Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies - Volume-3

Janapriya
Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

Vol. III. December 2014
Patron
Biranji Gautam
Campus Chief
Janapriya Multiple Campus, Pokhara
Editors
Devilal Sharma
Vikash Kumar K.C.
Vishnu Prasad Paudel
Yam Bahadur Kshetry
Janapriya Research and Consultancy Center

Akkal Deo Mishra
Bir Bahadur Karki
Devilal Sharma
Pushpa Raj Sharma
Shreekanta Sharma Khatiwada
Vikash Kumar K.C.
Vishnu Prasad Paudel
Yam Banadur Kshetry
Published by
Janapriya Research and Consultancy Center (JRCC)
Janapriya Multiple Campus, Pokhara
Contact No: 977-061-531822
E- mail: [email protected], [email protected]
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Price Rs. 400/- US $10 Outside Nepal
Copyright ©JRCC, 2014

Disclaimer: The JRCC and Editors cannot be held responssible for
errors or any consequences arising from the use of information
contained in the Journal, The views and opinions
expressed do not necessarily reflect
those of the JRCC and Editor.
Editorial Note ........................................................
Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary studies is an annual, reviewed journal concerened with

all aspects of social and natural sciences, educational research and other branches of research;
and it is published by Janapriya Research and Consultancy Center (JRCC). The journal offers
in-depth analysis of interdisciplinary aspects of research findings in various fields at local and
global context as well. It aims to motivate each of the faculties of Janapriya Multiple Campus to
write research articles.
The present volume has attempted to include original research articles from multidisciplinary
areas of studies. The authenticity of the thoughts and views expressed in these articles solely lies
to the authors. We are very much grateful for the contributors for research articles. We are also
indebted to all the critics who have helped us to review the articles published herein. Finally,
we are also thankful to the campus chief of JMC for his continuous support in publishing the
journal.
Editorial team
Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies
JRCC/JMC, Pokhara, Nepal
Table of Content
Amin Palikhe and Knowledge of Reproductive Health Issues among 1-8
Akhila Shrestha the Students of P. N. Campus Pokhara
Bhanubhakta Caste: A Socio-political Institution in Hindu Society 9-15

Sharma Kadel
Bir Bahadur karki Entrepreneurship Development Programme with Reference To 16-22

Small Enterprises in Nepal
Dvilal Sharma POSITION OF JMC GRADUATES: A TRACER STUDY 23-33
Dvilal Sharma An Experience Of Executing Value Added Tax (Vat) In Pokhara 34-46
Kedar Raj Gautam/ Fertility Differential Among Lower Caste in Lamachaur VDC, 47-53
Pramila Paudel
Kaski
Prakash Upadhyay, Qualitative Researches In Social Sciences 54-61

Vikash Kumar KC
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Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. III (December 2014)
Knowledge of Reproductive Health Issues among

the Students of P. N. Campus Pokhara
Amin Palikhe and Akhila Shrestha
The article entitled "Knowledge of Reproductive Health Issues among the Students of P. N.
Campus, Pokhara" has studied to get the knowledge about the reproductive health issues.
Reproductive health is one of the important factors of population studies. Several studies have
been made concerning the reproductive health issues but there are few research works on the
knowledge of reproductive health, especially, in P. N. Campus. The present study attempts to
find out knowledge of reproductive health issues among the students in the P. N. Campus. This
study was based on the primary information collected from the field survey in P.N. Campus.
The sample used for collection of data is random sampling. Basically, both descriptive and
analytic research design and simple statistical tools like frequency table, and cross tabulation
have been used here. To test the hypothesis, Chi- Square test with contingency table has been
presented. Among the total 116 students, 58 percent female and 42 percent male were taken for
sample. The median age for the sample population was 23 years. About 31 percent among them
were married. This research finds out the knowledge of reproductive health issues like media
of knowledge, sources, reproductive health issues areas and level of knowledge among the
selected demographic background of respondents.
Key Words: Chi-Square, Issues, Knowledge, Reproductive Health, Subject Matters,
Introduction
Reproductive health is relatively a new concept emerged after 90s that comprehensively
addresses all of the health issues regarding reproductive health for both women and men,
irrespective of their age. Reproductive health sometimes addresses women’s health issue as a whole,
since most of them are closely related to Reproductive Health. Good health is one of the basic
human rights endorsed by various international initiative as well as prerequisite of socio-
economic development. In many countries and cultures women are not allowed to participate fully in
the decision making process that directly affects their health status. Because women play major roles in
raising children and caring for family members. Death and illness among women affect health and well-
being of the family as a whole and consequently the entire population. Reproductive health is one of the
aspects affecting the health of an individual. For the first time, the concept of reproductive health was
formally brought into existence from the international conference on Population and Development held
at Cairo in 1994 A. D. The term reproductive health refers to the process of giving birth. In this sense,
reproductive health means the study of factors that affect the health of a person for reason of reproduction
(Paneru, 2007).
International Conference on Population and Development, the first global issue to discuss, debate
and reach a consensus on this issue has defined reproductive health [RH] as "A state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity in all matters relating to
reproductive system and its functions and process”(UN, 1994). Hence reproductive health implies that
people are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the capability to reproduce and
have the freedom to decide if, when and how often to do so. RH also includes sexual health, the purpose
of which is enhancement of life and personal relation and not merely the counseling and care related to
1
reproduction and sexual transmitted disease. It is recognized that RH is a crucial part of overall health in
infant, childhood and adolescence; it also sets the stage for health beyond the reproductive years for both
men and women and has pronounced effects from one generation to another (MOH, 1998).
The UN system and the international community believe that RH includes family planning,
safe maternal mortality and protection from the transmission of STDs including HIV/AIDS and
from violence and sexual abuse should be available in all situations and circumstances based on the
needs and repressed demands of refugees. In this respect, priority is given to the needs of women
adolescent girls.RH is important for men, women and children. The reproductive system, in
function, dysfunction and disease, plays a central role in women’s health. This is different
from the case with men and women. A major burden of the disease in female is related to their
reproductive function and reproductive system, and the way society treats or mistreats them
because of their gender. Reproductive health is a stable in which people have the ability to
reproduce and regulate their fertility; women are able to go through pregnancy and childbirth
sagely. Among essential components of RH can include family planning, maternal health,
preventing abortion and managing the complications of unsafe abortion, preventing and treating STDs
including HIV/AIDS and eliminating traditional practice like female genital mutilations that harms
women’s RH ad well-being (UNFPA,2001).
Reproductive health implies that, apart from the absence of disease or infirmity, people have the
ability to reproduce, to regulate their fertility and to practice and enjoy sexual relationships. It further
implies that reproduction is carried to a successful outcome through infant and child survival, growth
and healthy development. It finally implies that women can go safely through pregnancy and childbirth,
that fertility regulation can be achieved without health hazards and that people are safe in having sex
(Fathalla, 1988).
The various elements of RH are strongly interrelated and improvement of one can facilitate
the improvement of others, while all elements of RH are individually important, given the current
socio economic and environmental condition in the world particularly in developing countries, fertility
regulation is central to all other aspects of reproductive health (WHO, 1992).
The burden of a RH disease is primarily a function of its prevalence and its seriousness to the
individual concerned. In the case of reproductive health, the impact is not limited to the
individual directly concerned. Inability of individuals and couples in developing countries to
regulate and control their fertility because of lack of information and inadequacy of services,
is not only affecting the health of the people immediately concerned and their families, but has
implications for their societies and their countries, for global stability and for the balance
between population and natural resources and between the human species and the environment.
Communicable diseases are important because they can affect other people too. Of all
communicable diseases, STDs including HIV infection, are least amenable to control. Even
attempting to erect national barriers will not stop them. People with other communicable
diseases are less likely to travel than people with STDs, which are sometimes described as
“air-borne” diseases, to indicate the importance of air travel in their trans-national spread.
To know the knowledge on RH issues, P. N. Campus, Pokhara is chosen as the specific area for
this study. Pokhara is one of the old urban sectors situated in Western Nepal, Kaski District and Gandaki
Zone. All types of facilities are available in Pokhara so that many people migrated from other districts
of this region and other parts of the country. Prithvi Narayan Campus is situated in the Northern part
of Pokhara. The campus has an area of approximately 515 ropani stretched from East to West. There is
no doubt that it is the second largest campus in the country where programs of Humanities, Education,
2
Science, Management and Law are run.
Reproductive behavior has become an emerging worldwide concern in most of the
countries. RH is relatively a new concept that comprehensively addresses all of the health issue
regarding reproductive for both women and men, whether young or old. Among the major
reproductive and sexual health hazards that young people face are: STDs, unwanted pregnancies, including
illegal abortion related complications, higher risks of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality, low
birth weight and pre-maturity among the children of very young mothers. The knowledge of reproductive
health is needed for adolescents since they are likely to expose in the reproduction. Therefore, reproductive
health knowledge must provide to all adolescents for their healthy life. Reproductive health services and
information should be accessible and affordable for all adolescents. This study focuses on the knowledge
of subject of reproductive health issues among the students of the P. N. Campus, Pokhara.
Data and Method

