Answers to Selected Exercises

CHAPTER 3 GRAPHICAL OPTIMIZATION

3.1 x* = (2, 2), f * = 2. 3.2 x* = (0, 4), F* = 8. 3.3 x* = (8, 10), f * = 38. 3.4 x* = (4, 3.333, 2),
F* = 11.33. 3.5 x* = (10, 10), F* = 400. 3.6 x* = (0, 0), f * = 0. 3.7 x* = (0, 0), f * = 0. 3.8 x* = (2, 3),
f *  =  −22. 3.9 x* = (−2.5, 1.58), f *  =  − 3.95. 3.10 x* = (−0.5, 0.167), f *  =  −0.5. 3.11 Global mini-
mum: x* = (0.71, 0.71), f *  =  −3.04; Global maximum: x* = (−0.71, −0.71), f * = 4.04. 3.12 Global
minimum: x* = (2.17, 1.83), f *  =  −8.33; No local maxima. 3.13 Global minimum: x* = (2.59,
−2.02), f * = 15.3; Local minimum: x* = (−3.73, 3.09), f * = 37.88; Global maximum: x* = (−3.63,
−3.18), f * = 453.2; Local maximum: x* = (1.51, 3.27), f * = 244.53. 3.14 Global minimum: x* =
(2.0), f *  =  −4; Local minimum: x* = (0, 0), f * = 0; Local minimum: x* = (0, 2), f *  =  −2; ­Local
minimum: x* = (1.39, 1.54), f * = 0; Global maximum: x* = (0.82, 0.75), f * = 2.21. 3.15 Global
minimum: x* = (7, 5), f * = 10; Global maximum: x* = (0, 0), f * = 128; Local maximum: x* = (12,
0), f * = 80. 3.16 Global minimum: x* = (2, 1), f *  =  −25; Global maximum: x* = (−2.31, 0.33),
f * = 24.97. 3.17 Global minimum: x* = (2.59, −2.01), f * = 15.25; Local minimum: x* = (−3.73,
3.09), f * = 37.87; No local maxima. 3.18 Global minimum: x* = (4, 4), f * = 0; Global maximum:
x* = (0, 10), f * = 52; Local maximum: x* = (0, 0), f * = 32; Local maximum: x* = (5, 0), f * = 17.
3.19 No local minima; Global maximum: x* = (28, 18), f * = 8. 3.20 Global minimum: x* = (3, 2),
f * = 1; Globalmaximum: x* = (0, 5), f * = 25; Localmaximum: x* = (0, 0), f * = 20. 3.21 b* = 24.66 cm,
d* = 49.32 cm, f * = 1216 cm3. 3.22 R* = 20 cm,
o R* = 19.84 cm,
i f * = 79.1 kg. 3.23 R* = 53.6 mm,
t* = 5.0 mm, f * = 66 kg. 3.24 R* = 56 mm,
o R* = 51 mm,
i f * = 66 kg. 3.25 w* = 93 mm, t* = 5 mm,
f * = 70 kg. 3.26 Infinite optimum points, f * = 0.812 kg. 3.27 A* = 5000, h* = 14, f * = $13.4 mil-
lion. 3.28 R*  1.0 m, t* = 0.0167 m, f *   8070 kg. 3.29 A1* = 6.1 cm2, A2* = 2.0 cm2, f * = 5.39 kg.
3.31 t* = 8.45, f * = 1.91 × 105. 3.32 R* = 7.8 m, H* = 15.6 m, f * = $1.75 × 106. 3.33 Infinite opti-
mum points; one point: R* = 0.4 m, t* = 1.59 × 10−3 m, f * = 15.7 kg. 3.34 For l = 0.5 m, To = 10
kN m, Tmax = 20 kN m, x1* = 103 mm, x2* = 0.955, f * = 2.9 kg. 3.35 For l = 0.5, To = 10 kN m,
Tmax = 20 kN m, do* = 103 mm, d* = 98.36 mm,
i f * = 2.9 kg. 3.36 R* = 50.3 mm, t* = 2.35 mm,
f * = 2.9 kg. 3.37 R* = 20 cm, H* = 7.2 cm,  f *  =  −9000 cm3. 3.38 R* = 0.5 cm, N* = 2550,  f *  =  −8000
(l = 10). 3.39 R* = 33.7 mm, t* = 5.0 mm, f * = 41 kg. 3.40 R* = 21.5 mm, t* = 5.0 mm, f * = 26 kg.
3.41 R* = 27, t* = 5 mm, f * = 33 kg. 3.42 Ro* = 36 mm, R* = 31 mm,
i f * = 41 kg. 3.43 R* = 24.0 mm,
o
R* = 19.0 mm,
i f * = 26 kg. 3.44 R* = 29.5 mm,
o R* = 24.5 mm,
i f * = 33 kg. 3.45 D* = 8.0 cm,
H* = 8.0 cm, f * = 301.6 cm2. 3.46 A* = 413.68 mm,
1 A* = 163.7 mm,
2 f * = 5.7 kg. 3.47 Infinite opti-
mum points; one point: R* = 20 mm, t* = 3.3 mm, f * = 8.1 kg. 3.48 A* = 390 mm2, h* = 500 mm,
f * = 5.5 kg. 3.49  A* = 410 mm2,  s* = 1500 mm,  f * = 8 kg. 3.50  A1* = 300 mm2, A* = 50 2 mm2, 
f * = 7 kg. 3.51 R* = 130 cm, t* = 2.86 cm, f * = 57,000 kg. 3.52 do* = 41.56 cm, d* = 40.19 cm, i
f * = 680 kg. 3.53 do* = 1310 mm, t* = 14.2 mm, f * = 92,500 N. 3.54 H* = 50.0 cm, D* = 3.42 cm,
f * = 6.6 kg.

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919
920 Answers to Selected Exercises

CHAPTER 4 OPTIMUM DESIGN CONCEPTS:

OPTIMALITY CONDITIONS

4.2 cosx = 1.044 − 0.15175x − 0.35355x2 at x = π/4. 4.3 cosx = 1.1327 − 0.34243x − 0.25x2

