home to a large portion of Pakistan's industrial sector and contains two of the
country's busiest commercial seaports: Port Qasim and the Port of Karachi. The remainder of
Sindh consists of an agriculture-based economy and produces fruits, consumer items and
vegetables for other parts of the country.[5][6][7]

Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (transl. 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of
the first regions of the Indian subcontinent to fall under Islamic rule. Parts of the modern-day
province were intermittently subject to raids by the Rashidun army during the early Muslim
conquests, but the region did not fall under Muslim rule until the Arab invasion of Sind occurred
under the Umayyad Caliphate, headed by Muhammad ibn Qasim in 712 CE.[8][9] Ethnic Sindhi
people comprise the largest group in the province; Sindh is also the place of residence for the
overwhelming majority of Muhajirs (lit. 'migrants'), a multiethnic group of Indian Muslims who
migrated to the region after the Partition of British India in 1947. The province is well-known for
its distinct culture, which is strongly influenced by Sufism, an important marker of Sindhi identity
for both Hindus and Muslims.[10] Several important Sindhi Sufi shrines are located throughout
the province and attract millions of devotees annually.

Sindh is prominent for its history during the Bronze Age under the Indus Valley Civilization, and is
home to two UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Makli Necropolis and Mohenjo-
daro.[11]

Name

The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the Great referred
to the Indus River as Indós, hence the modern Indus. The ancient Iranians referred to everything
east of the river Indus as hind.[12][13] The word Sindh is a Persian derivative of the Sanskrit term
Sindhu, meaning "river" - a reference to Indus River.[14]

Southworth suggests that the name Sindhu is in turn derived from Cintu, a Dravidian word for
date palm, a tree commonly found in Sindh.[15][16]

The previous spelling "Sind" (from the Perso-Arabic ‫ )سند‬was discontinued in 1988 by an
amendment passed in Sindh Assembly,[17] and is now spelt "Sindh."
 History

The Priest-King from Mohenjo-daro, 4000 years old, in the National Museum of Pakistan

Prehistoric period

Extent and major sites of the Indus Valley Civilization in pre-modern Pakistan and India 3000 BC
Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro, Larkana

Sindh's first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BC. Permanent settlements at
Mehrgarh, currently in Balochistan, to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed
over several millennia and gave rise to the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BC.

Indus Valley Civilisation

Sindh was the centre of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which rivaled the contemporary civilizations
of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in size and scope, numbering nearly half a million
inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems.

The primitive village communities in Balochistan were still struggling against a difficult highland
environment, a highly cultured people was trying to assert itself at Kot Diji. This was one of the
most developed urban civilizations of the ancient world. It flourished between the 25th and 15th
centuries BC in the Indus valley sites of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa. The people had a high
standard of art and craftsmanship and a well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing
which remains un-deciphered. The ruins of the well planned towns, the brick buildings of the
common people, roads, public baths and the covered drainage system suggest a highly
organized community.[18]

There is no evidence of large palaces or large tombs for the elite. The grand and presumably
holy site might have been the great bath, which is built upon an artificially created elevation.[19]
This civilization collapsed around 1700 BC for reasons that are uncertain; the cause is hotly
debated and may have been a massive earthquake, which dried up the Ghaggar River. Skeletons
discovered in the ruins of Moan Jo Daro ("mount of dead") were thought to indicate that the city
was suddenly attacked and the population was wiped out,[20] but further examinations showed
that the marks on the skeletons were due to erosion and not of violence.[21]
Early history

The ancient city of Roruka, identified with modern Aror/Rohri, was capital of the Sauvira
Kingdom, and finds mentioned early Buddhist literature as a major trading center.[22] Sindh finds
mention in the Indian epic Mahabharata as being part of Bharatvarsha. Sindh was conquered by
the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BC. In the late 4th century BC, Sindh was
conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. The region
remained under control of Greek satraps for only a few decades. After Alexander's death, there
was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by
Chandragupta in 305 BC. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist religion
spread to Sindh.

Mauryan rule ended in 185 BC with the overthrow of the last king by the Shunga Dynasty. In the
disorder that followed, Greek rule returned when Demetrius I of Bactria led a Greco-Bactrian
invasion of India and annexed most of the northwestern lands, including Sindh. Demetrius was
later defeated and killed by a usurper, but his descendants continued to rule Sindh and other
lands as the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Under the reign of Menander I, many Indo-Greeks followed his
example and converted to Buddhism.

In the late 2nd century BC, Scythian tribes shattered the Greco-Bactrian empire and invaded the
Indo-Greek lands. Unable to take the Punjab region, they invaded South Asia through Sindh,
where they became known as Indo-Scythians (later Western Satraps). By the 1st century AD, the
Kushan Empire annexed Sindh. Kushans under Kanishka were great patrons of Buddhism and
sponsored many building projects for local beliefs.[23] Ahirs were also found in large numbers in
Sindh.[24] Abiria country of Abhira tribe was in southern Sindh.[25][26]

The Kushan Empire was defeated in the mid-3rd century AD by the Sassanid Empire of Persia,
who installed vassals known as the Kushanshahs in these far eastern territories. These rulers
were defeated by the Kidarites in the late 4th century.

It then came under the Gupta Empire after dealing with the Kidarites. By the late 5th century,
attacks by Hephthalite tribes known as the Indo-Hephthalites or Hunas (Huns) broke through the
Gupta Empire's northwestern borders and overran much of northwestern India. Concurrently, Ror
dynasty ruled parts of the region for several centuries.