The sample design is purposive sample design, which is especially targeted to management,
humanities and social science, education and science and math faculties. Total numbers of
students have been divided into these stratified groups. The proposed research has been
descriptive in nature. The proposed research has been descriptive when it has to explain the
knowledge of reproductive health situation of students. The research was primarily based on
primary data. However for the support, secondary data has been also used. Total number of
students has been divided into these stratified groups. Random sampling has been used for this
research. 116 students are taken for the sample. The questionnaires were used for the collection of
primary data and their natures were structured with both open and closed ends. The
questionnaires were given to the students of P. N. Campus. Necessary primary data were collected
through sample survey. The questionnaires were directly administered and distributed to the sampled
students and the respondents were intimately supervised during the filling of the questionnaire. The
processing of the study results began soon after the start of the fieldwork. The raw data
collected in the field survey were carefully checked to minimize the probable errors and data were post-
coded if necessary. Then, collected data were processed in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)
and the computed data were used to generate tables and statistics to translate the number into meaningful
results. The frequency distribution tables have been used to analyze the data. Descriptive as well as
analytical measures were followed. The data collected and processed have been analyzed using various
tools such as percentage, chart, weighted mean, chi -square test, etc. The ethical consideration is also
taken from the respondents.
Results and Discussion

The various elements of RH are strongly interrelated and improvement of one can facilitate the
improvement of others, while all elements of RH are individually important, given the current
socio economic and environmental condition in the world particularly in developing countries.
Fertility regulation is central to all other aspects of reproductive health. Therefore, this research
work is tried to know the knowledge of reproductive health matters from the students. Due to
the lack of proper knowledge, many adolescents have been victims of sexual diseases, sexual
coerce and violence, unwanted sex and pregnancy, and unsafe abortion which can be removed by
providing knowledge on reproductive and sexual health.
Table 1 shows the percent of students from P. N. Campus classified according to the selected
background characteristics. A description of the background characteristics of the 116 students age 15-
3
49. Regarding age mix, 43.1 percent are taken from the age group 20-24 followed by 15-19 and so
on. The place of residence is another characteristic that determines access to service and exposure to
information pertaining to RH and other aspect of life. The majority of respondents reside in V.D.C.
with 66.4 % of respondents and 33.6% reside in municipality. Education is one of the most influential
factors affecting an individual’s attitude, knowledge and behavior in various facets of life. A total of
116 students were enumerated. Among them, 42 percent students were male and 58 percent female.
Among 116 students of age 16 to 40 plus, the majority of unmarried students were 69 percent whereas
31 percent students were married. Some 87.1 percent respondents are related to single family and the rest
is related to joint family. . Among the faculties, education, management and humanity are taken more
than other students. That is indicated by 45.7% and 25.9% for education and management followed by
humanities and social science respectively. Ethnicity of students of P. N. campus students were more
Brahman/Chhetry (56%) followed by Janjati and limited number was covered by other caste in the
campus. There were maximum numbers of respondents related with Brahman/Chhetry. So those samplers
obviously were more concerned with the Hindu origin whereas Janajati was related with Buddhist origin,
i.e 13.8%. 95.7 percent respondents use Nepali as mother tongue. 66.4 percent students have no job or
regular income. Among the respondents only 33.6 percent respondents responded the questions about
the level of family income. Among the 33.6 percent, 43.6 percent falls in the group of less than ten
thousand whereas 17.9 percent falls in the group of more than ten thousands group. Among the responded
respondents, 30.8 percent told “Do not Say”.
Table 1: Percent of Respondents Classified According to Selected Background Characteristics
Characteristic Percent (%) Characteristic Percent (%)
Age Religion
15-19 31(26.7) Hindu 98(84.5)
20-24 50(43.1) Buddhist 16(13.80
25-29 23(19.8) Kirati 1(0.9)
30 and above 12(10.4) Others 1(0.9)
Education † Mother Tongue
PCL(11-12) 31(26.7) Nepali 111(95.7)
Bachelor(13-15) 51(44.0) Others 5(4.3)
Degree(16-17) 34(29.3) Faculty
Sex Management 30(25.9)
Male 49(42) Science and Math 9(7.8)
Female 67(58) Humanities and Social Science 24(20.7)
Marital status Education 53(45.7)
Unmarried 80(69) Income
Married 32(31) Yes 39(33.6)
Family Size No 77(66.4)
joint 15(12.9) 0-9999 17(43.6)
Single 101(87.1) 10000-19999 7(17.9)
Ethnicity/Caste 20000 and above 3(7.7)
Brahman/Chhetry 65(56.0) Do not Say 12(30.8.)
Hill/Janajati 43(37.1) Place of Residence
Tarai Origin 3(2.6) Kaski 48(41.4)
Dalits 4(3.4) Outside Kaski 68(58.6)
Others 1(0.9) Birth Place
Urban 39(33.6)
Rural 77(66.4)
4
The knowledge about the RH is surveyed. Respondents have been asked various questions about the
knowledge of RH and its components. These types of indication clearly indemnify the knowledge about
RH issues.
Table 2: Percentage of Respondents Who Receive Information about Reproductive Health Issues
According to Sources
Total
Source of Information of RH
Response (%)
Mon and Daddy 8(6.9)
Family Member 4(3.4)
Friend 30(25.9)
Teacher 29(25.0)
Boy and Girl Friend 9(7.8)
Doctors 26(22.4)
Counselor 15(12.9)
Books 60(51.7)
Cinema and TV 32(27.6)
Radio 41(35.3)
Newspaper 38(32.8)
Clubs 12(10.3)
Professional Sexiest 3(2.6)
Where, table 2 shows the information of RH among the respondents. Among them the majority respondents
receive the information from friends, teachers, counselors, doctors, books, cinema, radio, newspapers etc.
But they rarely take it from sex professionals. Respondents take RH issues from the books followed by
others like radio, newspaper, cinema, friends, teachers, doctor etc.
Table 3: Percentage of Respondents Who Deliver the Reproductive Health Issues by Different
Media
Total
Medium of Information about Reproductive Health:
Yes Response (%)
Newspaper 103(88.8)
Radio 109(94.0)
Television 107(92.2)
Cinema 97(83.6)
Family Member 93(80.2)
Teachers 106(91.4)
Friend and Club 97(83.6)
Public Vela 77(66.4)
Mother Group 85(73.3)
Health Post 111(95.7)
VDC and Municipality 55(47.4)
Table 3 shows the way of providing the information about RH to people. Among the respondents more
than eighty percent were more like to provide information from Newspaper, Radio, Television, Cinema,
5
Friend, Health post but VDC and Municipality is not the best way to provide the information of RH
issues.
Table 4: Percentage of Knowledge Who Know the Different Issues of Reproductive Health
Total
Reproductive Health Concern Group:
Yes Response (%)
Family Planning 95(81.9)
Safely Motherhood 70(60.3)
Orphan Child Care 11(9.5)
Divorce Law 14(12.1)
Safely Abortion 105(90.5)
Care of Older People 8(6.9)
Sexual Diseases and HIV 81(69.8)
Mortality Rate 39(33.6)
Stage of Adolescence 78(67.2)
Birth Rate 50(43.1)
Age of Marriage 58(50.0)
Communication Media 45(38.8)
Table No 4 reveals that the majority of the respondents responded the areas of reproductive health issues.
They have no doubts about the areas of RH issues. Because most of the respondents said that reproductive
health is concerned with all the factors except child care, older people and divorce. It means that most
of the respondents have knowledge about the areas of RH but they have no clear knowledge about the
communication media whether it falls under the area or not.
Table No 5 shows knowledge of RH issues among the selected background characteristics. Table 5
includes the demographic factors with analysis of Chi-Square. Under the chi-square test, significance
level of 1* percent, 5** percent, 10*** percent level has been tested. Family size, mother tongue and
birth place do not make any significant difference between the knowledge of RH issues. Education, sex,
ethnicity, religion, faculty and regular income has 5 percent significant difference about issues of RH and
background characters. Whereas age mix and place of residence of background characters has highly
significant difference of RH issues.
Table 5: Percentage of Respondents Who have Knowledge about Reproductive Health Issues
According to Selected Background Characteristics
Knowledge of Reproductive Health Subject Matters
Characteristic
More (%) General (%) No (%) Test
Age 10.049***
15-19 4(16.7) 27(31.4)
20-24 10(41.7) 35(40.7) 5(83.3)
25-29 7(29.2) 15(17.4) 1(16.7)
30 and above 3(12.4) 9(10.7)
Education † 6.442**
PCL(11-12) 2(8.3) 27(31.4) 2(33.4)
Bachelor(13-15) 13(54.2) 36(41.9) 2(33.3)
Degree(16-17) 9(37.5) 23(26.7) 2(33.3)
Sex 7.2**
Male 12(50) 37(43) -
Female 12(50) 47(57) 6(100)
6
Family Size 1.428*