at x = π/3. 4.4 sinx = − 0.02199 + 1.12783x − 0.25x2 at x = π/6. 4.5 sinx = 0.06634 + 1.2625x −
0.35355x2 at x = π/4. 4.6 ex = 1 + x + 0.5x2 at x = 0. 4.7 ex = 7.389 − 7.389x + 3.6945x2 at
x = 2. 4.8 f ( x) = 41x12 − 42 x1 − 40 x1 x2 + 20 x 2 + 10 x22 + 15 ; f (1.2, 0.8) = 7.64 , f(1.2, 0.8) = 8.136,
Error = f − f = 0.496. 4.9 Indefinite. 4.10 Indefinite. 4.11 Indefinite. 4.12 Positive definite.
4.13 Indefinite. 4.14 Indefinite. 4.15 Positive definite. 4.16 Indefinite. 4.17 Indefinite. 4.18
Positive definite. 4.19 Positive definite. 4.20 Indefinite. 4.22 x = (0, 0) − local minimum, f = 7.
4.23 x* = (0, 0) − inflection point. 4.24 x*1 = (−3.332, 0.0395) − local maximum, f = 18.58;
x*2 = (−0.398, 0.5404)  − inflection point. 4.25 x*1 = (4, 8) − inflection point; x*2 = (−4,
−8) − inflection point. 4.26 x* = (2n + 1)π, n = 0, ±1, ±2,…local minima, f *  =  − 1; x* = 2nπ,
n = 0, ±1, ±2, … local maxima, f * = 1. 4.27 x* = (0, 0) − local minimum, f * = 0. 4.28 x* = 0 −
local minimum, f * = 0; x* = 2 − local maximum, f * = 0.541. 4.29 x* = (3.684, 0.7368) −
local minimum, f * = 11.0521. 4.30 x* = (1, 1) − local minimum, f * = 1. 4.31 x* = (−2/7,
−6/7) – ­ local minimum, f *  =  −24/7. 4.32 x*1 = (241.7643, 0.03099542) – local minimum,
U* = 483,528.6; x*2 = (−241.7643, −0.03099542) – local maximum. 4.40 x* = (3.733, 0.341),
f * = 1526.56. 4.43 x* = (13/6, 11/6), v* = −1/6, f *  =  −25/3 (local minimum). 4.44 x* = (13/6,
11/6), v* = 1/6, F* = −25/3 (not a local minimum). 4.45 x* = (32/13, −4/13), v* = −6/13,
f * = 9/13. 4.46 x* = (−0.4, 2.6/3), v* = 7.2, f * = 27.2. 4.47 x* = (1.717, −0.811, 1.547),
v1* = −0.943, v2* = 0.453, f * = 2.132. 4.48 x 1* = (1.5088, 3.272) , v* = −17.1503, f * = 244.528;
x *2 = (2.5945, −2.0198) , v* = −1.4390, f * = 15.291; x *3 = (−3.630, − 3.1754), v* = −23.2885,
f * = 453.154; x *4 = (−3.7322, 3.0879), v* = −2.122, f * = 37.877. 4.49 x* = (2, 2), v* = −2, f * = 2.
4.50 (i) No, (ii) Solution of equalities, x* = (3, 1), f * = 4. 4.51 x* = (11/6, 13/6), v* = −23/6, f *  =
−1/3. 4.52 x* = (11/6, 13/6), v* = 23/6, F* = −1/3. 4.54 x 1* = (0, 0) , F* = −8; x *2 = (11/6, 13/6),
F* = −1/3. 4.55 x* = (0, 0), f *  =  −8. 4.56 x 1* = (48/23, 40/23) , F* = −192/13; x *2 = (13/6, 11/6),
u* = 1/6, F* = −25/3. 4.57 x* = (3, 1), v* = −2, u* = 2, f * = 4. 4.58 x* = (3, 1), v* = −2, u* = 2, f * = 4.
4.59 x* = (3, 1), u1* = 2, u2* = 2, f * = 4. 4.60 x* = (6, 6), u* = (0, 4, 0), f * = 4. 4.61 x 1* = (0.816, 0.75),
u* = (0, 0, 0, 0), f * = 2.214; x *2 = (0.816, 0) , u* = (0, 0, 0, 3), f * = 1.0887; x *3 = (0, 0.75) , u* =
(0, 0, 2, 0), f * = 1.125; x *4 = (1.5073, 1.2317) , u* = (0, 0.9632, 0, 0), f * = 0.251; x *5 = (1.0339, 1.655) ,
u* = (1.2067, 0, 0, 0), f * = 0.4496; x 6* = (0, 0) , u* = (0, 0, 2, 3), f * = 0; x 7* = (2, 0) , u* = (0, 2, 0, 7),
f *  =  −4; x *8 = (0, 2) , u* = (5/3, 0, 11/3, 0), f *  =  −2; x *9 = (1.386, 1.538) , u* = (0.633, 0.626, 0, 0),
f *  =  −0.007388. 4.62 x* = (48/23, 40/23), u* = 0, f *  =  −192/23. 4.63 x* = (2.5, 1.5), u* = 1,
f * = 1.5. 4.64 x* = (6.3, 1.733), u* = (0, 0.8, 0, 0), f *  =  −56.901. 4.65 x* = (1, 1), u* = 0, f * = 0.
4.66 x* = (1, 1), u* = (0, 0), f * = 0. 4.67 x* = (2, 1), u* = (0, 2), f * = 1. 4.68 x 1* = (2.5945, 2.0198),
u1* = 1.439, f * = 15.291; x *2 = (−3.63, 3.1754), u1* = 23.2885, f * = 453.154; x *3 = (1.5088, −3.2720) ,
u1* = 17.1503, f * = 244.53; x*4 = (−3.7322, −3.0879), u1* = 2.1222, f * = 37.877. 4.69 x* = (3.25, 0.75),
v* = 1.25, u* = 0.75, f * = 5.125. 4.70 x*1 = (4/ 3 , 1/3), u* = 0, f *  =  −24.3;  x *2 = (− 4/ 3 , 1/3), u* = 0,
f * = 24.967;  x *3 = (0, 3), u* = 16, f *  =  −21; x *4 = (2, 1) , u* = 4, f *  =  −25. 4.71 x* = (−2/7, −6/7) ,


 Answers to Selected Exercises 921

u* = 0, f * = −24 / 7 . 4.72 x* = 4, y* = 6, u* = (0, 0, 0, 0), f * = 0. 4.74 Three local maxima:
x* = 0, y* = 0, u* = (0, 0, −18, −12), F* = 52; x* = 6, y* = 0, u* = (0, −4, 0, −12), F* = 40;
x* = 0, y* = 12, u* = (−12, 0, −4, 0), F* = 52; One stationary point: x* = 5, y* = 7, u* = (−2,
0, 0, 0), F* = 2. 4.79 D* = 7.98 cm, H* = 8 cm, u* = (0.5, 0, 0, 0.063, 0), f * = 300.6 cm2.
4.80 R* = 7.871686 × 10−2, t* = 1.574337 × 10−3, u* = (0, 3.056 × 10−4, 0.3038, 0, 0), f * = 30.56 kg.
4.81 Ro* = 7.950204 × 10−2, R* = 7.792774 × 10
i
−2
, u* = (0, 3.056 × 10−4, 0.3055, 0, 0), f * = 30.56 kg.
4.82 x1* = 60.50634, x2* = 1.008439, u1* = 19,918, u2* = 23,186, u*3 = u*4 = 0, f = 23,186.4.
4.83 h* = 14 m, A* = 5000 m2, u1* = 5.9 × 10−4, u2* = 6.8 × 10−4, u*3 = u*4 = u*5 = 0, f * = $13.4 mil-
lion. 4.84 A* = 20,000, B* = 10,000, u1* = 35, u*3 = 27 (or, u1* = 8, u2* = 108), f *  =  −$1,240,000.
4.85 R* = 20 cm, H* = 7.161973 cm, u1* = 10, u*3 = 450, f *  =  −9000 cm3. 4.86 R* = 0.5 cm,
N = 2546.5, u1* = 16,000, u2* = 4, f = −8000 cm2. 4.87 W* = 70.7107 m, D* = 141.4214 m,
u*3 = 1.41421, u*4 = 0, f * = $28,284.28. 4.88 A* = 70 kg, B = 76 kg, u1* = 0.4, u*4 = 16, f *  =  −$1308.
4.89 B* = 0, M* = 2.5 kg, u1* = 0.5, u*3 = 1.5, f * = $2.5. 4.90 x1* = 316.667, x2* = 483.33, u1* = 2/3,
u2* = 10/3, f *  =  −1283.333. 4.91 r* = 4.57078 cm, h* = 9.14156 cm, v1* = −0.364365, u1* = 43.7562,
f * = 328.17 cm2. 4.92 b* = 10 m, h* = 18 m, u1* = 0.04267, u2* = 0.00658, f * = 0.545185.
4.94 D* = 5.758823 m, H* = 5.758823 m, n1* = −277.834, f * = $62,512.75. 4.96 P1* = 30.4, P2* = 29.6,
u1* = 59.8, f * = $1789.68. 4.134 (i) π ≤ x ≤ 2π (ii) π/2 ≤ x ≤ 3π/2. 4.135 Convex everywhere.
{ }
4.136 Not convex. 4.137 S = x  x1 ≥ −5/3, ( x1 + 11/12)2 − 4 x22 − 9/16 ≥ 0 . 4.138 Not convex.
4.139 Convex everywhere. 4.140 Convex if C ≥ 0. 4.141 Fails convexity check. 4.142 Fails con-
vexity check. 4.143 Fails convexity check. 4.144 Fails convexity check. 4.145 Fails convexity
check. 4.146 Fails convexity check. 4.147 Convex. 4.148 Fails convexity check. 4.149 Convex.
4.150 Convex. 4.151 18.43° ≤ u ≤ 71.57°. 4.152 u ≥ 71.57°. 4.153 No solution. 4.154 u ≤ 18.43°.