Afterwards, Sindh came under the rule of Emperor Harshavardhan, then the Rai Dynasty around
478. The Rais were overthrown by Chachar of Alor around 632. The Brahman dynasty ruled a
vast territory that stretched from Multan in the north to the Rann of Kutch, Alor was their capital.
Arrival of Islam

Arab Muslim rule in Pakistan region

Sindh captured by the Umayyads:

   Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
   Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
   Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750

The connection between the Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim invasions
during the Rashidun Caliphate. Al-Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, who attacked Makran in the year
AD 649, was an early partisan of Ali ibn Abu Talib.[27] During the caliphate of Ali, many Jats of
Sindh had come under the influence of Shi'ism[28] and some even participated in the Battle of
Camel and died fighting for Ali.[27] Under the Umayyads (661 – 750 AD), many Shias sought
asylum in the region of Sindh, to live in relative peace in the remote area. Ziyad Hindi is one of
those refugees.[29]

Muhammad Ali Jinnah claimed that the Pakistan movement started when the first Muslim put
his foot on the soil of Sindh, the Gateway of Islam in India.[30]

In 712, Muhammad bin Qasim conquered the Sindh and Indus Valley, bringing South Asian
societies into contact with Islam. Raja Dahir Sen was an Hindu king that ruled over a Buddhist
majority and that Chach of Alor and his kin were regarded as usurpers of the earlier Buddhist Rai
Dynasty,[31][32] a view questioned by those who note the diffuse and blurred nature of Hindu and
Buddhist practices in the region,[33] especially that of the royalty to be patrons of both and those
who believe that Chach may have been a Buddhist.[34][35] The forces of Muhammad bin Qasim
defeated Raja Dahir in alliance with the Hindu Jats and other regional governors.

In 711 AD, Muhammad bin Qasim led an Umayyad force of 20,000 cavalry and 5 catapults.
Muhammad bin Qasim defeated the Raja Dahir and captured the cities of Alor, Multan and
Debal. Sindh became the easternmost State of the Umayyad Caliphate and was referred to as
"Sind" on Arab maps, with lands further east known as "Hind". Muhammad bin Qasim built the
city of Mansura as his capital; the city then produced famous historical figures such as Abu
Mashar Sindhi, Abu Ata al-Sindhi,[36] Abu Raja Sindhi. At the port city of Debal, most of the
Bawarij embraced Islam and became known as Sindhi Sailors, who were renowned for their
navigation, geography and languages. After Bin Qasim left, the Arab Caliphate ruled Sindh
through the Governors.

By the year 750, Debal (modern Karachi) was second only to Basra; Sindhi sailors from the port
city of Debal voyaged to Basra, Bushehr, Musqat, Aden, Kilwa, Zanzibar, Sofala, Malabar, Sri
Lanka and Java (where Sindhi merchants were known as the Santri). During the Decline of the
Abbasid Caliphate in 860s, the Habbari dynasty became semi-independent and was eliminated
and Mansura was invaded by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Sindh then again became an
easternmost client State of the Later Abbasid Caliphs ruled by the Soomro Dynasty until the
Siege of Baghdad (1258). Mansura was the first capital of the Soomra Dynasty and the last of
the Habbari dynasty. Muslim geographers, historians and travelers such as al-Masudi, Ibn
Hawqal, Istakhri, Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, al-Tabari, Baladhuri, Nizami,[37] al-Biruni, Saadi Shirazi,
Ibn Battutah and Katip Çelebi[38] wrote about or visited the region, sometimes using the name
"Sindh" for the entire area from the Arabian Sea to the Hindu Kush.
Soomra dynasty period

When Sindh was under the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Arab Habbari dynasty was in control.
The Umayyads appointed Aziz al Habbari as the governor of Sindh. Habbaris ruled Sindh until
Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated the Habbaris in 1024. Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi viewed the
Abbasid Caliphate to be the caliphs thus he removed the remaining influence of the Umayyad
Caliphate in the region and Sindh fell to Abbasid control following the defeat of the Habbaris.
The Abbasid Caliphate then appointed Al Khafif from Samarra; 'Soomro' means 'of Samarra' in
Sindhi. The new governor of Sindh was to create a better, stronger and stable government. Once
he became the governor, he allotted several key positions to his family and friends; thus Al-Khafif
or Sardar Khafif Soomro formed the Soomro Dynasty in Sindh;[39] and became its first ruler. Until
the Siege of Baghdad (1258) the Soomro dynasty was the Abbasid Caliphate's functionary in
Sindh, but after that it became independent.

When the Soomro dynasty lost ties with the Abbasid Caliphate after the Siege of Baghdad
(1258,) the Soomra ruler Dodo-I established their rule from the shores of the Arabian Sea to the
Punjab in the north and in the east to Rajasthan and in the west to Pakistani Balochistan. The
Soomros were one of the first indigenous Muslim dynasties in Sindh of Parmar Rajput origin.[40]
They were the first Muslims to translate the Quran into the Sindhi language. The Soomros
created a chivalrous culture in Sindh, which eventually facilitated their rule centred at Mansura. It
was later abandoned due to changes in the course of the Puran River; they ruled for the next 95
years until 1351. During this period, Kutch was ruled by the Samma Dynasty, who enjoyed good
relations with the Soomras in Sindh. Since the Soomro Dynasty lost its support from the Abbasid
Caliphate, the Sultans of Delhi wanted a piece of Sindh. The Soomros successfully defended
their kingdom for about 36 years, but their dynasties soon fell to the might of the Sultanate of
Delhi's massive armies such as the Tughluks and the Khaljis.