joint 3(12.5) 11(12.8) 1(16.7)
Single 21(87.5) 75(87.2) 5(83.3)
Ethnicity/Caste 7.048**
Brahman/Chhetry 16(66.7) 46(53.5) 3(50)
Hill/Janajati 8(33.3) 33(38.4) 2(33.3)
Tarai Origin - 2(2.3) 1(16.7)
Dalits - 4(4.7) -
Others - 1(1.2) -
Religion 4.22**
Hindu 22(91.7) 70(81.4) 6(100)
Buddhist 2(8.3) 14(16.3) -
Kirati - 1(1.2) -
Others - 1(1.2) -
Mother Tongue 0.5548*
Nepali 23(95.8) 82(95.3) 6(100)
Others 1(4.4) 4(4.7) -
Faculty 7.081**
Management 6(25) 22(25.6) 2(33.3)
Science and Math 1(4.2) 6(7) 2(33.3)
Humanities and
7(29.2) 17(19.8)
Social Science
Education 10(41.7) 41(47.7) 2(33.4)
Regular Income 5.94**
Yes 13(54.2) 25(29.1) 1(16.7)
No 11(45.8) 61(70.9) 5(83.3)
Place of Residence 18.06***
Kaski 12(50) 34(39.5) 2(33.3)
Outside Kaski 12(50) 52(60.5) 4(66.7)
Birth Place .001*
Urban 8(33.3) 29(33.7) 2(33.3)
Rural 16(66.7) 57(66.3) 4(66.7)
Table 5 shows the knowledge of reproductive health issues and selected backgrounds of the respondents.
Regarding the age mix, age group 20-24 has more and average knowledge of RH but 15-19 age group
has no more knowledge. Bachelor and degree level students have more knowledge of RH whereas 33.33
percent from all level of education has no knowledge of RH. Female has more knowledge of RH in
comparison to male respondents. Single family has either more knowledge or no knowledge at all.
Brahman/Chhetry has more knowledge followed by Janajati and Dalits. Hindu has more knowledge
regarding RH. Respondent of Nepali mother tongue has more knowledge than non-speaking Nepali
tongue.
Conclusion
It is found from the survey that the majority of students are from Kaski district followed by
surrounding districts. Similarly, majority of students are from the VDCs where their caste/ethnicity
was Brahmin/Chetry followed by Janajati. There is an urgent need to create awareness and change the
attitude of family members in the communities towards the subject of RH. RH care is the constellation of
methods, techniques and services. All these factors contribute to reproductive health and well-being by
7
preventing and solving reproductive problem. Regarding the knowledge of RH issues, the students are
in average. They have thought that RH knowledge should be talked freely but also some of the students
do not like to talk about RH issues with other persons. They are receiving the information of RH from
cinema, news, books, and friends rather than others but also told that above mentioned way would be
better to get the knowledge of RH issues. Most of the respondents have knowledge about RH issues.
Acknowledgement
This research work could never have been completed without the invaluable co-operation and assistance
of Mr. Bidhan Acharya, Associate Professor, Central Department of Population Studies, TU, Prof.
Dr. Vikash Kumar KC, Head of Department of Statistics, Mr. Rameshor Baral, Teaching Assistance
of Population Studies, P. N. Campus, and Mr. Rajendra Paudel, Lecturer of English, Administration
Department of P. N. Campus. I would also like to express my deep sense of gratitude towards my friend
Ms. Niru Maharjan and towards my entire colleagues for their assistance.
References
Acharya, B. P. (2007). “Ageing and Reproductive Health of Elderly Women”, Central Department of
Population Studies, Kirtipur, Population Magazine, Vol.–V
Arambepola, C and Rajapaksa, L. C. (2014). “Decision making on unsafe abortions in Sri Lanka: a case-
control study”, Reproductive Health 2014, December 2014
CDPS, (1996). “Migration, Education, Birth, Death and Contraceptive Survey”, CDPS, TU, Kathmandu,
Nepal
Fathalla M.F. (1988). Research needs in human reproduction In: Research in Human Reproduction:
Biennial Report (1986-1987). Edited by E. Diczfalusy, P.D. Griffin & J. Khanna. World
Health Organization, Geneva. p.341
MoH/HMG. (1998).Safe Motherhood Policy, Nepal
MoH/HMG. (2004).National Neonatal Strategy, Nepal
MOPE. (2005). Report on ICPD at Ten, Nepal
MoH/HMG. (2006).National HIV/AIDS Strategy, Kathmandu, Nepal
MoH/HMG. (2060).National Policy on Safe Abortion , Nepal
Newman, K., F., Mayhew, S. h. and Stephenson, J. (2014). Population, sexual and reproductive health,
rights and sustainable development: forging a common agenda, Reproductive Health
Matters, May 2014, Vol. 22, Issues 43
Paneru, I. P. (2007). Reproductive Health. Central Department of Population Studies, Kirtipur, Population
Studies Society of Nepal, Population Magazine, Vol. – V
UN, (1994). International Conference on Population and Development”: Plan of Action, New Work,
America, p 30-37
UNFPA, (2001). The State of World Population, UNFPA, New York, USA, (2007:49:58).
WHO. (1992). Reproductive Health: A Key to Brither Future in Biennial Report, Geneva, Switzerland,
p 30-39
8
Caste: A Socio-political Institution in Hindu Society

Bhanubhakta Sharma Kadel
Abstract: Caste has been a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission
of a lifestyle, which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy and customary social
interaction and exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution. Hierarchy, commensality,
repulsion and hereditary membership and specialization are the major characteristics of caste system. It is
assumed that castes arose from differences in family ritual practices, racial distinctions, and occupational
differentiation and specialization but it is socio-political institution mainly characterized by domination
and subjugation. APA model has been applied to this research work. The theory of origin of caste and
its orientation has been of great use in preparing the article. The readers will be aware of the implicit
intention of the writer that the caste system that pervades the South Asian region is not the product of
religio-cultural institution nor it has any relation with the Brahminical scripture like the Vedas but it has
socio-political orientation.
Key Words: caste, cultural, ritualistic, social, economic, political, hierarchy
Introduction
In general, as Encyclopedia Britannica defines, caste is an endogamous hereditary group of
families, bearing a common name; often claiming a common descent; as a rule professing to follow the
same hereditary calling; clinging to the same customs, especially regarding purity, meals, and marriages;
and often further divided into smaller endogamous circles. Caste is a group of people having a specific
social rank, defined generally by descent, marriage, commensality and occupation. Although the term
'caste' is applied to hierarchically ranked groups of people in many different societies around the world,
the caste system in its most developed form is found in Indian subcontinent.
The English word “caste” derives from the Spanish and Portuguese casta, which means, “race,
lineage, or breed” (Mookherjee, 2012: 56). When the Spanish colonized the New World, they used the
word to mean a “clan or lineage.” However, the Portuguese were the ones who employed casta in the
primary modern sense when they applied it to the many in-marrying hereditary Hindu social groups they
encountered upon their arrival in India in 1498.
One of the problems with any understanding of caste is that the word “caste” itself has been used to
translate two quite different Sanskrit concepts which are assumed, quite wrongly, to have an automatic
connection. One is the concept of jāti and its sense of “kind” or “species”. Another way of glossing this
concept might be to say “the group that one was born into”, the relativity of this gloss conveying the
contextual nature of jāti ascriptions. When asked to name their jāti, people may name their patrilineage,
the name of the group of lineages they conventionally marry into, or even the name of what would now be
called an ethnic group. However, even though the concept is elastic, the idea of origin by birth is constant.
There is no mystery about this ( Quigley, 1993: 502).
Scholars approaching caste through the study of Hinduism and comparative religion may be less
acquainted with sociological and anthropological studies of caste on the ground and are more likely to be
familiar with the Vedic concept of varna which is also used to translate the word “caste”. The referent of
this concept is rather different from that of jāti since the fundamental idea is less “belonging to a group
9
by virtue of common birth” than “functions which must be performed if cosmic harmony and social
harmony are to prevail” – it being understood that cosmic harmony and social harmony are dependent on
each other. What the varna and jāti concepts share is an idea of “keeping apart” and it is this which allows
them to become conflated in the concept of caste.
Thus, the term caste has no universally accepted definition. To some, the term traditionally
corresponds to endogamous varnas of the ancient Indian scripts, and its meaning corresponds in the
sense of estates of feudal Japan or Europe. To others, endogamous jātis - rather than varnas - are castes.
To others such as Risley, castes in India means endogamous groups that resulted from interactions
between what once were different races (Risley, 1903: 52). Endogamy, the common element in these
three definitions, is itself disputed. According to him, Caste may be dependent on one’s occupation
(functional) or based on origin or by birth (hereditary). Ambedkar, who was born in India in a social strata
considered untouchable, disagreed that the term caste in India can be defined as endogamous groups of
India. According to Ambedkar, India during and before the British colonial rule, was a strictly exogamous
society because marriage within blood-relatives and class-relations was culturally forbidden. The term
caste, according to Ambedkar, should be defined as a social group that tries to impose endogamy, in an
exogamous population (1993: 32).
Method: This research paper has been prepard on the basis of secondary data and it is a library based
study. Certainly, therefore, no field work has been carried out but books, journals, magazines and
electronic materials have been consulted as far as they are availabile and appropriate.
Discussion and Result