CHAPTER 5 MORE ON OPTIMUM DESIGN CONCEPTS:

OPTIMALITY CONDITIONS

5.4 x1* = 2.1667, x2* = 1.8333, v* = −0.1667; isolated minimum. 5.9 (1.5088, 3.2720), v* = −17.15;

not a minimum point; (2.5945, −2.0198), v* = −1.439; isolated local minimum; (−3.6300,
−3.1754), v* = −23.288; not a minimum point; (−3.7322, 3.0879), v* = −2.122; isolated ­local
minimum. 5.12 Violates second order necessary condition. 5.20 (0.816, 0.75), u* = (0, 0, 0, 0);
not a minimum point; (0.816, 0), u* = (0, 0, 0, 3); not a minimum point; (0, 0.75), u* = (0, 0,
2, 0); not a minimum point; (1.5073, 1.2317), u* = (0, 0.9632, 0, 0); not a minimum point;
(1.0339, 1.6550), u* = (1.2067, 0, 0, 0); not a minimum point; (0, 0), u* = (0, 0, 2, 3); isolated
local minimum; (2, 0), u* = (2, 0, 0, 7); isolated local minimum; (0, 2), u* = (1.667, 0, 3.667, 0);
isolated local minimum; (1.386, 1.538), u* = (0.633, 0.626, 0, 0); isolated local minimum.
5.21 (2.0870, 1.7391), u* = 0; isolated global minimum. 5.22 x* = (2.5, 1.5), u* = 1, f * = 1.5.
5.23 x* = (6.3, 1.733), u* = (0, 0.8, 0, 0), f *  =  −56.901. 5.24 x* = (1, 1), u* = 0, f * = 0. 5.25 x* =
(1, 1), u* = (0, 0), f * = 0. 5.26 x* = (2, 1), u* = (0, 2), f * = 1. 5.27 (2.5945, 2.0198), u* = 1.4390;
isolated local minimum; (−3.6300, 3.1754), u* = 23.288; not a minimum; (1.5088, −3.2720),
u* = 17.150; not a minimum; (−3.7322, −3.0879), u* = 2.122; isolated local minimum.
5.28 (3.25, 0.75), u* = 0.75, v* = −1.25; isolated global minimum. 5.29 (2.3094, 0.3333), u* = 0;
not a minimum; (−2.3094, 0.3333), u* = 0; not a minimum; (0, 3), u* = 16; not a minimum;
(2, 1), u* = 4; isolated local minimum. 5.30 (−0.2857, −0.8571), u* = 0; isolated local minimum.


922 Answers to Selected Exercises

5.38 Ro* = 20 cm, Ri* = 19.84 cm, f * = 79.1 kg, u* = (3.56 × 10−3, 0, 5.29, 0, 0, 0). 5.39 Multiple op-
tima between (31.83, 1.0) and (25.23, 1.26) mm, f * = 45.9 kg. 5.40 R* = 1.0077 m, t* = 0.0168 m,
f * = 8182.8 kg, u* = (0.0417, 0.00408, 0, 0, 0). 5.41 R* = 0.0787 m, t* = 0.00157 m, f * = 30.56 kg.
5.42 Ro* = 0.0795 m, R* = 0.0779 m,
i f * = 30.56 kg. 5.43 H* = 8 cm, D* = 7.98 cm, f * = 300.6 cm2.
2
5.44 A* = 5000 m , h* = 14 m, f * = $13.4 million. 5.45 x1* = 102.98 mm, x2* = 0.9546, f * = 2.9 kg,
u* = (4.568 × 10−3, 0, 3.332 × 10−8, 0, 0, 0, 0). 5.46 do* = 103 mm, di* = 98.36 mm, f * = 2.9 kg,
u* = (4.657 × 10−3, 0, 3.281 × 10−8, 0, 0, 0, 0). 5.47 R* = 50.3 mm, t* = 2.34 mm, f * = 2.9 kg,
u* = (4.643 × 10−3, 0, 3.240 × 10−8, 0, 0, 0, 0). 5.48 H* = 50 cm, D* = 3.42 cm, f * = 6.6 kg,
u* = (0, 9.68 × 10−5, 0, 4.68 × 10−2, 0, 0). 5.50 Not a convex programming problem; D* = 10 m,
H* = 10 m,  f * = 60,000π  m3; ∆f = −800π  m3. 5.51 Convex; A1* = 2.937 × 10−4 m2, A2* = 6.556 × 10−5
m2, f * = 7.0 kg. 5.52 h* = 14 m, A* = 5000 m2, u1* = 5.9 × 10−4, u2* = 6.8 × 10−4, u*3 = u*4 = u*5 = 0,
f * = $13.4 million. 5.53 R* = 20, H* = 7.16, u1* = 10, u*3 = 450, f *  =  −9000 cm3. 5.54 R* = 0.5 cm,
N* = 2546.5, u1* = 16,022, u2* = 4, f * = 8000 cm2. 5.55 W* = 70.7107, D* = 141.4214, u*3 = 1.41421,
u*4 = 0, f * = $28,284.28. 5.56 r* = 4.57078 cm, h* = 9.14156 cm, v1* = −0.364365, u1* = 43.7562,
f * = 328.17 cm2. 5.57 b* = 10 m, h* = 18 m, u1* = 0.04267, u2* = 0.00658, f * = 0.545185.
5.58 D* = 5.758823 m, H* = 5.758823 m, v1* = −277.834,  f * = $62,512.75. 5.59 P1* = 30.4, P2* = 29.6,
u1* = 59.8, f * = $1789.68. 5.60 Ro* = 20 cm, R* = 19.84 cm,
i f * = 79.1 kg. 5.61 Multiple optima
between (31.83, 1.0) and (25.23, 1.26) mm, f * = 45.9 kg. 5.62R* = 0.0787 m, t* = 0.00157 m,
u* = (0, 3.056 × 10−4, 0.3038, 0, 0), f * = 30.56 kg. 5.63 Ro* = 0.0795 m, R* = 0.0779 m,
i u* = (0,
3.056 × 10−4, 0.3055, 0, 0), f * = 30.56 kg. 5.64 D* = 7.98 cm, H* = 8 cm, u* = (0.5, 0, 0, 0.063,
0), f * = 300.6 cm2. 5.65 R* = 1.0077 m, t* = 0.0168 m, f * = 8182.8 kg, u* = (0.0417, 0.00408, 0,
0, 0, 0). 5.66 x1* = 102.98 mm, x2* = 0.9546, f * = 2.9 kg, u* = (4.568 × 10−3, 0, 3.332 × 10−8, 0,
0, 0). 5.67 do* = 103 mm, d* = 98.36 mm,
i f * = 2.9 kg, u* = (4.657 × 10−3, 0, 3.281 × 10−8, 0, 0,
0, 0). 5.68 R* = 50.3 mm, t* = 2.34, f * = 2.9 kg, u* = (4.643 × 10−3, 0, 3.240 × 10−8, 0, 0, 0, 0).
5.69 R* = 33.7 mm, t* = 5.0 mm, f * = 41.6 kg, u* = (0, 2.779 × 10−4, 0, 0, 0, 5.54, 0). 5.70
R* = 21.3 mm, t* = 5.0 mm, f * = 26.0 kg, u* = (0, 1.739 × 10−4, 0, 0, 0, 3.491, 0). 5.71
R* = 27.0 mm, t* = 5.0 mm, f * = 33.0 kg, u* = (0, 2.165 × 10−4, 0, 0, 0, 4.439, 0). 5.72 A1* = 413.68
mm2, A2* = 163.7 mm2, f * = 5.7 kg, u* = (0, 1.624 × 10−2, 0, 6.425 × 10−3, 0). 5.73 Multiple
solutions R* = 20.0 mm, t* = 3.3 mm, f * = 8.1 kg, u* = (0.0326, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0). 5.74 A* = 390
mm2, h* = 500 mm, f * = 5.5 kg, u* = (2.216 × 10−2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1.67 × 10−3). 5.75 A* = 415
mm2, s* = 1480 mm, f * = 8.1 kg, u1* = 0.0325, all others are zero. 5.76 A1* = 300 mm2, A2* = 50
mm2, f * = 7.04 kg, u* = (0.0473, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0). 5.77 R* = 130 cm, t* = 2.86 cm, f * = 57,000 kg,
u* = (28170, 0, 294, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0). 5.78 do* = 41.6 cm, d* = 40.2 cm,
i f * = 680 kg, u* = (0, 0, 35.7, 6.1,
0,…). 5.79 do* = 1310 mm, t* = 14.2 mm, f * = 92,500 N, u* = (0, 508, 462, 0,…). 5.80 H* = 50.0 cm,
D* = 3.42 cm, f * = 6.6 kg, u* = (0, 9.68 × 10−5, 0, 4.68 × 10−2, 0, 0).