Samma Dynasty period

Makli Hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world.

In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Rajput Samma Dynasty and challenged the Sultans
of Delhi. He used the title of the Sultan of Sindh. The Samma tribe reached its peak during the
reign of Jam Nizamuddin II (also known by the nickname Jám Nindó). During his reign from
1461 to 1509, Nindó greatly expanded the new capital of Thatta and its Makli hills, which
replaced Debal. He patronized Sindhi art, architecture and culture. The Samma had left behind a
popular legacy especially in architecture, music and art. Important court figures included the
poet Kazi Kadal, Sardar Darya Khan, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilawal and the theologian Kazi
Kaadan. However, Thatta was a port city; unlike garrison towns, it could not mobilize large
armies against the Arghun and Tarkhan Mongol invaders, who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs
and Amirs loyal to the Samma. Some parts of Sindh still remained under the Sultans of Delhi and
the ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Ferozudin.

Migration of Baloch

According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch, Professor at University of Karachi, and Nadeem Wagan, General
Manager at HANDS, the Balochi migrated from Balochistan during the Little Ice Age and settled
in Sindh and Punjab. The Little Ice Age is conventionally defined as a period extending from the
sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries,[41][42][43] or alternatively, from about 1300[44] to about
1850.[45][46][47] According to Professor Baloch, the climate of Balochistan was very cold during
this epoch and the region was uninhabitable during the winters so the Baloch people emigrated
in waves to Sindh[48] and Punjab.

Mughal era

In the year 1524, the few remaining Sindhi Amirs welcomed the Mughal Empire and Babur
dispatched his forces to rally the Arghuns and the Tarkhans, branches of a Turkic dynasty. In the
coming centuries, Sindh became a region loyal to the Mughals, a network of forts manned by
cavalry and musketeers further extended Mughal power in Sindh.[49][50] In 1540 a mutiny by Sher
Shah Suri forced the Mughal Emperor Humayun to withdraw to Sindh, where he joined the Sindhi
Emir Hussein Umrani. In 1541 Humayun married Hamida Banu Begum, who gave birth to the
infant Akbar at Umarkot in the year 1542.[49][51]
During the reign of Akbar the Great, Sindh produced scholars and others such as Mir Ahmed
Nasrallah Thattvi, Tahir Muhammad Thattvi and Mir Ali Sir Thattvi and the Mughal chronicler
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak and his brother the poet Faizi was a descendant of a Sindhi Shaikh family
from Rel, Siwistan in Sindh. Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak was the author of Akbarnama (an official
biographical account of Akbar) and the Ain-i-Akbari (a detailed document recording the
administration of the Mughal Empire).

Shah Jahan carved a subah (imperial province), covering Sindh, called Thatta after its capital,
out of Multan, further bordering on the Ajmer and Gujarat subahs as well as the rival Persian
Safavid empire.

During the Mughal period, Sindhi literature began to flourish and historical figures such as Shah
Abdul Latif Bhittai, Sulatn-al-Aoliya Muhammad Zaman and Sachal Sarmast became prominent
throughout the land. In 1603 Shah Jahan visited the State of Sindh; at Thatta, he was generously
welcomed by the locals after the death of his father Jahangir. Shah Jahan ordered the
construction of the Shahjahan Mosque, which was completed during the early years of his rule
under the supervision of Mirza Ghazi Beg. During his reign, in 1659 in the Mughal Empire,
Muhammad Salih Tahtawi of Thatta created a seamless celestial globe with Arabic and Persian
inscriptions using a wax casting method.[52][53]

Sindh was home to several wealthy merchant-rulers such as Mir Bejar of Sindh, whose great
wealth had attracted the close ties with the Sultan bin Ahmad of Oman.[54]

In the year 1701, the Kalhora Nawabs were authorized in a firman by the Mughal Emperor
Aurangzeb to administer subah Sindh.

From 1752 to 1762, Marathas collected Chauth or tributes from Sindh.[55] Maratha power was
decimated in the entire region after the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. In 1762, Mian Ghulam
Shah Kalhoro brought stability in Sindh, he reorganized and independently defeated the
Marathas and their prominent vassal the Rao of Kuch in the Thar Desert and returned
victoriously.

After the Sikhs annexed Multan, the Kalhora Dynasty supported counterattacks against the Sikhs
and defined their borders.[56]

In 1783 a firman which designated Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur as the new Nawab of Sindh, and
mediated peace particularly after the Battle of Halani and the defeat of the ruling Kalhora by the
Talpur Baloch tribes.[57]
 Caravan of merchants in the Indus River Valley

Talpurs

The Talpur dynasty was established by members of the Talpur tribe. The Talpur tribes migrated
from Dera Ghazi Khan in Punjab to Sindh on the invitation of Kalhora to help them organize
unruly Baloch tribes living in Sindh. Talpurs, who learned the Sindhi language, settled in northern
Sindh. Very soon they united all the Baloch tribes of Sindh and formed a confederacy against the
Kalhora Dynasty.