Varna System
In traditional Brāhminical law books and much popular usage, Indian society is divided into four
social classes, or varnas (Sanskrit for colour or class). At the top of hierarchy are the Brāhmanas (priests
or scholors) followed in the rank order by Kshatriyas (warriors or rulers), the Vaisyas (merchants, traders
and farmers) and the Shudras (artisans, laborers, servants and slaves). The members of each class are
considered to be ritually polluted to varying degrees as a result of defilements brought about by their
birth, occupations, dietary habits and customs. Later on with the evolution of society in different stages
with different transformation and alteration, the varna system came to be popularly known as caste
system but with several modifications.
The famous verse from Rgveda x, 90 speaks of four varnas: brāhmana, rājanya (later
conventionally referred to as the kshatriya), vaisya, and sudra, each of which springs from a
different part of the body of purusa – the lord of beings – who is portrayed as having been sacrificed
at the beginning of time. In the ancient Hindu law book known as the Code of Manu (ca. 200 bce to ce
200) varna is portrayed as having a quintessentially different function. These functions revolve around
sacrifice: just as the world and the four varnas were created through an initial sacrifice, repetitions of
this primal act are necessary if order and harmony are to be maintained. To achieve this, each varna has
a specific function:
Manu lays down that the duty of the brāhmana is to study and to teach, to sacrifice, and to give
and receive gifts; the ksatriya must protect the people, sacrifice and study; the vaisya also sacrifices and
studies, but his chief function is to breed cattle, to till the earth, to pursue trade and to lend money; the
sudra’s duty is only to serve the three higher classes . . . for each man there was a place in society and a
function to fulfill, with its own duties and rights. (Basham, 1971: 139) There is no mention of any idea
that a person performing any specific function must be born into a particular group, though.
10
Mahatma Gandhi claimed that Varnāshrama of the shāstras is today nonexistent in practice. The present
caste system is theory antithesis of varnāshrama. Caste in its current form, claimed Gandhi, had nothing
to do with religion. The discrimination and trauma of castes, argued he, was the result of custom, the
origin of which is unknown. Gandhi said that the customs’ origin was a moot point, because one could
spiritually sense that these customs were wrong, and that any caste system is harmful to the spiritual well-
being of man and economic well-being of a nation.
Caste as a Religious Product

In the Indian case, argues Dumont, the idea of caste expresses itself with reference to two
ideological features: the opposition of the pure and the impure, and what on the relationship between
caste and he calls the “disjunction between status and power (cited as in Quigley, 1993: 497). By the
latter he means that those who are the most politically powerful defer to the representatives of religious
values because the ultimate meaning of the society derives from those values. This is why, he claims,
in everyday life the priest ranks higher than the king, and in the varna schema of the Vedic texts the
Brāhmana ranks higher than the Kshatriya. This theory has had pervasive and enduring appeal in spite of
a torrent of criticism from every conceivable angle. The reason for this appeal is simple.
One might object, however, that if it is the actual performance of ritual functions which is
hazardous for one’s status, it is curious that the status of other members of the caste is also compromised
even when they do not themselves perform impure tasks. These people are affected because they either
come from one’s own lineage (i.e. they are related consanguineally), or they come from other lineages
with whom members of one’s own lineage conventionally marry (i.e. they are related affinally). Caste
status cannot therefore be simply “interactional” as Marriott argues (1968: 68) which contrasted with the
“attributional” theory of Dumont. Kinship and marriage are also primary determinants of caste status.
Ethnographic reports often fail to make clear that all members of castes do not need to perform the ritual
function from which they derive their status.
Caste as Occupational Creation

What is crucial is that one or more members of the caste in question provide the necessary ritual
functionary. Caste is often reported to be a matter of occupation. This is false: what is at issue is a periodic
ritual contribution to the community. All of the members of one caste may be agricultural labourers yet
only some among them may be required to perform a particular ritual function – say, to play music on
the occasion of worshipping a particular deity. Another caste (i.e. a group with whom the former will not
intermarry) may also be agricultural laborers and have a different ritual function – say, to be pall-bearers
for noble castes. Discrimination of this kind can be endless – as with totemic groups (Strauss, 1966: 54).
Even among groups where the link between caste and occupation appears more clear-cut, it is rarely the
case that all members of the caste perform the job in question. Thus, to be a Barber is not to be a hair-
cutter, but to be related to others whose ritual function involves the cutting of hair and other related tasks,
such as nail-paring and midwifery, as elements of purificatory ceremonies. A Barber could, therefore, be
a taxi-driver, while the man cutting hair in the barber’s shop (i.e. as a profession rather than as part of a
ritual function) could well be a member of a Brāhman caste. Similarly, a Brāhman need not be a priest, a
Farmer may be a rickshaw driver, and so on.
Caste as a Cultural Institution

What exactly do we mean by caste? What almost everyone can agree on is that wherever there
is caste, certain features are found linked together in a systematic fashion. Perhaps most noticeable,
11
particularly to Western eyes, is an apparently constant preoccupation with maintaining differences
between groups and expressing these differences through concepts of pollution and inauspiciousness.
These groups are based on lineal kinship, and tightly regulated by marriage alliances between households
of different lineages. From one perspective, regulating marriage often appears to be a device on the part of
wealthy households for inhibiting the dispersal of land ownership. But non-landowning lineages, whether
wealthy merchants or impoverished groups, also regulate their marriages just as strictly as members of
landowning lineages (Flood, 2003: 543). The fundamental message being circulated by members of all
“castes” (i.e. groups of intermarrying lineages) is invariably phrased in terms of an encouragement to
prevent one’s own “kind” from being contaminated, with the word for “kind” in most Indian languages
being jāti (or some variant thereof), a concept which might also be translated as “species”. It is as if
members of different groups were saying: “We are different from each other in the same way that different
animal species are. Just as cats and dogs cannot interbreed, neither can we” (Flood, 545). Since some
relativist thinkers are reluctant to say that people with other cultural ideas are “wrong,” it needs perhaps
to be stressed (if we are going to explain the ideology that different castes must not miscegenate) that
there is, in fact, only one human species and its members are not prevented from interbreeding because
of their different origins. The arbitrary, cultural nature of the prohibition on intermixing is shown more
clearly still by the fact that it is not restricted to procreation. Members of different castes are generally
convinced that they should not eat together and that they should abstain from performing certain rituals
together.
It is not uncommon for a village to have multiple castes all claiming to abjure relations of any
fundamental kind with each other. But why should there be such a proliferation of “kinds” wherever
there is caste? A preliminary clue is that in caste-organized communities normally one kind predominates
in every sense-politically, economically, numerically, and as the provider of the main patrons of rituals.
Conventionally referred to as the “dominant” caste, they are more accurately entitled with the term “noble”
or “kingly” caste, it being understood that nobility and kingship are refractions of each other (Srinivas,
1959: 125). All of the other castes are groups of lineages which have an obligation to provide people who
perform specialized ritual duties for the noble caste. To default on these obligations always incurs some
kind of sanction, which is frequently underpinned by the threat, if not the actual use of, violence.
While there is a great deal of variation among theorists regarding the alleged underlying
mechanisms which generate this phenomenon whereby a multiplicity of groups all fastidiously distinguish
themselves from each other, most people would agree that certain features stand out when caste is
compared to other forms of social organization (Quigley, 1993: 496). Of these perhaps the most striking
is the institution of untouchability whereby members of certain castes are so excluded that they appear
on occasion to be beyond the pale of normal society. One very common, and perfectly acceptable, way to
approach caste is thus by explaining untouchability. Most impure are the untouchables, or, to use modern
names, the exterior or scheduled castes, which, however, have among themselves numerous divisions,
each of which regards itself as superior to others.
Hocart brings together these principles of organization in caste society by arguing that castes are
“families” which hereditarily transfer ritual functions in order to ensure that the king and nobles remain in
a pure state (1950: 20). In contrast to the idea that caste is oriented to a pure-impure axis with Brāhmans
and Untouchables at polar ends he argues that what is at stake is the integrity of kinship, the institution to
which everyone is connected. By implication, it is a very fragile integrity which can only be maintained
by the repeated performance of rituals (sacrifices).
Caste as Social Hierarchy
12
Dumont says that to adopt a value is to introduce hierarchy, and a certain consensus of values,
certain hierarchy of ideas, things and people, which is indispensable to social life (cited as in Dirks,
2004: 4). Caste is still the defining feature of social organization in the Indian subcontinent. Views of
caste differ markedly; from those who see it as a religious system to those who see it as a merely social
or economic, from those who admire the spiritual foundations of a sacredotal hierarchy to those who
look from below and see the tyranny of brāhmanas; from those who view it as the Indian equivalent of
community to those who see it as the primary impediment to community (Dirks, 2004: 5). Caste, and
specifically caste forms of hierarchy, whether valorized or despised- is somehow fundamental to Hindu
civilization, culture and tradition.
Dumont attempts to escape from the notion of caste-as-stratification by introducing us to a
second meaning of “hierarchy,” that of the encompassment of the part by the whole, which implies also
the encompassment of something by its contrary (1996: 76). Thus, for example, in traditional societies
the individual is encompassed by society and in caste society, argues Dumont, the pure encompasses the
impure (76). He argues that Western theorists and those influenced by them tend to see caste through
modern, individualistic spectacles and to apply a set of judgments which are not applicable in the “holistic”
traditions of caste-organized communities where the individual is subordinated to, encompassed by, the
moral claims of the collective (77). He is perfectly correct to state that caste ideology gives primacy to
the whole community and has no place for the modern Western concept of individualism where people
are free to make their own choices about whom they associate with. In connection with this, everyone
will agree with Dumont that caste involves a “heavy” and pervasive use of ritual for structuring social
relations which in many other societies are structured by centralized political and economic institutions.
Hocart’s approach endorses Dumont’s assertion that the separation of king and priest (as he put
it, the “disjunction between status and power”) is central to the theory of caste (Quigley, 1993:511). But
Quigley says that Dumont was quite wrong about the dynamic of relations between kings and priests
and the underlying structure they depended on. Nobility and kingship are not a simple matter of material
dominance, but are concerned with the ability to command rituals which bring the community together
and expurgate the inauspiciousness which social life habitually generates. Priests are the instruments who
perform this purging function and who therefore make possible kingship and nobility. Caste organization
could thus be said to be a division of the community into noble and kingly families on the one hand
and priests on the other, provided it is understood that the primary function of priests is to cleanse the
society of anything which threatens it with death and evil. “In theory, power is ultimately subordinate to
priesthood, whereas in fact priesthood submits to power (Dumont, 1966:71-2).”
It is a curious fact, then, that there is a near-unanimous consensus that caste and Hinduism are
inextricably linked that “Caste is the Hindu form of social organization. No man can be a Hindu who
is not in caste (Lipner, 1990: 3).” However, Lipner reminds us that there is a dissenting, minority view
which states that one must be very careful in making this equation: “The caste system, though closely
integrated into the [Hindu] religion, is not essential to it. . . . Even the profession of belief in the authority
of the Veda is not essential (Brockington, 1981: 4).”
Hindus themselves often claim that Brahmans are the “highest” caste and untouchables the
“lowest” and Dumont’s approach appears to provide an explanation for this. But this common popular
formulation of the order of castes runs into problems immediately. First, there are thousands of Brāhman
castes whose members daily dispute each other’s status. Evidently, if one Brāhman caste claims superiority
over another Brāhman caste, not all of them can be the
“highest.” And if some Brahmans are “higher” than others, then the criterion of being “higher” obviously
must be by virtue of something other than simply being a Brāhman. But what? This is one of the trickiest,
13
and most contested, questions in the explanation of caste (Quigley, 1993: 496).
Caste has now been so much “inscribed in ritual, familial, communal, socio-economic, political
and public theater of quotidian life (Dirks, 2004: 6).” He further says: “In fact caste was configured as an
encompassing Indian social system in direct relationship to the constitution of Hinduism as a systematic,
confessional, all embracing religious identity. It was an ideal system, of mutual responsibility, reasoned
interdependence and genuine spiritual authority (10). ” That caste was introduced to make the society
more organized and make the people responsible to the jobs they were supposed to perform in order that
to make society smoother. It, however, has now been a very powerful vehicle of dominance-ritual as well
as political and economic and the process of ethnicization, or substantialization, of caste; old caste system
was based on interdependency rather than conflict as it has been today (Dirks, 2004: 7). On the other
hand, hierarchy, repulsion and hereditary specialization have been the main important characteristics of
the caste system.
Caste as a Political Institution