CHAPTER 6 OPTIMUM DESIGN: NUMERICAL SOLUTION PROCESS

AND EXCEL SOLVER

6.1 x* = (241.8, 0.0310), f * = 483,528.61. 6.2 x* = (4.15, 0.362), f *  =  −1616.2. 6.3 x* = (3.73,
0.341), f *  =  −1526.6. 6.4 x* = (1.216, 1.462), f * = 0.0752. 6.5 x* = (0.246, 0.0257, 0.1808, 0.205),
f * = 0.01578. 6.6 x* = (2, 4),  f * = 10. 6.7 x* = (3.67, 0.667),  f * = 6.33. 6.8 x* = (0, 1.67, 2.33),  f * = 4.33.
6.9 x* = (1.34, 0.441, 0, 3.24), f * = 9.73. 6.10 x* = (0.654, 0.0756, 0.315), f * = 9.73. 6.11 x* = (0, 25),
f * = 150. 6.12 x* = (103.0, 98.3), f * = 2.90. 6.13 x* = (294, 65.8), f * = 7.04. 6.14 x* = (2.84, 129.0),


 Answers to Selected Exercises 923
f * = 562. 6.15 x* = (50, 3.42), f * = 6.61. 6.16 x* = (0.0705, 0.444, 10.16), f * = 0.0268. 6.17 x* = (0.05,
0.282), f * = 0.0155. 6.18 x* = (0.0601, 0.334, 8.74), f * = 0.0130. 6.19 x* = (2.5, 0.3, 0.045, 0.013),
f * = 2.067. 6.20 x* = (2.11, 0.403, 0.0156, 0.0115), f * = 0.921. 6.21 x* = (0.4503, 0.0675), f * = 2.87.

CHAPTER 7 OPTIMUM DESIGN WITH MATLAB

7.1 For l = 0.5 m, To = 10 kN m, Tmax = 20 kN m, x1* = 103 mm, x2* = 0.955, f * = 2.9 kg.
7.2 For l = 0.5, To = 10 kN m, Tmax = 20 kN m, do* = 103 mm, di* = 98.36 mm, f * = 2.9 kg.
7.3 R* = 50.3 mm, t* = 2.35 mm, f * = 2.9 kg. 7.4 A1* = 300 mm2, A2* = 50 mm2, f * = 7 kg.
7.5 R* = 130 cm, t* = 2.86 cm, f * = 57,000 kg. 7.6 do* = 41.56 cm, di* = 40.19 cm, f * = 680 kg.
7.7 do* = 1310 mm, t* = 14.2 mm, f * = 92,500 N. 7.8 H* = 50.0 cm, D* = 3.42 cm, f * = 6.6 kg.
7.9 b* = 0.5 in, h* = 0.28107 in, f * = 0.140536 in2; Active constraints: fundamental vibration fre-
quency and lower limit on b. 7.10 b* = 50.4437 cm, h* = 15.0 cm, t1* = 1.0 cm, t2* = 0.5218 cm,
f * = 16,307.2 cm3; Active constraints: axial stress, shear stress, upper limit on t1 and upper
limit on h. 7.11 A1* = 1.4187 in2, A2* = 2.0458 in2, A*3 = 2.9271 in2, x1* = − 4.6716 in, x2* = 8.9181
in, x*3 = 4.6716 in, f * = 75.3782 in3; Active stress constraints: member 1—loading condition 3,
member 2—loading condition 1, member 3—loading conditions 1 and 3. 7.12 For φ = 2 :
x1* = 2.4138, x2* = 3.4138, x*3 = 3.4141, f * = 1.2877 × 10−7; For φ = 21/3: x1* = 2.2606, x2* = 2.8481,
x*3 = 2.8472, f * = 8.03 × 10−7.

CHAPTER 8 LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHODS

FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN

8.21 (0, 4, −3, −5); (2, 0, 3, 1); (1, 2, 0, −2); (5/3, 2/3, 2, 0). 8.22 (0, 0, −3, −5); (0, 1, 0, −3);
(0, 2.5, 4.5, 0); (−3, 0, 0, −11); (2.5, 0, −5.5, 0); (9/8, 11/8, 0, 0). 8.23 Decompose x2 into two
variables; (0, 0, 0, 12, −3); (0, 0, −3, 0, 6); (0, 0, −1, 8, 0); (0, 3, 0, 0, 6); (0, 1, 0, 8, 0); (4, 0, 0, 0, 1);
(3, 0, 0, 3, 0); (4.8, 0, 0.6, 0, 0); (4.8, −0.6, 0, 0, 0). 8.24 (0, −8/3, −1/3); (2, 0, 3); (0.2, −2.4, 0).
8.25 (0, 0, 9, 2, 3); (0, 9, 0, 20, −15); (0, −1, 10, 0, 5); (0, 1.5, 7.5, 5, 0); (4.5, 0, 0, −2.5, 16.5); (2, 0, 5,
0, 9); (−1, 0, 11, 3, 0); (4, 1, 0, 0, 13); (15/7, 33/7, 0, 65/7, 0); (−2.5, −2.25, 16.25, 0, 0). 8.26 (0, 4,
−3, −7); (4, 0, 1, 1); (3, 1, 0, −1); (3.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0). 8.27 Decompose x2 into two variables; 15 basic
solutions; basic feasible solutions are (0, 4, 0, 0, 7, 0); (0, 5/3, 0, 7/3, 0, 0); (2, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0); (5/3,
0, 0, 2/3, 0, 0); (7/3, 0, 2/3, 0, 0, 0). 8.28 Ten basic solutions; basic feasible solutions are (2.5, 0,
0, 0, 4.5); (1.6, 1.8, 0, 0, 0). 8.29 (0, 0, 4, −2); (0, 4, 0, 6); (0, 1, 3, 0); (−2, 0, 0, −4); (2, 0, 8, 0); (−1.2,
1.6, 0, 0). 8.30 (0, 0, 0, −2); (0, 2, −2, 0); (0, 0, 0, −2); (2, 0, 2, 0); (0, 0, 0, −2); (1, 1, 0, 0). 8.31 (0,
0, 10, 18); (0, 5, 0, 8); (0, 9, −8, 0); (−10, 0, 0, 48); (6, 0, 16, 0); (2, 6, 0, 0). 8.32 x* = (10/3, 2);
f *  =  −13/3. 8.33 Infinite solutions between x* = (0, 3) and x* = (2, 0); f * = 6. 8.34 x* = (2, 4);
z* = 10. 8.35 x* = (6, 0); z* = 12. 8.36 x* = (3.667, 1.667); z* = 15. 8.37 x* = (0, 5); f *  =  − 5.
8.38 x* = (2, 0); f *  =  −2. 8.39 x* = (2, 0); z* = 4. 8.40 x* = (2.4, 0.8); z* = 3.2. 8.41 x* = (0, 3); z* = 3.
8.42 x* = (0, 4); z* = 22/3. 8.43 x* = (0, 0); z* = 0. 8.44 x* = (0, 3); z* = 3. 8.45 x* = (0, 14); f *  =  −56.
8.46 x* = (0, 2); f *  =  −2. 8.47 x* = (0, 14); z* = 42. 8.48 Unbounded solution. 8.49 x* = (33, 0, 0);
z* = 66. 8.50 x* = (0, 2.5); z* = 5. 8.51 x* = (2, 1); f *  =  −5. 8.52 x* = (2, 1); z* = 31. 8.53 x* = (7, 0,
0); z* = 70. 8.55 x* = (2, 4); z* = 10. 8.56 Unbounded. 8.57 x* = (3.5, 0.5); z* = 5.5. 8.58 x* = (1.667,
0.667); z* = 4.333. 8.60 x* = (0, 1.667, 2.333); f * = 4.333. 8.61 x* = (1.125, 1.375); f * = 36.