Four branches of the dynasty were established following the defeat of the Kalhora dynasty at the
Battle of Halani in 1743:[58] one ruled lower Sindh from the city of Hyderabad, another ruled over
upper Sindh from the city of Khairpur, a third ruled around the eastern city of Mirpur Khas, and a
fourth was based in Tando Muhammad Khan. The Talpurs were ethnically Baloch,[59] and Shia by
faith.[60] They ruled from 1783, until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the forces of the
East India Company at the Battle of Miani and Dubbo.[61] The northern Khairpur branch of the
Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during the period
colonial rule as the princely state of Khairpur,[59] whose ruler elected to join the new Dominion of
Pakistan in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated in the West
Pakistan in 1955.

Colonial period
Sindh became part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909.

In 1802, when Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur succeeded as the Talpur Nawab, internal tensions
broke out in the state. As a result, the following year the Maratha Empire declared war on Sindh
and Berar Subah, during which Arthur Wellesley took a leading role causing much early suspicion
between the Emirs of Sindh and the East India Company administration.[62] The East India
Company made its first contacts in the Sindhi port city of Thatta, which according to a report
was:

"a city as large as London containing 50,000 houses which were made of
stone and mortar with large verandahs some three or four stories high ...
the city has 3,000 looms ... the textiles of Sindh were the flower of the
whole produce of the East, the international commerce of Sindh gave it a
place among that of Nations, Thatta has 400 schools and 4,000 Dhows at its
docks, the city is guarded by well armed Sepoys".

Bengal Presidency forces under General Charles James Napier arrived in Sindh in the mid-19th
century and captured Sindh in February 1843.[63] The Baloch coalition led by Talpur under Mir
Nasir Khan Talpur was defeated at the Battle of Miani during which 5,000 Talpur Baloch were
killed in action. Shortly afterwards, Hoshu Sheedi commanded another army at the Battle of
Dubbo, where 5,000 Baloch were also killed in action.

The first Agha Khan, who was escaping persecution in Persia and looking for an ally, helped the
East India Company in their capture of Sindh. As a result, he was granted a lifetime pension.

A British journal[64] by Thomas Postans mentions the Sindhi Amirs as prisoners of war: "The
Amirs as being the prisoners of 'Her Majesty'... they are maintained in strict seclusion; they are
described as Broken-Hearted and Miserable men, maintaining much of the dignity of fallen
greatness, and without any querulous or angry complaining at this unlivable source of sorrow,
refusing to be comforted". Within weeks, Charles Napier and his forces occupied Sindh.

After 1853, the Company administraton divided Sindh into districts and later made it part of the
Bombay Presidency.

In the year 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the
Abjad used in Sindhi, with the Khudabadi script. The script was decreed a standard script by the
Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim majority region. A powerful unrest
followed, after which twelve separate periods of martial law were imposed by the colonial
government.[65]

During the period of Company rule,the city saw the rise of nationalist leaders such as
Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi, who pioneered the Sindhi Muslim Hur Movement. He was hanged on
20 March 1943 in Hyderabad, Sindh. His burial place is unknown.

During the colonial period, railways, printing presses and bridges were introduced in the
province. Writers like Mirza Kalich Beg compiled and traced the literary history of Sindh.[66]
Although Sindh had a culture of religious syncretism, communal harmony and tolerance due to
Sindh's strong Sufi culture in which both Sindhi Muslims and Sindhi Hindus partook,[67] the
mostly Muslim peasantry was oppressed by the Hindu moneylending class and also by the
landed Muslim elite.[68] Sindhi Muslims eventually demanded the separation of Sindh from the
Bombay Presidency, a move opposed by Sindhi Hindus.[69][70][71]

By 1936 Sindh was separated from the Bombay Presidency. Elections in 1937 resulted in local
Sindhi Muslim parties winning the bulk of seats. By the mid-1940s the Muslim League gained a
foothold in the province and after winning over the support of local Sufi pirs,[72] it didn't take long
for the overwhelming majority of Sindhi Muslims to campaign for the creation of Pakistan.[73][74]

Population
Demographics
Demographic Indicators
Urban population 52.02%

Rural population 47.98%

Population growth rate 2.41%

Gender ratio (male per 100 female) 108.58

Economically active population 22.75% (Old Data)

Historical populations

Census Population Urban

1951 6,047,748 29.23%

1961 8,367,065 37.85%

1972 14,155,909 40.44%

1981 19,028,666 43.31%

1998 29,991,161 48.75%

2017 47,886,051 52.02%

Sindh has the 2nd highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at
0.628.[75] The 2017 Census of Pakistan indicated a population of 47.9 million.

The major ethnic group of the province is the Sindhis, but there is also a significant presence of
other groups. Sindhis of Baloch origin make up about 30% of the total Sindhi population
(although they speak Sindhi Saraiki as their native tongue), while Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make
up over 19% of the total population of the province, while Punjabi are 10% and Pashtuns
represent 7%. In August 1947, before the partition of India, the total population of Sindh was
3,887,070 out of which 2,832,000 were Muslims and 1,015,000 were Hindus[76]

Religion
Religions in Sindh (2017 Census)[77]

   Islam (incl. Ahmadiyya (90.39%)

   Hinduism (incl. scheduled castes) (8.73%)
   Christianity (0.85%)
   Others (0.03%)

Sindh Religious diversity as per (2017 census)