Indian society, indeed caste itself, was shaped by political struggles and processes (Dirks, 2004:
4-5). Kings were killed, and it cleared the way for the transformation of the caste under colonial rule.
Caste was refigured as a distinctly religious system (12). In the West civil societies, liberal phenomena
were being introduced; however in India, caste was understood always to have resisted political intrusion;
it was already a kind of civil society in which it regulated the private domain, such as it was (Dirks, 13).
Under colonialism caste was made far more pervasive, far more tantalizing and far more uniform
than it had ever been before (Dirks, 13). At the same time it was defined as a fundamentally religious
social order. In fact, however, caste had always been political- it had been shaped in fundamental ways
by political struggles and processes. In pre-colonial India, the units of social identity had been multiple,
and their respective relations and trajectories were part of complex, conjectural, constantly changing
political world. The referents of social identity were not only heterogeneous; they were also determined
by context. Temple communities, territorial groups, lineage segments, family units, royal retinues,
warrior sub-castes, “little’’ kingdoms, occupational reference groups, agricultural or trading associations,
devotionally conceived networks and sectarian communities; even priestly cabals were just some of
the significant units of identification, all of them at various times for more significant than any uniform
metonymy of endogamous caste “groupings” (Dirks, 13). It shows that caste, or rather some of the things
that seem most easily to come under the name of caste, was just one category among many others, one
way of organizing and representing identity of the people of the time.
The idea of the varna- the classification of castes into four hierarchical orders with the Brāhamans
on the top could conceivably organize the social identities and relations of all Hindus across the civilization
expanse of the Indian subcontinent was only developed under the particular circumstances of British
colonial rule (Dirks, 14) even though hierarchy in the sense of rank or ordered difference might have
been a pervasive feature of old Indian society. Caste had been political all along, but under colonialism
was anchored to the service of colonial interest in maintaining social order, justifying colonial power, and
sustaining a very particular form of indirect rule. Religious symbols, organizations and spectacle convert
into political ones (Herzfeld, 2004: 128).
Conclusion
There were so many revolutions in order to evict caste difference and discrimination from the
Hindu social system and there were so many reformative actions and reservations carried out, even in
the leadership of the father of Indian nation, Mahatma Gandhi, but caste did not die, it did not fade away,
14
and it could no longer be diagnosed as benign. At the same time caste remains the single most powerful
category for reminding the nation of the resilience of poverty, oppression, domination, exclusion and the
social life of privilege.
Caste is not a basic ancient expression of Hindu tradition but is a modern phenomenon, that it is,
specifically, the product of an historical encounter between India and Western colonial rule. Under the
British rule “caste” became a single term capable of expressing, organizing and above all systemizing
the diverse forms of social identity, community and organization of the Indian sub-continent. It was
during 200 years of British domination, colonialism that made caste what it is today throughout the sub-
continent. In fact, religious rites have become political rights in Hindu society.
Acknowledgement
This paper has been prepared with the inspiration and insight of Professor Dr. Shreedhar Prasad
Lohani who suggested to work on one of the most controversial but neglected area of Caste system in
Hindu society. The writer is thankful to the JRCC team led by Professor Dr. Bikash KC for its publication,
as well.
References
Ambedkar, Bhim R. (1933). “A Note to Gandhi.” Harijan 3: 14-25
Basham, A. L. (1971). The Wonder that was India. London: Fontana/Collins.
Brockington, J. L. (1981). The Sacred Thread: Hinduism in its Continuity and Diversity.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Dirks, Nicholas B. (2004). Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Delhi:
Permanent Black.
Dumont, Louis. (1966). Homo Hierarchicus: The Caste System and its Implications. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press.
Encyclopædia Britannica. (2014). Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003). Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Herzfeld, Michael. (2004). Anthropology: Theoretical Practice in Culture and Society. New Delhi: Rawat
Publication.
Hocart, A. M. (1950). Caste: A Comparative Study. London: Methuen.
Levi-Strauss, Claude. (1966). The Savage Mind. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Lipner, J. (1994). Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge.
Marriott, M. (1968). “Caste Ranking and Food Transactions: A Matrix Analysis.” Structure and Change
in Indian Society. Eds. Singer, M and B. S. Cohn. Chicago: Aldine.
Mookherjee, Braja Dulal . (2012). The Essence of Bhagavad Gita. New Delhi: Academic Publishers.
Quigley, Declan. (1993). The Interpretation of Caste. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Risley, H. H. (1903). Ethnographic Appendices, in GOI, Census of India, 1901 1. Calcutta: Office of the
Superintendent of Government Printing. 45–62.
Srinivas, M. N. (1959). “The Dominant Caste in Rampura,” American Anthropologist 61:1–16.
15
Entrepreneurship Development Programme with Reference To