924 Answers to Selected Exercises

8.62 x* = (2, 0); f * = 40. 8.63 x* = (1.3357, 0.4406, 0, 3.2392); z* = 9.7329. 8.64 x* = (0.6541, 0.0756,
0.3151); f * = 9.7329. 8.65 x* = (0, 25); z* = 150. 8.66 x* = (2/3, 5/3); z* = 16/3. 8.67 x* = (7/3,
2/3); z* = −1/3. 8.68 x* = (1, 1); f * = 5. 8.69 x* = (2, 2); z* = 10. 8.70 x* = (4.8, −0.6); z* = 3.6.
8.71 x* = (0, 2); f * = 4. 8.72 x* = (0, 5); z* = 40. 8.73 Infeasible problem. 8.74 Infinite solutions;
f * = 0. 8.75 x* = (0, 5/3, 7/3); f *  =  −13/3. 8.76 x* = (0, 9); f * = 4.5. 8.77 A* = 20,000, B* = 10,000,
Profit  =  $4,600,000 (Irregular optimum point). 8.78 A* = 70, B* = 76, Profit = $1308.
8.79 Bread = 0, Milk = 2.5 kg; Cost = $2.5. 8.80 Bottles of wine = 316.67, Bottles of whis-
key = 483.33; Profit = $1283.3. 8.81 Shortening produced = 149,499.5 kg, Salad oil pro-
duced = 50,000 kg, Margarine produced = 10,000 kg; Profit = $19,499.2. 8.82 A* = 10, B* = 0,
C* = 20; Capacity = 477,000. 8.83 x1* = 0, x2* = 0, x*3 = 200, x*4 = 100; f * = 786. 8.84 f * = 1,333,679
ton. 8.85 x* = (0, 800, 0, 500, 1500, 0); f * = 7500; x* = (0, 0, 4500, 4000, 3000, 0); f * = 7500; x* = (0,
8, 0, 5, 15, 0), f * = 7500. 8.86 Irregular optimum point; Lagrange multipliers are not unique: 20,
420, 0, 0. (a) No effect (b) Cost decreases by 200,000 (Profit increases by 200,000). 8.87 1. No
effect; 2. Out of range, re-solve the problem; A* = 70, B* = 110; Profit = $1580; 3. Profit reduces
by $4; 4. Out of range, re-solve the problem; A* = 41.667, B* = 110; Profit = $1213.33.
8.88 y1 = 0.25, y2 = 1.25, y3 = 0, y4 = 0. 8.89 Unbounded. 8.90 y1 = 0, y2 = 2.5, y3 = −1.5.
8.91 y1 = 0, y2 = 5/3, y3 = −7/3. 8.92 y1 = 4, y2 = −1. 8.93 y1 = −2/3, y2 = −5/3 . 8.94 y1 = 2,
y2 = −6. 8.95 y1 = 0, y2 = 5. 8.96 y1 = 0.654, y2 = −0.076, y3 = 0.315. 8.97 y1 = −1.336, y2 = −0.441,
y3 = 0, y4 = −3.239. 8.98 y1 = 0, y2 = 0, y3 = 0, y4 = 6. 8.99 y1 = −1.556, y2 = 0.556. 8.100 y1 = 0,
y2 = 5/3, y3 = −7/3. 8.101 y1 = −0.5, y2 = −2.5. 8.102 y1 = −1/3, y2 = 0, y3 = 5/3. 8.103 y1 = 0.2,
y2 = 0.4. 8.104 y1 = 0, y2 = 0, y3 = 0, y4 = −2/3.8.105 y1 = 2, y2 = 0. 8.106 Infeasible problem.
8.107 y1 = 3, y2 = 0. 8.110 For b1 = 10: −8≤∆1≤8; for b2 = 6: −2.667≤∆2≤8; for b3 = 2: −4≤∆3≤∞;
for b4 = 6: −∞≤∆4≤8. 8.111 Unbounded problem. 8.112 For b1 = 5: −0.5≤∆1≤∞; for b2 = 4:
−1≤∆2≤0.333; for b3 = 3: −1≤∆3≤1. 8.113 For b1 = 5: −2≤∆1≤∞; for b2 = 4: −2≤∆2≤2; for b3 = 1:
−2≤∆3≤1. 8.114 For b1 = −5: −∆1≤4; for b2 = −2: −8≤∆2≤4.5. 8.115 b1 = 1: −5≤∆1≤7; for b2 = 4:
−4≤∆2≤∞. 8.116 For b1 = −3: −4.5≤∆1≤5.5; for b2 = 5: −3≤∆2≤∞. 8.117 For b1 = 3: −∞≤∆1≤3;
for b2 = −8: −∞≤∆2≤4. 8.118 For b1 = 8: −8≤∆1≤∞; for b2 = 3: −14.307≤∆2≤4.032; for b3 = 15:
−20.16≤∆3≤101.867. 8.119 For b1 = 2: −3.9178≤∆1≤1.1533; for b2 = 5: −0.692≤∆2≤39.579;
for b3 = −4.5: −∞≤∆3≤7.542; for b4 = 1.5: −2.0367≤∆4≤0.334. 8.120 For b1 = 90: −15≤∆1≤∞;
for b2 = 80: −30≤∆2≤∞; for b3 = 15: −∞≤∆3≤10; for b4 = 25: −10≤∆4≤5. 8.121 For b1 = 3:
−1.2≤∆1≤15; for b2 = 18: −15≤∆2≤12. 8.122 For b1 = 5: −4≤∆1≤∞; for b2 = 4: −7≤∆2≤2; for
b3 = 3: −1≤∆3≤∞. 8.123 For b1 = 0: −2≤∆1≤2; for b2 = 2: −2≤∆2≤∞. 8.124 For b1 = 0: −6≤∆1≤3;
for b2 = 2: −∞≤∆2≤2; for b3 = 6: −3≤∆3≤∞. 8.125 For b1 = 12: −3≤∆1≤∞; for b2 = 3: −∞≤∆2≤1.
8.126 For b1 = 10: −8≤∆1≤8; for b2 = 6: −2.667≤∆2≤8; for b3 = 2: −4≤∆3≤∞; for b4 = 6:
−∞≤∆4≤8. 8.127 For b1 = 20: −12≤∆1≤∞; for b2 = 6: −∞≤∆2≤9. 8.128 Infeasible problem.
8.129 For b1 = 0: −2≤∆1≤2; for b2 = 2: −2≤∆2≤∞. 8.132 For c1 = −1: −1≤∆c1≤1.667; for c2 = −2:
−∞≤∆c2≤1. 8.133 Unbounded problem. 8.134 For c1 = 1: −∞≤∆c1≤3; for c2 = 4: −3≤∆c2≤∞.
8.135 For c1 = 1: −∆c1≤7; for c2 = 4: −3.5≤∆c2≤∞. 8.136 For c1 = 9: −5≤∆c1≤∞; for c2 = 2:
−9.286≤∆c2≤2.5; for c3 = 3: −13≤∆c3≤∞. 8.137 For c1 = 5: −2≤∆c1≤∞; for c2 = 4: −2≤∆c2≤2;
for c3 = −1: 0≤∆c3≤2; for c4 = 1: 0≤∆c4≤∞. 8.138 For c1 = −10: −8≤∆c1≤16; for c2 = −18:
−∞≤∆c2≤8. 8.139 For c1 = 20: −12≤∆c1≤∞; for c2 = −6: −9≤∆c2≤∞. 8.140 For c1 = 2:
−3.918≤∆c1≤1.153; for c2 = 5: −0.692≤∆c2≤39.579; for c3 = −4.5: −∞≤∆c3≤7.542; for c4 = 1.5:
−3.573≤∆c4≤0.334. 8.141c1 = 8: −8≤∆c1≤∞; for c2 = −3: −4.032≤∆c2≤14.307; for c3 = 15:
0≤∆c3≤101.8667; for c4 = −15: 0≤∆c4≤∞. 8.142 For c1 = 10: −∆c1≤20; for c2 = 6: −4≤c2≤∞.
8.143 For c1 = −2: −∆c1≤2.8; for c2 = 4: −5≤∆c2≤∞. 8.144 For c1 = 1: −∆c1≤7; for c2 = 4: −∆c2≤0;