[78]
Religion Population

Muslims ( ) 43,251,615

Hindus ( ) 4,177,305

Christians ( ) 406,725

Others 14,355

Total 47,850,000

Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar

Devotee at Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple

Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the
Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend which
highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on
Makli Hill near Thatta.[79] The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of
Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders) –
Qadria and Naqshbandia – were introduced in Sindh.[80] Sufism continues to play an important
role in the daily lives of Sindhis.[81]

Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of Hindu residents, which make up 8.73% of its
population overall,[77] and 11.6% of the province's rural population. These numbers also include
the scheduled caste population, which stands at 1% of the total in Sindh (or 1.8% in rural
areas),[82] and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead
counted under the main Hindu category.[83] The Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar whose
annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.[84] Sindh is also the
only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing Hindu marriages.[85]

There are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.[86]

Languages

According to the 2017 census, the most widely spoken language in the province is Sindhi, the
first language of 62% of the population. It is followed by Urdu (18%), Pashto (5.5%), Punjabi
(5.3%), Saraiki (2.2%) and Balochi (2%).[77][87]

Other languages with substantial numbers of speakers include Kutchi and Gujarati.[88] Other
minority languages include Aer, Bagri, Bhaya, Brahui, Dhatki, Ghera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jadgali,
Jandavra, Jogi, Kabutra, Kachi Koli, Parkari Koli, Wadiyari Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, and
Vaghri.[89]

According to the 1998 census, 7.3% of people Karachi's residents are Sindhi-speaking. However,
since the last few decades, every year thousands of Sindhi speaking from the rural areas are
moving and settling to the Karachi due to which population of the Sindhis is increasing
drastically.[90] Karachi is 40% populated by Muhajirs who speak Urdu.[91] Other immigrant
communities in Karachi are Pashtuns from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjabis from Punjab and
other linguistic groups from various regions of Pakistan.

Geography and nature

Peninsula of Manora

Sindh is in the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west.
Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 kilometres
(360 mi) from north to south and 442 kilometres (275 mi) (extreme) or 281 kilometres (175 mi)
(average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 square kilometres (54,408 sq mi) of
Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the
west and the Arabian Sea and Rann of Kutch to the south. In the centre is a fertile plain along the
Indus River.
Sindhri is among top 10 mango varieties in the world[92]

Flora

Sindh ibex in Kirthar National Park

The province is mostly arid with scant vegetation except for the irrigated Indus Valley. The dwarf
palm, Acacia Rupestris (kher), and Tecomella undulata (lohirro) trees are typical of the western
hill region. In the Indus valley, the Acacia nilotica (babul) (babbur) is the most dominant and
occurs in thick forests along the Indus banks. The Azadirachta indica (neem) (nim), Zizyphys
vulgaris (bir) (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba lai) and Capparis aphylla (kirir) are among the more
common trees.

Mango, date palms and the more recently introduced banana, guava, orange and chiku are the
typical fruit-bearing trees. The coastal strip and the creeks abound in semi-aquatic and aquatic
plants and the inshore Indus delta islands have forests of Avicennia tomentosa (timmer) and
Ceriops candolleana (chaunir) trees. Water lilies grow in abundance in the numerous lake and
ponds, particularly in the lower Sindh region.

Fauna

Indus river dolphin

Among the wild animals, the Sindh ibex (sareh), blackbuck, wild sheep (Urial or gadh) and wild
bear are found in the western rocky range. The leopard is now rare and the Asiatic cheetah
extinct. The Pirrang (large tiger cat or fishing cat) of the eastern desert region is also
disappearing. Deer occur in the lower rocky plains and in the eastern region, as do the striped
hyena (charakh), jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose and hedgehog. The Sindhi
phekari, red lynx or Caracal cat, is found in some areas. Phartho (hog deer) and wild bear occur,
particularly in the central inundation belt. There are bats, lizards and reptiles, including the cobra,
lundi (viper) and the mysterious Sindh krait of the Thar region, which is supposed to suck the
victim's breath in his sleep.
Some unusual sightings of Asian cheetah occurred in 2003 near the
Balochistan border in Kirthar Mountains. The rare houbara bustard find Sindh's warm climate
suitable to rest and mate. Unfortunately, it is hunted by locals and foreigners.

Crocodiles are rare and inhabit only the backwaters of the Indus, eastern Nara channel and
Karachi backwater. Besides a large variety of marine fish, the plumbeous dolphin, the beaked
dolphin, rorqual or blue whale and skates frequent the seas along the Sindh coast. The Pallo
(Sable fish), a marine fish, ascends the Indus annually from February to April to spawn. The
Indus river dolphin is among the most endangered species in Pakistan and is found in the part of
the Indus river in northern Sindh. Hog deer and wild bear occur, particularly in the central
inundation belt.
Although Sindh has a semi arid climate, through its coastal and riverine forests, its huge fresh
water lakes and mountains and deserts, Sindh supports a large amount of varied wildlife. Due to
the semi-arid climate of Sindh the left out forests support an average population of jackals and
snakes. The national parks established by the Government of Pakistan in collaboration with
many organizations such as World Wide Fund for Nature and Sindh Wildlife Department support
a huge variety of animals and birds. The Kirthar National Park in the Kirthar range spreads over
more than 3000 km2 of desert, stunted tree forests and a lake. The KNP supports Sindh ibex,
wild sheep (urial) and black bear along with the rare leopard. There are also occasional sightings
of The Sindhi phekari, ped lynx or Caracal cat. There is a project to introduce tigers and Asian
elephants too in KNP near the huge Hub Dam Lake. Between July and November when the
monsoon winds blow onshore from the ocean, giant olive ridley turtles lay their eggs along the
seaward side. The turtles are protected species. After the mothers lay and leave them buried
under the sands the SWD and WWF officials take the eggs and protect them until they are
hatched to keep them from predators.