Small Enterprises in Nepal
Bir Bahadur karki
Abstract
Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) is mainly focused on development, promotion and
strengthening of micro, cottage and small enterprises with the technical and financial support. The
rapid entry and growth of Small Enterprises (SEs) has constituted one of the most important aspects of
development in Nepal. The Government of Nepal (GON), Department of Cottage and Small Industries
(DCSI) and Cottage and Small Industries Development Board (CSIDB) under Ministry of Industry
(MOI) are specially responsible for development of SEs. Growth rate of SEs is in increasing trends. it
seemed that there is increment of about 332 number of cottage and small industries per year. On the basis
of types of ownership of business firms, private firms (Sole trading concern) are increased by 264 each
year between the periods of FY 1993/94 to FY 2011/12 i.e. in nineteen year time period. The result shows
that 87.6 percent cottage and small industries are operated under private firms. It is seen that most of the
entrepreneurs want to be self-employees and / or want to work independently. Out of five development
regions, central development region has got highest position in the context of increase number of SEs as
well as high increment i.e. 658 in each year. Out of total cottage and small industries, near about half i.e.
47.78 percent industries are conducted in central development region.
Key Words: Cottage and small industries, Entrepreneurship Development Programme, Small Enterprise,
Trends
Background
Entrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) is mainly focused on development, promotion
and strengthening of micro, cottage and small enterprises with the technical and financial support. EDP
provides various types of services to potential entrepreneurs, existing entrepreneurs/enterprises, and
intermediary organizations which are involved in the entrepreneurship development. Entrepreneurship
development training, skills development training, entrepreneurial competency development, training
for trainers, business start and improvement training, micro enterprise creation, business counseling,
production management and productivity improvement, marketing, financial management, business
management, business expansion/ growth, business identification and selection, business planning and
feasibility study and research etc are major activities of the EDP for enhancement of enterprises. After
the signing of an agreement by His Majesty’s Government of Nepal with the Ford Foundation on April
28, 1954, the Ford Foundation provided financial as well as technical assistance to Nepal for development
of cottage, village and small industries in the country (Shrestha, 1981). It is assumed as a first EDP of
Nepal.
Small Business Promotion Project (SBPP) was established on November 14, 1983 with
the guidelines and support of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany. The purpose of
establishment is to improve entrepreneurial capabilities in the small business sector of Nepal (Karki,
2013). It was believed that the project will contribute towards increasing income and employment in
Nepal’s small business sector and create job opportunities. Since 1956, Government of Nepal (GON)
commenced to formulate five year national plan. In the context of entrepreneurship development aspects,
16
GON has always given emphasis to encourage private sector to invest their savings in industrial sector
for increase production volume and sale and create employment opportunities to people (Karki, 2013
a&b). It can be seen in several industrial policies such as first industrial policy (during first five year
plan); industrial policy of 1974; industrial policy of 1981; industrial policy of 1987; industrial policy of
1992 and industrial policy of 2010.
Entrepreneurship on small scale is the only solution to the problems of unemployment and
proper utilization of both human and non-human resources and improving the living conditions of the
poor masses (Singh, 2009). Entrepreneurship assumed as means of self employment. Entrepreneurs and
entrepreneurial activities have been considered to be important contributors to economic well-being all
over the world. The most important contributions of entrepreneurship comprise job creation, smoothing
of the markets by introducing innovation, and enhancing efficiency through more competition and
poverty reduction by self-employment options (Pfeifer and Sarlija, 2010). Sehgal (2011) stated that
entrepreneurship is the ability to start a new enterprise to make more profits by way of producing or
marketing goods and services to meet the needs and requirement of customers. Entrepreneurship plays
a dominant role in the growth and development of an economy. Small Enterprises (Industries), (SEs)
have been operated from long-time in Nepal and played vital role in the context of self-employments,
employment generation, utilization of local resources, poverty alleviation, and economic growth of the
nations. Most western governments provide encouragement and tax break to those who run small business
(Blanchflower and Oswald, 1998). Nepalese government also provides encouragement and tax break to
those who run micro and small enterprise (Industrial Policy, 2010 and MOI, 2011). Small scale industries
defined as enterprises (industries) other than micro traditional and cottage having investment up to Rs 50
million (MOI, 2011).
Small industries (Manufacturing sector) defined as “more than twenty five lakh but does not
exceed five crore rupees and small industry (Service sector) defined as “more than ten lakh rupees but
does not exceed two crore rupees” (Indian Gazette, 2006).
Udyog Parishad (Council of Industry), a pioneer organization in the industrial sector in Nepal,
was constituted in 1935. It was entrusted, among other things, with the task of developing agriculture,
industry and commerce in the country. After a few years, Nepal Kapada Ra Gharelu Illam Prachar
Adda (hereafter referred to as the department of Cottage Industries) was established in 1939, which
undertook many commendable measures for the growth of small and cottage industries in Nepal. It
was structured, restructured and revamped from time to time to make it compatible with the time and
situation. In 1992, Department of cottage and Small Industry (DCSI) and Cottage and Small Industry
Development Board (CSIDB) were restructured with a view to make them more effective in their roles of
industrial promotion, administrative and supportive functions. There are two key government institutions
with extensive network throughout the country for the development of the Cottage and Small Industry
(CSI) sector and both institutions are engaged in promotional, expansion, strengthening and regulatory
activities (IEDI, 1998 & CSIDB, 2070 B.S.). Out of seventy five districts, DCSI works for twenty seven
districts and CSIDB works for forty eight districts.
The rapid entry and growth of Small Enterprises (SEs) has constituted one of the most important
aspects of development in post-reform (Democracy) Nepal. There are more than 3,09,775 MSEs in
Nepal’s industrial sector and they proposed employed about 25,03,437 people and proposed investment
Rs. 20,233.904 million till 2012 A.D. (MOI,2069 B.S.). According to Nepal Living Standard Survey
2010/2011, per capital income of Nepalese people is near about $642 (Rs 41, 659). According to National
population census 2011, total population of Nepal is 2,64,94,504 till 22 June, 2011. Most of the people
i.e. 83 percent people live in rural area only, 17 percent people live in urban area (CBS, 2012). One
17
fourth population i.e. 25.42 percent still live under below poverty line.
The Nepalese economic scenario reveals predominance of the primary sector, slow growth and
mass deprivation. With virtually no modern physical infrastructure in a highly congested and difficult
terrain, limited exploitable natural resources, small number skilled labour forces, the option for rapid
development have been limited and the choices uncertain and limit. The industrial sector is not developed
and is only in the form of smaller scale industries (Bajracharya, 2007). It has been witnessed that micro
enterprises have become increasingly popular in the new development agenda across the globe and more
so in the developing world to address income and employment opportunities. As through the development
of micro-enterprise the people in rural areas get income and employment (UNDP, 1998). Bajracharya
(2003) had observed that the prevailing policy of the government is not very encouraging to the Micro and
Small Enterprises (MSE) Sector. The laws and regulations generally cover only industrial enterprises and
do not cover enterprises in other sector. To promote and extend business sector, the government should
be able to provide sound business environment such as friendly business environment for investment
and their returns, appropriate rules and regulation for security of investment, formulated adequate and
appropriate strategies and policies for production of goods and services and their market (Karki, 2011).
This paper tries to highlight some organizations regarding the entrepreneurship development
programme in Nepal. It is not enough to explore the EDP in Nepal. It is just about a glance of EDP. This
paper tries to study the trends of growth of cottage and small industries in Nepal according to types of
registration (ownership) of the industries. The paper also tries to study the development regions according
to time. The results of the research is based on the use of simple statistical tools i.e. percentage and fitted
time series model. The paper may be useful to researchers, students, academicians, policy-makers and
others for the understanding of registration trends of small enterprises (industries) in Nepal. The main
objective of the study is to explore entrepreneurship development programme with reference to small
enterprises in Nepal. Other objectives of the study are as follows:-
i) To analyze trends of small enterprises development/growth.
ii) To compare growth rate of SEs in different development regions in Nepal
Data and Methods

The research is based on descriptive cum analytical research approach. The data are collected
from secondary sources. Data are collected, specially, through industrial promotion statistics and industrial
bulletin published by ministry of industry, department of cottage and small industries(DCSI). The DCSI
is one of the major sources data collection and authentic organation for resgistration of small indurstry
.Collected data are edited and tabulated required for the research. For analysis of data some statistical
tools are used. Percentage and fitted time series model are used for data analysis.
Fitted Times Series Model
Y= a+bt is a linear model
Where, Y= Number of cottage and small industries
a= Number of SMEs in average per year
b= Number of SMEs on incremental basis per year
t= Time (in year)
Result and Discussion

The growth rate scenario of cottage and small industries in Nepal is given in table 1. In Nepal, cottage and
small industries (CSIs) are registered under three types of ownership i.e. the first one is private firm. the
second one is partnership firm and the third one is Private Company. The table 1 presents the numbers of
these three different types of ownership CSIs by Fiscal Year (FY).
18
Forms of Cottage and Small Industries in Nepal
Types of business firms are determined by the rules and regulation of the nation with the limitation
of their capital investment and volume of transactions. One of the important things for an entrepreneur is
to select an appropriate form of business organization. The amount of capital, risk and control is directly
affected by types of forms of the organization. It was found that out of 1,97,264 cottage and small scale
industries, 87.6% were functioning under sole proprietorship, 5.4% were found under partnership and
7% were in the form of private limited company. It seems that most of the entrepreneurs have been
wanted to operate their businesses independently i.e. under private firms act rather than partnership firms
and private limited company act. A study result also revealed that 44.38% were functioning under sole
proprietorship, 51.25% were found partnership and 4.37 were in the form of Pvt. Ltd. Company in Bihar,
India (Jha, 2010). One thing is similar in between these two studies i.e. sole proprietorship business is
highly preferred by the entrepreneurs.
Table 1: Forms of Cottage and Small Industries

(FY 2050/051 to 2068/069)/ (FY 1993/094 to 2011/012)
Particulars → Private Partnership Private Capital Employment
Total
Firms Firm Limited Investment in Rs No.
Fiscal Year ↓
2050/51 8535 630 321 9486 572 153000
2051/52 7833 439 247 8519 537.64 75091
2052/53 8638 468 544 9650 722 92581
2053/54 7404 446 346 8196 604 85540
2054/55 8669 471 481 9621 881 93094
2055/56 8789 684 533 10006 962 88973
2056/57 8889 549 685 10123 1035 79618
2057/58 8368 407 542 9317 732 67975
2058/59 8851 526 513 9890 772 65374
2059/60 6768 454 340 7562 591 47455
2060/61 5985 548 600 7133 611 44725
2061/62 6972 499 559 8030 1101 74695
2062/63 5864 372 1994 8230 670 39738
2063/64 7587 386 738 8711 782.6 54145
2064/65 7993 533 856 9382 877 54523
2065/66 16238 541 943 17722 1531.7 82045
2066/67 11250 654 1116 13020 1532.88 70561
2067/68 12359 1145 1154 14658 14750911 72918
Not
2068/69 15831 952 1225 18068 1727.44
Available
Total Number 172823 10704 13737 197264 3025 1417161
Total in Percentage 87.6% 5.4% 7% 100