 Answers to Selected Exercises 925
for c3 =−4: −∆c3≤0. 8.145 For c1 = 3: −1≤∆c1≤∞; for c2 = 2: −5≤∆c2≤1. 8.146 For c1 = 3:
−5≤∆c1≤1; for c2 = 2: −0.5≤∆c2≤∞. 8.147 For c1 = 1: −0.3333≤∆c1≤0.5; for c2 = 2: −∆c2≤0; for
c3 = −2: −1≤∆c3≤0. 8.148 For c1 = 1: −1.667≤∆c1≤1; for c2 = 2: −1≤∆c2≤∞. 8.149 For c1 = 3:
−∆c1≤3; for c2 = 8: −4≤∆c2≤0; for c3 = −8: −∆c3≤0. 8.150 Infeasible problem. 8.151 For c1 = 3:
0≤∆c1≤∞; for c2 = −3: 0≤∆c2≤6. 8.154 20,000 ≤ b1 ≤ 30,000; 5000 ≤ b2 ≤ 10,000; 20,000 ≤ b3 ≤
∞; 10,000 ≤ b4 ≤ ∞. For c1 = −180: −20 ≤ ∆c1 ≤ 105; for c2 = −100: −140 ≤ ∆c2 ≤ 10. 8.155 For
c1 = −10: −∆c1≤0.4; for c2 = −8: −0.3333≤∆c2≤8. 8.156 1. ∆f = 0.5; 2. ∆f = 0.5 (Bread = 0,
Milk = 3, f * = 3); 3. ∆f = 0. 8.157 1. ∆f = 33.33 (Wine bottles = 250, Whiskey bottles = 500, Prof-
it = 1250); 2. ∆f = 63.33. 3. ∆f = 83.33 (Wine bottles = 400, Whiskey bottles = 400, Profit = 1200).
8.158 1. Re-solve; 2. ∆f = 0; 3. No change. 8.159 1. Cost function increases by $52.40; 2. No
change; 3. Cost function increases by $11.25, x1* = 0, x* = 30,
2 x*3 = 200, x*4 = 70. 8.160 1. ∆f = 0; 2.
No change; 3. ∆f = 1800 (A* = 6, B* = 0, C* = 22, f *  =  −475,200). 8.161 1. ∆f = 0; 2. ∆f = 2,485.65;
3. ∆f = 0; 4. ∆f = 14,033.59; 5. ∆f = −162,232.3. 8.162 1. ∆f = 0; 2. ∆f = 400; 3. ∆f = −375.
8.163 1. x* = 0,
1 x2* = 3, f *  =  −12; 2. y1 = 4/5, y2 = 0; 3. −15≤∆1≤3, −6≤∆2≤∞; 4. f *  =  −14.4,
b1 = 18.

CHAPTER 9 MORE ON LINEAR PROGRAMMING METHODS

FOR OPTIMUM DESIGN

9.1 y*1 = 1/4, y*2 = 5/4, y*3 = 0, y*4 = 0, f *d = 10. 9.2 Dual problem is infeasible. 9.3 y* = 0, 1
y2* = 2.5, y*3 = 1.5, f *d = 5.5. 9.4 y1* = 0, y2* = 1.6667, y*3 = 2.3333, f *d = 4.3333. 9.5 y1* = 1.4,
y2* = 0.2, f *d = −6.6. 9.6 y1* = 1.6667, y* = 0.6667,
2 f *d = −4.3333. 9.7 y* = 2,
1 y2* = 6, f *d = −36.
9.8 y1* = 0, y* = 5,
2 f *d = −40. 9.9 y* = 0.65411,
1 y * = 0.075612,
2 y* = 0.315122,
3 f *d = 9.732867.
9.10 y* = 1.33566,
1 y* = 0.44056,
2 y*3  = 0, y*4  = 3.2392, f *d = −9.732867. 9.11 y1* = 0, y2* = 0, y3* = 0,
y4* = 6, fd* = 150. 9.12 y1* = 14/9, y2* = 5/9, fd* = 16/3. 9.13 y1* = 0, y2* = 5/3, y3* = 7/3, fd* = −1/3.
9.14 y1* = 0.5, y2* = 2.5, fd* = −5. 9.15 y1* = 1/3, y2* = 0, y3* = 5/3, fd* = 10. 9.16 y1* = 0.2, y2* = 0.4,
fd* = 3.6. 9.17 y1* = 0, y2* = 0, y3* = 0, y4* = 2/3, fd* = −4. 9.18 y1* = 2, y2* = 0, fd* = 40. 9.19 Unbound-
ed dual problem. 9.20 y1* = 0, y2* = 3, fd* = 0. 9.21y1* = 5/3, y2* = 2/3, fd* = −13/3. 9.22 y1* = 0,
y2* = 2.5, fd* = 45.

CHAPTER 10 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR UNCONSTRAINED

OPTIMUM DESIGN

10.2 Yes. 10.3 No. 10.4 Yes. 10.5 No. 10.6 No. 10.7 No. 10.8 No. 10.9 Yes. 10.10 No. 10.11 No.
10.12 No. 10.13 No. 10.14 No. 10.16 a* = 1.42850, f * = 7.71429. 10.17 a* = 1.42758, f * = 7.71429.
10.18 a* = 1.38629, f * = 0.454823. 10.19 d is descent direction; slope = −4048 (−28.64°); a* =
0.15872. 10.20 a* = 0. 10.21 f(a) = 4.1a2 − 5a − 6.5. 10.22 f(a) = 52a2 − 52a + 13. 10.23 f(a) =
6.88747 × 109a4 − 3.6111744 × 108a3 + 5.809444 × 106a2 − 27844a + 41. 10.24 f(a) = 8a2 − 8a + 2.
10.25 f(a) = 18.5a2 −85a − 13.5. 10.26 f(a) = 288a2 − 96a + 8. 10.27 f(a) = 24a2 − 24a + 6.
10.28 f(a) = 137a2 −110a + 25. 10.29 f(a) = 8a2 −8a. 10.30 f(a) = 16a2 −16a + 4. 10.31 a* =
0.61. 10.32 a* = 0.5. 10.33 a* = 3.35E-03. 10.34 a* = 0.5. 10.35 a* = 2.2973. 10.36 a* = 0.16665.
10.37 a* = 0.5. 10.38 a* = 0.40145. 10.39 a* = 0.5. 10.40 a* = 0.5. 10.41 a* = 0.6097. 10.42 a* = 0.5.
10.43 a* = 3.45492E-03. 10.44 a* = 0.5. 10.45 a* = 2.2974. 10.46 a* = 0.1667. 10.47 a* = 0.5.