Climate

Lansdowne Railway Bridge

Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region; it is hot in the summer and mild to warm in winter.
Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum
average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January in the northern and
higher elevated regions. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during
July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins in mid-February and continues until the
end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from
October to January.

Sindh lies between the two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the
northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by the Himalayan mountains—and
escapes the influence of both. The region's scarcity of rainfall is compensated by the inundation
of the Indus twice a year, caused by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by
rainfall in the monsoon season.

Sindh is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (the upper region, centred on Jacobabad),
Wicholo (the middle region, centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (the lower region, centred on
Karachi). The thermal equator passes through upper Sindh, where the air is generally very dry.
Central Sindh's temperatures are generally lower than those of upper Sindh but higher than those
of lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are typical during the summer. Central Sindh's
maximum temperature typically reaches 43–44 °C (109–111 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and
humid maritime climate affected by the southwestern winds in summer and northeastern winds
in winter, with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. Lower Sindh's maximum temperature reaches
about 35–38 °C (95–100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m (5,900 ft) and higher at Gorakh Hill
and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief
snowfall is received in the winters.

Major cities
 List of major cities in Sindh
Rank City District(s) Population Image
Karachi East

Karachi West

Karachi South

1 Karachi 14,910,352
Karachi Central

Malir

Korangi

2 Hyderabad Hyderabad 1,732,693

3 Sukkur Sukkur 499,900

4 Larkana Larkana 490,508

5 Nawabshah Shaheed Benazirabad 279,688

6 Kotri Jamshoro 259,358

7 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 233,916

 Source: Pakistan Census 2017[93]
This is a list of city proper populations and does not indicate metro populations.

Government

Sindh province

Provincial symbols of Sindh

[94]
[95]
[96]

Provincial animal Sindh ibex

Provincial bird Black partridge

Provincial tree Neem Tree

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is a unicameral and consists of 168 seats, of which 5% are
reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi. The
provincial government is led by Chief Minister who is directly elected by the popular and
landslide votes; the Governor serves as a ceremonial representative nominated and appointed
by the President of Pakistan. The administrative boss of the province who is in charge of the
bureaucracy is the Chief Secretary Sindh, who is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan.
Most of the influential Sindhi tribes in the province are involved in Pakistan's politics.

In addition, Sindh's politics leans towards the left-wing and its political culture serves as a
dominant place for the left-wing spectrum in the country.[97] The province's trend towards the
Pakistan Peoples Party and away from the Pakistan Muslim League (N) can be seen in
nationwide general elections, in which, Sindh is a stronghold of the Pakistan Peoples Party
(PPP).[97] The PML(N) has a limited support due to its centre-right agenda.[98]

In metropolitan cities such as Karachi and Hyderabad, the MQM (another left-wing party with the
support of Muhajirs) has a considerable vote bank and support.[97] Minor leftist parties such as
People's Movement also found support in rural areas of the province.[99]

Divisions

In 2008, after the public elections, the new government decided to restore the structure of
Divisions of all provinces.[100] In Sindh after the lapse of the Local Governments Bodies term in
2010 the Divisional Commissioners system was to be restored.[101][102][103]

In July 2011, following excessive violence in the city of Karachi and after the political split
between the ruling PPP and the majority party in Sindh, the MQM and after the resignation of the
MQM Governor of Sindh, PPP and the Government of Sindh decided to restore the
commissionerate system in the province. As a consequence, the five divisions of Sindh were
restored – namely Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas and Larkana with their respective
districts. Subsequently, two new divisions have been added in Sindh, Banbore and Nawab
Shah/Shaheed Benazirabad division.[104]

Karachi district has been de-merged into its five original constituent districts: Karachi East,
Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South and Malir. Recently Korangi has been upgraded to
the status of the sixth district of Karachi. These six districts form the Karachi Division now.[105]
In 2020, the Kemari District was created after splitting Karachi West District.[106] Currently the
Sindh government is planning to divide the Tharparkar district into Tharparkar and Chhachro
district.[107]
Districts
 Population 
Density 

Map Sr. No. District Headquarters Area (km²)

(in 2017) (people/km²)

1 Badin Badin 6,470 1,804,516 279

2 Dadu Dadu 8,034 1,550,266 193

3 Ghotki Ghotki 6,506 1,647,239 253

4 Hyderabad Hyderabad 1,022 2,201,079 2,155

5 Jacobabad Jacobabad 2,771 1,006,297 363

6 Jamshoro Jamshoro 11,250 993,142 88

7 Karachi Central Karachi 62 2,972,639 48,336

Kashmore
8 (formerly Kashmore 2,551 1,089,169 427
Kandhkot)

9 Khairpur Khairpur 15,925 2,405,523 151

10 Larkana Larkana 1,906 1,524,391 800

11 Matiari Matiari 1,459 769,349 527

12 Mirpur Khas Mirpur Khas 3,319 1,505,876 454

Naushahro Naushahro
13 2,027 1,612,373 369
Feroze Feroze

Shaheed
Benazirabad
14 Nawabshah 4,618 1,612,847 349
(formerly
Nawabshah)