Fitted time series model in which Y is number of cottage and small industries and t is time (in
year). In this model, as t (Year time) increased by 1 year, then the total number of cottage and small
19
industries increased by 331.879 ( ≈ 332 number). It means per year there is increment of about 332
numbers of cottage and small industries. Between the time period FY 2050/051 to FY 2068/069 (B.S.)
i.e. FY 1993/94 to 2011/12, number of cottage and small industries (CSIs) increased by 332 per year.
Whereas, private firms under CSIs, are increased by 263.574 (264). It means per year there is increment
of about 264 numbers of private firms under cottage and small industries. In the case of partnership firms
under CSIs, they are increased by 9.142 ( ≈9 number) per year. In the case of private limited company
under CSIs they are increased by 52.142 (≈52). It seems that private firms reveal highest increment
i.e. 264 per year, and followed by private limited and partnership firms. It seems that they believed
mostly in their own skills and ability rather than in other people and preferred to be self-employed.
International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) data reveal that surprisingly large numbers of people in
the industrialized countries say they would prefer to be self-employed. They report to be more satisfied,
cetris parbus, than to be employees (Blanchflower and Oswald, 1998). On the basis of fitted time series
model, the number of cottage and small industries for the year 2075 B.S. can be forecast. The number will
be reach as much as 12,042. It is a symptom of increasing trend of CSIs in Nepal.
Registration Trend of Cottage and Small Industries by Regional

On the basis of administrative view point, Nepal is divided into five development regions, fourteen zones
and seventy five districts. Out of total numbers of cottage and small industries i.e. 1,87,778, the time
between FY 2051/52 to FY 2068/69, highest number of industries were established in central development
region i.e. 89,721 (47.78 percent) then after 32,813, 32,626, 15,636, and 9,716 in western development
region, eastern development region, mid-western development region, and far-western development
region respectively.
Table 2: Registration Trend of Business Firms by Regional According to Time
(FY 2051/052 to 2068/069 B.S. i.e. FY 1994/095 to 2011/012)
FY
Development F/Y
Zones 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 Total
Regions 2051/52 2068/69
to 063/64
Eastern Mechi 6197 458 586 491 630 729 9091
Development Koshi 11417 729 809 879 932 1092 15858
Region Sagarmath 5951 414 552 720 565 747 8949

Total 23565 1601 1947 2090 2127 2568 32626
Central Janakpur 8058 608 1026 966 1116 1286 13060
Development Narayani 13235 902 1413 1490 1719 1809 20568
Region Bagmati 37627 3108 5973 3904 4333 5437 60382
Total 58920 4618 8412 6360 7168 8532 89721
Western Gandaki 6665 606 1517 1001 1306 1530 12625
Development Lumbini 10403 847 2274 1203 1648 2314 18689
Region Dhaulagiri 1255 135 341 281 300 446 2758
Total 18323 1588 4132 2485 3254 4290 32813
Mid-Western Rapti 2964 268 905 441 502 643 5723
Development Vheri 4611 468 962 569 558 755 7923
Region Karnali 823 158 257 278 213 261 1990
Total 8398 894 2124 1288 1273 1659 15636
Far Western Seti 2616 407 659 414 491 481 5068
Development Mahakali 2756 266 438 365 345 478 4648
Region
Total 5372 673 1097 779 836 959 9716
Department 410 8 10 18 72 0 518
Grand Total 114988 9382 17722 13020 14658 18008 187778
20
On the basis of fitted time series model, registration trends of cottage and small industries by
regions according to time between FY 2064/065 i.e. 2007/08 and FY 2068/069 i.e. 2011/12 there is
increment of about 1,418.8 (≈1419) (Table, 2). In the case of development region, there is increment
of about 658.4 (≈658) numbers of cottage and small industries in central development region. There
is increment of about 211.4 (≈211) in eastern development region. Similarly, there is increment of
about 452.6 (≈453) in western development region. There is increment of about 67.9 (≈68) in mid-
western development region and increment of about 31 numbers of cottage and small industries in far-
western region. To compare among five development region, central development region has got highest
increment ratio and far-western development region has got lowest increment ratio. Capital of the country
i.e. Kathmandu, main custom office in the border between Nepal and India (Raxaul) i.e. Birgunj and
main Nepal-China custom border i.e. Tatopani-Khasa lay down in central development region and it also
seems that comparatively this region has possess adequate infrastructure and physical facilities. It is main
reasons behind the highest number of industries in this region.
Conclusion and Suggestion

Data are taken from department of cottage and small industries and result is based on fitted time
series model. The results reveal that the numbers of entrepreneurs and enterprises are in increasing trends.
In Nepal, whereabouts most of the people live in rural area and they are highly dependent on traditional
agriculture farming for their livelihood. Cottage and small industries are more suitable enterprises to
enhance their livelihood and income generation through utilization of local resources, skills, and labour
with investing a little capital. The results reveal that most of the businessmen/ entrepreneurs want to
conduct their business under private firm. It is seemed that most of the entrepreneurs want to be self-
employees and or want to work independently. An individual skill, capital, resources and ability may be
inadequate to operate industry efficiently as well as smoothly. Therefore, it is suggested that people are
encourage into limited company or partnership firms. Near about half of the cottage and small industries
are conducted in central development region. It is suggested that to balanced in regional development of
the country, there is need to give emphasis on established these types of industries in other development
region with the aim of proper utilization of all types of resources. For it, government should be able to
arranged minimum require infrastructure for establishment of industries in these regions. Entrepreneurship
on small scale is the onlyone solution to the problems of unemployment and proper utilization of both
human and non-human resources and improving the living conditions of the poor masses (Singh, 2009).
For industrial development of the nation, micro and small enterprise might be more appropriate form
of enterprise rather than medium and large scale enterprise due to limited resources and inadequate
infrastructure, in developing country like Nepal.
Acknowledgment
I wish to extend my sincere thanks to Janapriya Research and Consultancy Centre (JRCC), Janapriya
Multiple Campus, Pokhara for providing me such kind of academic career development opportunity. I
would like to thank to my research supervisor Associate Professor Nagendra Kumar Jha, Ph. D, Patna
university, Patna, Professor Vikash Kumar KC, Ph.D., and Professor Ramesh Shrestha, Ph. D. for their
continuous support in reviewing and suggestion of this paper.
21
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1152 (Saturday, September 30), New Delhi: By Authority
22
POSITION OF JMC GRADUATES: A TRACER STUDY
Dvilal Sharma
Abstracts
The linkage between demand and supply of graduates instill a great significance in any study of higher
education. The increasing trend of graduates may ultimately make the job market highly competitive. Due
to high competition in job market there are high options for employer searching for new recruitment. To
the best of study team, limited research has been carried out in higher education and none of the empirical
studies have been found with regard to the absorption of the graduates in the job markets. Much of the
studies discussed only challenges and policy intervention part. With this context, the status of graduates
of JMC (a QAA Certified Institution) needs to be identified. It is widely believed that JMC has helped in
building a nucleus of professionals in the related filed in Nepal and abroad. Though up-to-date information
regarding the placement of JMC graduates is not available, it can be assumed that the graduates from
JMC have been working in the various positions in the field of service, manufacturing, academia, and
NGO/INGOs sectors in reputed and well established national and international organizations in the
country and abroad.The main objective of this study is to trace out the students who have graduated from
JMC as of 2009 to 2013 in various streams such as BBS, BBA, BA, B Sc and B Ed.The survey instrument
was adapted from a questionnaire drafted by University Grants Commission Nepal, and it was slightly
modified in its layout for the ease of handling. The questionnaire included both close-ended and open-
ended questions.The expansion of higher education has increased the number of graduates entering into
job market in Nepal and abroad. Graduates have felt easy to get enrollment in job market after attaining
academic program in this campus. Graduates get insight in skills; attitude and knowledge for their job
performance as well as improved work efficiency and communication skills after proceeding from this
campus. Similarly the graduates have been able to improve their information technology skills and team
spirit from the academic program offered by the campus.
Key Words: Tracer study, Autonomous Institution, Institutional Reforms, Interdisciplinary Approach,
Enrollment, Problem Solving Skills.
Background
Ever growing population of Nepal is out of the causes of higher enrollment in higher education.
Seeking for the job opportunities, Nepali graduates and under graduates spread over the Asia and rest of
the part of the world. The expansion of higher education has increased the number of graduates entering
into job markets in Nepal. The linkage between demand and supply of graduates instill a great significance
in any study of higher education.
Education is generally perceived as one of the most well developed services to make the people more
conscious cognitively. Education is an important indicator of national development. Nepal is running
under the concepts of multi-university system, to produce skilled human resources and academic scholars
since 1990. The human resource with the broader national development goals of the country has been the
focus of higher education in recent years (Bajracharya, 2004).
Nepal has about one hundred year's history of higher education. In 1918, TrichandraCampus was
established as the first higher education institution in the country affiliated to Patna University, India. The
Tribhuwan University started in 1959 as the first university run by the government of Nepal. After its
23
establishment, many colleges came into existence in various parts of the country and launched different
programs. For promoting Sanskrit education, government of Nepal established Mahendra Sanskrit
University in 1985. After restoration of democracy in 1990 under the concept of multi-university three
more universities namely: Kathamandu University, Purbanchal University and Pokhara University were
established and currently these universities have been offering various programs in different parts of the
country. Recently government has established some other universities such as Lord Buddha University,
Mid- Western Regional University, and Far- Western Regional University. However, these universities
are not currently running any academic programs so far. This scenario suggests that though many tasks
still remain, the tremendous expansion has been achieved in Nepal in higher education during the last two
decades. In other words, the expansion of higher education has been growing in the recent years in Nepal.
This also further raises a question that whether the present structure and pattern of higher educational
development has served the community (SOB, 2010).
Janapriya Multiple Campus (JMC) was established with the active participation of local community
including social workers, teachers, educationists, academics and social organizations. Shreejana
Development Centre (SDC) and Janapriya Higher Secondary School (JHS) played an important
to establish the Campus. Hundreds of meetings and interaction were held at SDC and JHS with the
community people in the activization of SDC and the academics. Continued meetings and interaction
materialized the objective of establishing a community based campus in this region. As a result, JMC
came into existencein 2048 (1990).
JMC is an autonomous institution in every respect. However, as a TU affiliated Campus, JMC is
governed by the TU’s academic rules and regulations, curricula and examination. It has own premises of
9-7-3-3 (9 Ropani 7 Ana 3 Paisa 3 Dam) area with four distinct building blocks. Within these physical
infrastructures, JMC has 126 teaching faculties, 47 Non-teaching staffs and 2940 Students in different
programs. JMC has offered programs likeBachelor of Business Studies (BBS), Bachelor of Arts (BA),
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA), Bachelor of Education (BEd), Bachelor of Science (BSc)
Master of Business Studies (MBS), and Master of Arts in sociology and English (MA). It has several
academic Departments such as Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, Department of
Biology, Botany, Zoology, Microbiology and Environmental Science, Department of English, Department
of Nepali, Department of Economics, Department of Social Studies and Department of Maths and
Statistics, Department of Accounting and Financial Management, Department of General Management
and Research and Department of Education.
According to the Campus Article of Association – 2048, (1991)5th amendment – 2066 (2009),
chapter -5, Article – 13, JMC has made the provision of selection committee to recruits the teaching and
non teaching staff. The required number of teaching and non teaching staff is decided by the campus
authority on the basis of demand of head of the departments and coordinators. The selection committee
is responsible to recruit the teaching and non teaching staff. For the purpose of recruitment, notice is
published in campus's notice board and also vacancy announcement notice is advertised in local/national
newspapers. Written and oral examination are taken for permanent and oral exam and class observation
method is followed to recruit the temporary teaching staff and oral and written examination is taken for
non teaching staff.
JMC has clearly defined its goals, objectives and standards including background information,
vision, mission and strategic plan. JMC has a community campus and operates under the management
committee elected by the community people. The campus is a nonprofit and philanthropic organization,
devoted to provide quality education to the students from the back-warded and disadvantaged society.
The campus aims to bring forth highly qualified, well disciplined human resource befitting to the global
24
market demand. JMC is endeavored to expand and strengthen the academic and job oriented programs
with clearly defined practicable plans, programs and implementing strategies.
The expansion of higher education has increased the number of graduates entering into the job
markets in Nepal. The linkage between demand and supply of graduates instill a great significance in any
study of higher education. The increasing trend of graduates may ultimately make the job market highly
competitive. Due to high competition in job market there are high options for employer searching for new
recruitment. To the best of study team, limited research has been carried out in higher education and none
of the empirical studies have been found with regard to the absorption of the graduates in the job markets.
Much of the studies discussed only challenges and policy intervention part. With this context, the status
of graduates of JMC (a QAA Certified Institution) needs to be identified.
It is widely believed that JMC has helped in building a nucleus of professionals in the related filed
in Nepal and abroad. Though up-to-date information regarding the placement of JMC graduates is not
available, it can be assumed that the graduates from JMC have been working in the various positions in
the field of service, manufacturing, academia, and NGO/INGOs sectors in reputed and well established
national and international organizations in the country and abroad. Furthermore, some of the graduates
may have started their own business and some could have been helping in their family business. In
this scenario, this study will explore the current status (employment, entrepreneurial, further education,
social involvement, etc.) of the graduates of JMC and the efficacy of the knowledge and skills those
graduates acquired during the study, in their executive, managerial, professional, further educational, and
social life. The study will produce a very vital document for the university authorities, policy makers,
planners and concerned bodies of the university to appraise globally competent management graduates
in this globalized world. Similarly it will also help the university to fabricate university level alumni
thereby using the network; the university can build the strong relationship with the different national and
international organizations.
The main objective of this study is to trace out the students who have graduated from JMC as of 2009
to 2013 in various streams such as BBS, BBA, BA, B Sc and B Ed.
Institutional Arrangements to Conduct the Study