926 Answers to Selected Exercises

10.48 a* = 0.4016. 10.49 a* = 0.5. 10.50 a* = 0.5. 10.52 x(2) = (5/2, 3/2). 10.53 x(2) = (0.1231,
0.0775). 10.54 x(2) = (0.222, 0.0778). 10.55 x(2) = (0.0230, 0.0688). 10.56 x(2) = (0.0490, 0.0280).
10.57 x(2) = (0.259, −0.225, 0.145). 10.58 x(2) = (4.2680, 0.2244). 10.59 x(2) = (3.8415, 0.48087).
10.60 x(2) = (−1.590, 2.592). 10.61 x(2) = (2.93529, 0.33976, 1.42879, 2.29679). 10.62 (10.52)
x* = (3.996096, 1.997073), f *  =  −7.99999; (10.53) x* = (0.071659, 0.023233), f *  =  −0.073633;
(10.54) x* = (0.071844, −0.000147), f *  =  −0.035801; (10.55) x* = (0.000011, 0.023273),
f *  =  −0.011626; (10.56) x* = (0.040028, 0.02501), f *  =  −0.0525; (10.57) x* = (0.006044,
−0.005348, 0.002467), f * = 0.000015; (10.58) x* = (4.1453, 0.361605), f *  =  −1616.183529; (10.59)
x* = (3.733563, 0.341142), f *  =  −1526.556493; (10.60) x* = (0.9087422, 0.8256927), f * = 0.008348,
1000 iterations; (10.61) x* = (0.13189, 0.013188, 0.070738, 0.072022), f * = 0.000409, 1000 itera-
tions. 10.63 x* = (0.000023, 0.000023, 0.000045), f1* = 0, 1 iteration; x* = (0.002353, 0.0, 0.000007),
f2* = 0.000006, 99 iterations; x* = (0.000003, 0.0, 0.023598), f *3 = 0.000056, 135 iterations.
10.64 Exact gradients are: 1. ∇f = (119.2, 258.0), 2. ∇f = (−202, 100), 3. ∇f = (6, 16, 16).
10.65 u = c/2, v = Lagrange multiplier for the equality constraints. 10.67 x(2) = (4.2).
10.68 x(2) = (0.07175, 0.02318). 10.69 x(2) = (0.072, 0.0). 10.70 x(2) = (0.0, 0.0233). 10.71 x(2) = (0.040,
0.025). 10.72 x(2) = (0.257, −0.229, 0.143). 10.73 x(2) = (4.3682, 0.1742). 10.74 x(2) = (3.7365, 0.2865).
10.75 x(2) = (−1.592, 2.592). 10.76 x(2) = (3.1134, 0.32224, 1.34991, 2.12286).

CHAPTER 11 MORE ON NUMERICAL METHODS

FOR UNCONSTRAINED OPTIMUM DESIGN

11.1 a* = 1.42857, f * = 7.71429. 11.2 a* = 10/7, f * = 7.71429, one iteration. 11.4 1.

a* = 13/4 2. a = 1.81386 or 4.68614. 11.10 x(1) = (4, 2). 11.11 x(1) = (0.071598, 0.023251).
11.12 x(1) = (0.071604, 0.0). 11.13 x(1) = (0.0, 0.0232515). 11.14 x(1) = (0.04, 0.025). 11.15 x(1) = (0, 0,
0). 11.16 x(1) = (−2.7068, 0.88168). 11.17 x(1) = (3.771567, 0.335589). 11.18 x(1) = (4.99913, 24.99085).
11.19 x(1) = (−1.26859, −0.75973, 0.73141, 0.39833). 11.22 x(2) = (4, 2). 11.23 x(2) = (0.0716,
0.02325). 11.24 x(2) = (0.0716, 0.0). 11.25 x(2) = (0.0, 0.02325). 11.26 x(2) = (0.04, 0.025). 11.27 DFP:
x(2) = (0.2571, −0.2286, 0.1428); BFGS: x(2) = (0.2571, −0.2286, 0.1429). 11.28 DFP: x(2) = (4.37045,
0.173575); BFGS: x(2) = (4.37046, 0.173574). 11.29 x(2) = (3.73707,0.28550). 11.30 x(2) = (−1.9103,
−1.9078). 11.31 DFP: x(2) = (3.11339, 0.32226, 1.34991, 2.12286); BFGS: x(2) = (3.11339, 0.32224,
1.34991, 2.12286). 11.44 x1 = 3.7754 mm, x2 = 2.2835 mm. 11.45x1 = 2.2213 mm, x2 = 1.8978 mm.
11.46x* = 0.619084. 11.47x* = 9.424753. 11.48 x* = 1.570807. 11.49 x* = 1.496045.
11.50 x* = (3.667328, 0.739571). 11.51 x* = (4.000142, 7.999771).

CHAPTER 12 NUMERICAL METHODS FOR CONSTRAINED

OPTIMUM DESIGN

12.29 x* = (5/2, 5/2), u* = 1, f * = 0.5. 12.30 x* = (1, 1), u* = 0, f * = 0. 12.31 x* = (4/5,
3/5), u* = 2/5, f * = 1/5. 12.32 x* = (2, 1), u* = 0, f *  =  −3. 12.33 x* = (1, 2), u* = 0, f *  =  −1.
12.34 x* = (13/6, 11/6), * = −1/6, f *  =  −25/3. 12.35 x* = (3, 1), v1* = −2, v2* = −2, f * = 2.
12.36 x* = (48/23, 40/23), u* = 0, f *  =  −192/23. 12.37 x* = (5/2, 3/2), u* = 1, f *  =  −9/2.
12.38 x* = (63/10, 26/15), u1* = 0, u2* = 4/5, f *  =  −3547/50. 12.39 x* = (2, 1), u1* = 0, u2* = 2,
f *  =  −1. 12.40 x* = (0.241507, 0.184076, 0.574317); u* = (0, 0, 0, 0), v1* = −0.7599, f * = 0.3799.