Qambar
15 Qambar 5,599 1,341,042 240
Shahdadkot

16 Sanghar Sanghar 10,259 2,057,057 200

17 Shikarpur Shikarpur 2,577 1,231,481 478

18 Sukkur Sukkur 5,216 1,487,903 285

Tando
19 Tando Allahyar 1,573 836,887 532
Allahyar

20 Tando Tando 1,814 677,228 373

Muhammad Muhammad
 Khan Khan

21 Tharparkar Mithi 19,808 1,649,661 83

22 Thatta Thatta 7,705 979,817 127

23 Umerkot Umerkot 5,503 1,073,146 195

24
Sujawal Sujawal 8,699 781,967 90
(22)

25 (7) Karachi East Karachi 165 2,909,921 17,625

26 (7) Karachi South Karachi 85 1,791,751 21,079

27 (7) Karachi West Karachi 630 3,914,757 6,212

28 (7) Korangi Korangi Town 95 2,457,019 25,918

29 (7) Malir Malir Town 2,635 2,008,901 762

Lower-level subdivisions

In Sindh, talukas are equivalent to the tehsils used elsewhere in the country, supervisory tapas
correspond with the kanungo circles used elsewhere, tapas correspond with the patwar circles
used in other provinces, and dehs are equivalent to the mouzas used elsewhere.[108]

Economy

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

GDP by province

Qayoom Abad Bridge Karachi

Navalrai Market Clock Tower Hyderabad

Sindh has the second largest economy in Pakistan. A 2016 study commissioned by Pakistan
Ministry of Planning found that urban Sindh and northern Punjab province are the most
prosperous regions in Pakistan.[109] Its GDP per capita was $1,400 in 2010 which is 50 percent
more than the rest of the nation or 35 percent more than the national average. Historically,
Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% to 32.7%. Its share in the service
sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%.
Performance wise, its best sector is the manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from
36.7% to 46.5%.

Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a
highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in Karachi to a
substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products,
cement, plastics, and other goods.

Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, dates, bananas, and
mangoes as the most important crops. The largest and finer quality of rice is produced in
Larkano district.[110][111]

Education
Dayaram Jethmal College (D.J. College), Karachi in the 19th century

National Academy of Performing Arts, Karachi

Year Literacy rate

1972 60.77
1981 37.5%
1998 45.29%
2017 54.57%[112]

The following is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated by the government in
1998:[113]
 Qualification Urban Rural Total Enrollment ratio (%)
— 14,839,862 15,600,031 30,439,893 —
Below Primary 1,984,089 3,332,166 5,316,255 100.00
Primary 3,503,691 5,687,771 9,191,462 82.53
Middle 3,073,335 2,369,644 5,442,979 52.33
Matriculation 2,847,769 2,227,684 5,075,453 34.45
Intermediate 1,473,598 1,018,682 2,492,280 17.78
Diploma, Certificate... 1,320,747 552,241 1,872,988 9.59
BA, BSc... degrees 440,743 280,800 721,543 9.07
MA, MSc... degrees 106,847 53,040 159,887 2.91
Other qualifications 89,043 78,003 167,046 0.54

Major public and private educational institutes in Sindh include:

Adamjee Government Science College

Aga Khan University

APIIT

Applied Economics Research Centre

Bahria University

Baqai Medical University

Chandka Medical College Larkana

Cadet College Petaro

College of Digital Sciences

College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan

COMMECS Institute of Business and Emerging Sciences

D. J. Science College

Dawood College of Engineering and Technology

Defence Authority Degree College for Men

Dow International Medical College

Dow University of Health Sciences

Fatima Jinnah Dental College

Federal Urdu University

GBELS Dourai Mahar Taluka Daur Distt: Shaheed Benazirabad

Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur

Government College for Men Nazimabad

Government College Hyderabad

Government College of Commerce & Economics

Government College of Technology, Karachi

Government Degree College Matiari

Government High School Ranipur

Government Islamia Science College Sukkur

Government Muslim Science College Hyderabad

Government National College (Karachi)

Greenwich University (Karachi)

Hamdard University

Hussain Ebrahim Jamal Research Institute of Chemistry

Imperial Science College Nawabshah

Indus Valley Institute of Art and Architecture

Institute of Business Administration, Karachi

Institute of Business Administration, Sukkar

Institute of Business Management

Institute of Industrial Electronics Engineering

Institute of Sindhology

Iqra University

Islamia Science College (Karachi)

Isra University Hyderabad

Jinnah Medical & Dental College

Jinnah Polytechnic Institute

Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre

Jinnah University for Women

KANUPP Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering

Karachi School of Business and Leadership

Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences

Mehran University of Engineering and Technology

Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

National Academy of Performing Arts

National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

National University of Modern Languages

National University of Sciences and Technology

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Ojha Institute of Chest Diseases

PAF Institute of Aviation Technology

TES Public School, Daur

PAF KIET- Karachi Institute of Economics and Technology

Pakistan Navy Engineering College

Pakistan Shipowners' College

Pakistan Steel Cadet College

Peoples Medical College for Girls Nawabshah

PIA Training Centre Karachi

Provincial Institute of Teachers Education Nawabshah

Public School Hyderabad

Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah

Rana Liaquat Ali Khan Government College of Home Economics

Saint Patrick's College, Karachi

Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai University

Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Medical College

Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology

Sindh Agriculture University

Sindh Medical College

Superior College of Science Hyderabad

Sindh Muslim Law College

Sir Syed Government Girls College

Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology

St. Joseph's College

Sukkur Institute of Science & Technology

Textile Institute of Pakistan

University of Karachi

University of Sindh

Usman Institute of Technology

Ziauddin Medical University

Culture
Children in a rural area of Sindh, 2012

Sant Nenuram Ashram

The rich culture, art and architectural landscape of Sindh have fascinated historians. The culture,
folktales, art and music of Sindh form a mosaic of human history.[114]