 Answers to Selected Exercises 927

CHAPTER 14 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF OPTIMIZATION

14.1 For l = 500 mm, d0* = 102.985 mm , d0*/di* = 0.954614, f * = 2.900453 kg; Active constraints:
shear stress and critical torque. 14.2 For l = 500 mm, d0* = 102.974 mm , di* = 98.2999 mm,
f * = 2.90017 kg; Active constraints: shear stress and critical torque. 14.3 For l = 500 mm,
R* = 50.3202 mm, t* = 2.33723 mm, f * = 2.90044 kg; Active constraints: shear stress and critical
torque. 14.5 R* = 129.184 cm, t* = 2.83921 cm, f * = 56,380.61 kg; Active constraints: combined
stress and diameter/thickness ratio. 14.6 d0* = 41.5442 cm , di* = 40.1821cm, f * = 681.957 kg;
Active constraints: deflection and diameter/thickness ratio. 14.7 d0* = 1308.36 mm ,
t* = 14.2213 mm, f * = 92,510.7 N; Active constraints: diameter/thickness ratio and deflec-
tion. 14.8 H* = 50 cm, D* = 3.4228 cm, f * = 6.603738 kg; Active constraints: buckling load
and minimum height. 14.9 b* = 0.5 in, h* = 0.28107 in, f * = 0.140536 in2; Active constraints:
fundamental vibration frequency and lower limit on b. 14.10 b* = 50.4437 cm, h* = 15.0 cm,
t1* = 1.0 cm, t2* = 0.5218 cm, f * = 16,307.2 cm3; Active constraints: axial stress, shear stress, up-
per limit on t1 and upper limit on h. 14.11 A1* = 1.4187 in2, A2* = 2.0458 in2, A*3 = 2.9271 in2,
x1* = −4.6716 in, x2* = 8.9181 in, x*3 = 4.6716 in, f * = 75.3782 in3; Active stress constraints: mem-
ber 1—loading condition 3, member 2—loading condition 1, member 3—loading condi-
tions 1 and 3. 14.12 For φ = 2 : x1* = 2.4138, x2* = 3.4138, x*3 = 3.4141, f * = 1.2877 × 10−7; For
φ = 21/3: x1* = 2.2606, x2* = 2.8481, x*3 = 2.8472, f * = 8.03 × 10−7. 14.13 d0* at base = 48.6727 cm,
d0* at top = 16.7117 cm, t* = 0.797914 cm, f * = 623.611 kg. 14.14 d0* at base = 1419 mm, d0* at
top = 956.5 mm, t* = 15.42 mm, f * = 90,894 kg. 14.15 Outer dimension at base = 42.6407 cm,
outer dimension at top = 14.6403 cm, t* = 0.699028 cm, f * = 609.396 kg. 14.16 Outer dimension
at base = 1243.2 mm, outer dimension at top = 837.97 mm, t* = 13.513 mm, f * = 88,822.2 kg.
14.17 ua = 25: f1 = 1.07301E-06, f2 = 1.83359E–02, f3 = 24.9977; ua = 35: f1 = 6.88503E-07,
f2 = 1.55413E–02, f3 = 37.8253. 14.18 ua = 25: f1 = 2.31697E-06, f2 = 2.74712E–02, f3 = 7.54602;
ua = 35: f1 = 2.31097E–06, f2 = 2.72567E–02, f3 = 7.48359. 14.19 ua = 25: f1 = 1.11707E–06,
f2 = 1.52134E–02, f3 = 19.815, f4 = 3.3052E-02; ua = 3.5: f1 = 6.90972E-07, f2 = 1.36872E–02,
f3 = 31.479, f4 = 2.3974E–02. 14.20 f1 = 1.12618E–06, f2 = 1.798E–02, f3 = 33.5871, f4 = 0.10.
14.21 f1 = 2.34615E–06, f2 = 2.60131E–02, f3 = 10.6663, f4 = 0.10. 14.22 f1 = 1.15097E-06,
f2 = 1.56229E–02, f3 = 28.7509, f4 = 3.2547E–02. 14.23 f1 = 8.53536E–07, f2 = 1.68835E–02,
f3 = 31.7081, f4 = 0.10. 14.24 f1 = 2.32229E-06, f2 = 2.73706E–02, f3 = 7.48085, f4 = 0.10.
14.25 f1 = 8.65157E–07, f2 = 1.4556E–02, f3 = 25.9761, f4 = 2.9336E–02. 14.26 f1 = 8.27815E–07,
f2 = 1.65336E–02, f3 = 28.2732, f4 = 0.10. 14.27 f1 = 2.313E–06, f2 = 2.723E–02, f3 = 6.86705,
f4 = 0.10. 14.28 f1 = 8.39032E–07, f2 = 1.43298E-2, f3 = 25.5695, f4 = 2.9073E–02. 14.29 k* = 2084.08,
c* = 300 (upper limit), f * = 1.64153. 14.31 x* = (13.7, 5, 0.335, 0.23), f * = 21.6, select W14x22.
14.32 x* = (11.9, 4.85, 0.322, 0.269), f * = 20.9, select W12x22. 14.33 x* = (8.083, 5.46, 0.539,
0.331), f * = 27.9, select W8x28. 14.34 x* = (9.73, 4.59, 0.516, 0.398), f * = 27.9, select W10x30.
14.35 x* = (16.4, 16, 1.663, 0.970), f * = 224, select W14x233. 14.36 x* = (14.7, 12.8, 1.441, 0.876),
f * = 160.4, select W12x170. 14.37 x* = (17.7, 11.7, 1.376, 1.108), f * = 165.6, select W18x175.
14.38 x* = (13.7, 8.44, 0.335, 0.966), f * = 62.0, select W14x68. 14.39 x* = (13.2, 8.28, 0.333,
0.926), f * = 58.0, select W14x61. 14.40 x* = (16.4, 16, 0.944, 0.23), f * = 113.9, select W14x145.
14.41 x* = (19.69, 11.7, 1.254, 0. 3), f * = 117.2, select W18x143. 14.42 x* = (21.5, 6.13, 0.335,
0.23), f * = 30.2, select W21x44. 14.43 x* = (27.8, 17.44, 0.566, 0.1944), f * = 84.7, select W18x143.
14.44 x* = (16.4, 15.46, 1.023, 0.23), f * = 118.6, select W14x145. 14.45 x* = (25.5, 5, 1.56, 0.548),
f * = 94.5, select W21x111. 14.46 x* = (25.5, 12.79, 0.699, 0.23), f * = 79.5, select W21x111.


928 Answers to Selected Exercises

14.47 x* = (25.5, 7.71, 0.360, 0.23), f * = 38.2, select W21x57. 14.48 x* = (0.3, 0.0032, 0.01874),
f * = 33030.7. 14.49 x* = (0.3, 0.0032, 0.01874), f * = 33030.7. 14.50 x* = (0.3, 0.00619, 0.01173),
f * = 46614.

CHAPTER 16 GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION CONCEPTS AND METHODS

16.1 Six local minima, two global minima: (0.0898, −0.7126), (−0.0898, 0.7126),
fG* = −1.0316258 . 16.2 10n local minima; global minimum: xi* = 1, fG* = 0 . 16.3 Many local
minima; global minimum: x* = (0.195, −0.179, 0.130, 0.130), fG* = 3.13019 × 10−4 . 16.4 Many
local minima; two global minima: x* = (0.05, 0.85, 0.65, 0.45, 0.25, 0.05), x* = (0.55, 0.35, 0.15,
0.95, 0.75, 0.55), fG* = −1 . 16.5 Local minima: x* = (0, 0), f * = 0; x* = (0, 2), f *  =  −2; x* = (1.38,
1.54), f *  =  −0.04; Global minimum: x* = (2, 0), f *  =  −4. 16.6 x* = (49.96, 25.001, 1.499), fG* = 0 .
16.7 x* = (1, 1, 1, 1, 1), fG* = 0. 16.8 Six local minima; global minimum: x* = (13.549, 51.66),
fG* = −51.359. 16.9 Four local minima; global minimum: x* = (1, 4.74, 3.82, 1.37), fG* = 16.994 .
16.10 Two local minima; global minimum: x* = (8, 49, 3, 1, 56, 0, 1, 63, 6, 3, 70, 12, 5, 77, 18),
fG* = 664.794 .

APPENDIX A VECTOR AND MATRIX ALGEBRA

A.1 |A| = 1. A.2 |A| = 14. A.3 |A| = −20. A.4 λ1 = (5 − 5)/2 , λ2 = 2, λ3 = (5 − 5)/2.
A.5 λ1 = (2 − 2 ), λ2 = 2, λ3 = (2 + 2 ). A.6 r = 4. A.7 r = 4. A.8 r = 4. A.9 x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1.
A.10 x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1. A.11 x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3. A.12 x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1, x4 = 1. A.13 x1 = 1,
x2 = 2, x3 = 3. A.14 x1 = 2, x2 = 1, x3 = 1. A.15 x1 = 1, x2 = 2, x3 = 3. A.16 x1 = 1, x2 = 1, x3 = 1.
A.17 x1 = 2, x2 = 1, x3 = 1, x4 = −2. A.18 x1 = 6, x2 = −15, x3 = −1, x4 = 9. A.19 x1 = (3 −7x3 −2x4)/4,
x2 = (−1 + x3 −2x4)/4. A.20 x1 = (4 − x3), x2 = 2, x4 = 4. A.21 x1 = (−3 −4x4), x2 = (−2 −3x4),
x3 = x4. A.22 x1 = −x4, x2 = (2 + x4), x3 = (−2 −x4). A.27 x1 = 4 + (2x2 −8x3 −5x4 + 2x5)/3;
x6 = (9 −x2 −2x3 −x4 −3x5)/2; x7 = 14 −13x2 + 14x3 + 8x4 + 4x5)/3; x8 = (9 + x2 − 16x3 − 7
x4 + 19x5)/6. A.28 Linearly dependent. A.29 Linearly independent. A.30 λ1 = (3 − 2 2 ),
λ2 = (3 + 2 2 ). A.31 λ1 = (3 − 5), λ1 = (3 − 5). A.32 λ1 = (5 − 13)/2, λ2 = (5 + 13)/2 , λ3 = 5.
A.33 λ1 = (1 − 2 ), λ2 = 1, λ3 = (1 + 2 ). A.34 λ1 = 0, λ2 = (3 − 5), λ3 = (3 + 5).