Cultural heritage

Archaeological ruins at Moenjodaro, Sindh, Pakistan

The ruins of an ancient mosque at Bhambore

Sindhi women collecting water from a reservoir on the way to Mubarak Village

Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps
the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of Hala, a town some 30
kilometres from Hyderabad. Hala's artisans manufacture high-quality and impressively priced
wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, and blue pottery. Lacquered
wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand weaved
textiles including khadi, susi, and ajraks are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala's
handicraft.

The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Damascus, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul,
Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten
(an English traveller who visited Sindh in the early 19th century) asserted that the articles of
Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China. Technological improvements such
as the spinning wheel (charkha) and treadle (pai-chah) in the weaver's loom were gradually
introduced and the processes of designing, dyeing and printing by block were refined. The
refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to
the woollens and linens of the age.[115]

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as the World Wildlife Fund, Pakistan, play an
important role to promote the culture of Sindh. They provide training to women artisans in Sindh
so they get a source of income. They promote their products under the name of "Crafts Forever".
Many women in rural Sindh are skilled in the production of caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured
commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. Sindhi people began
celebrating Sindhi Topi Day on 6 December 2009, to preserve the historical culture of Sindh by
wearing Ajrak and Sindhi topi.[116]

Huts in the Thar desert

Tourism

Tourist sites include the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana, Runi Kot, Kot Deji, the
Jain temples of Nangar Parker and the historic temple of Sadhu Bela, Sukkur. Islamic
architecture is quite prominent in the province; its numerous mausoleums include the ancient
Shahbaz Qalander mausoleum.

Sachal Sarmast (Sufi poet) Daraz near Ranipur

Aror (ruins of historical city) near Sukkur

Chaukandi Tombs, Karachi

Forts at Hyderabad and Umarkot

Gorakh Hill in Dadu

Kahu-Jo-Darro near Mirpurkhas

Kirthar National Park in Dadu

Kot Diji Fort, Kot Diji

Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad

Makli Hill, Asia's largest necropolis, Makli, Thatta

Minar-e-Mir Masum Shah, Sukkur

Mohatta Palace Museum, Karachi

Rani Bagh, Hyderabad

Ranikot Fort near Sann

Ruins of Mohenjo-daro and Museum near Larkana

Pakka Qila, Hyderabad

Sadhu Bela Temple near Sukkur

Shahjahan Mosque, Thatta

Shrine of Allama Makhdoom Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, Thatta

Shrine of Shah Inayat Shaheed, Jhok

Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Bhit Shah

Shrine of Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Dadu

Sukkur Barrage, Sukkur

malhan mata temple haryar, mithi

Talpurs' Faiz Mahal Palace, Khairpur

 Sukkur Bridge

Gorakh Hill Station

 Faiz Mahal, Khairpur

Ranikot Fort, one of the largest forts in the world

 Chaukhandi tombs

Remains of 9th century Jain temple in Bhodesar near Nagarparkar.

Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro

Karachi Beach
Qasim fort

Kot Diji
 Bakri Waro Lake, Khairpur

National Museum of Pakistan

 Kirthar National Park

Karoonjhar Mountains, Tharparkar

 Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta

Tomb of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai

 Keenjhar Lake

Lal Shahbaz Qalandar

See also

Arab Sind

Bagh Prints

Brahma from Mirpur-Khas

Debal

Institute of Sindhology

List of cities in Sindh

List of cities in Sindh by population

List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh

List of medical schools in Sindh

List of districts of Pakistan

List of Sindhi people

Sindhi clothing

Provincial Highways of Sindh

Sindh cricket team

Mansura, Sindh

Mohenjodaro

Muhajir Sooba

Sind Division

Sindhu Kingdom

Sufism in Sindh

Tomb paintings of Sindh

Notes

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115. "Cultural Heritage" (http://www.wishwebdesign.com/dgaewm/otherinfo/Cultural-Heritage/542/533) .

wishwebdesign.com =. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

116. "Sindh celebrates first ever 'Sindhi Topi Day' " (http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-li
brary/dawn/news/pakistan/provinces/13+sindh+celebrates+first+ever+sindhi+topi+day-za-04) .
 Bibliography

Ansari, Sarah F.D. (1992) Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947, No. 50. Cambridge
University Press: Cambridge. ISBN 9780511563201.

Phiroze Vasunia (16 May 2013), The Classics and Colonial India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-01-
9920-323-9

Malkani, Kewal Ram (1984). The Sindh Story. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

External links

Sindh
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Sindh Transport Department official website (https://web.archive.org/web/20121119234920/

http://www.transport.gos.pk/)

Government of Sindh (http://www.sindh.gov.pk)

Guide of Sindh (http://dmoz.pk/Provinces/Sindh/)

 Map of the districts of Sindh (https://web.archive.org/web/20091126053250/http://www.lgdsi
ndh.com.pk/districts1.htm)

Sindh (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Sindh) at Curlie

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