CMC meeting of JMC dated 2070-03-31 formulated the tracer study committee to conduct this research
work. As per the instruction of CMC, campus administration promptly organized meetings of the
committee. And tracer study committee finalized questionnaire with the help of relevant consulting
agencies. Field work has been carried out through collaborative efforts of all the faculties, non teaching
staffs, and campus administration and tracer study committee. Report has been finalized by the committee
by incorporating the suggestions provided by different stakeholders and dissemination seminar.
Data and Methods

For the purpose of this study graduates passed out and students who have taken character certificate
of graduation duringthe academic years 2009 to 2013 have been taken into consideration. But in case of
BBA students’ certification in 2014 also has been included in this study.
This study initially tried to conduct the census of all students who had graduated from JMC during
2009-2013. However, due to limitations of the study out of 518 graduate during that period only 266
responses have been collected among which majority (34.60%) were BBA graduates, 32% were BBS
graduates, 13.20% were BA graduates, 11.30% were B Sc graduates and remaining 9% were B Ed
graduates. The data were mainly collected from February 2014 to April 2014.
The survey instrument was adapted from a questionnaire drafted by University Grants Commission
25
Nepal, and it was slightly modified in its layout for the ease of handling. Some additional information
of the graduates was also incorporated in the questionnaire such that the JMC graduates could also
be contacted easily in the days to come. The questionnaire included both close-ended and open-ended
questions. The questionnaire comprised more than 50 items divided into five sections namely: student's
personal information, first employment information, current employment status, past job experience,
employer’s verification, further study status, student's college records and other qualitative information
section (see appendix D for tracer study questionnaire).
The questions were mainly asked by the faculty members, non teaching staffs, tracer study committee
members of JMC (see appendix C)and interviews were conducted either face to face or in some cases
the interviews were conducted through telephone conversation. In many cases, questionnaires were sent
through e-mail and were returned to study team after being filled up. For this purpose, an official e-mail
account was also used ([email protected]). Furthermore, where direct contact or e-mail identities of
the graduates were not available, a reliable source (mainly guardians’ information or from the peer group)
has also been incorporated to get the information of JMC graduates. In addition to the above mentioned
approach we also used the social networking sites as face-book by which the study team was able to get
the information from their peer group. Similarly couples of telephone calls and face book post have been
made to requesting to fill up a questionnaire in time. The campus has organized the meeting with alumni
in campus premises on 2070- 06-19 for the same purpose.
The data were collected by forming six groups; each group consists of two to three faculty members
and non teaching staffs of JMC. Additionally non teaching staffs allowed special allowance to collect
back the filled up questionnaire. In addition to that tracer study committee members have visited
the possible places to meet the graduates several times. Normally it took 40-45 minutes to fill it up.
Whenever possible, and also requested the graduates to submit the appointment letters, Id cards etc. Most
of the respondents refused to provide such documents because of organizational confidentiality. They
mentioned that appointment letter is confidential and thus cannot be provided. In such cases, further
requested to provide a photocopy of their identity card or visiting card whichever is comfortable for them.
Before actually forming six groups in order to collect the data, a committee was formed by CMC,
JMC, consisting of four members (see appendix C).This committee prepared the roaster of all graduated
students and then it was divided into the six groups that the data collection procedure would go smoothly.
The newly formed committee made the decision of incorporating supporting staffs of JMC so that all
official record of the graduates could be easily available. The tracer study committee organized several
meetings and took the decisions to involve all faculty members, non teaching staffs who were employed
at JMC at the time of committee formation (see appendix F for official letter).
All completed questionnaires were handed over to the coordinator of tracer study committee
for data entry and processing. The data processing operations consisted of manual editing, coding,
data entry, and machine editing. Data entry was carried out with the help of professionals who are well
known about SPSS and its implications in order to minimize inconsistencies. The tentative coding
scheme of questionnaire is given in appendix table E. The data was entered, edited, and analyzed using
mainly SPSS 17.00 version software and MS-Excel, as well as MS-Words were also used to get easy
result and reliable information to gather the result of filled up questionnaire. Data was entered directly
from the questionnaires and was verified in order to minimize the errors.
Proportions or percentages have been computed and reported for all variables/ indicators. Significance
test has been done to determine the difference or association some variables using chi-square ( χ 2 ) test.
Because this study was designed to be descriptive assessment of JMC graduates, tests of significance
has been conducted for limited number of factors.
26
Results
Background Characteristics of Respondents
Out of total 266 questionnaire filled up, maximum respondent covered from BBA passed out
students i.e. 34.60% similarly BBS passed out covered 32%, BA passed out 13.20%, B Sc passed out
11.30% and B Ed passed out is only 9%.Out of total respondents 78.90% graduates from JMC are found
upper caste people. In scheduled caste Gurung, Magar, Newar and lower no of Rai is included. Which
consist of 19.50% which is so lower a percentage with compared to their enrollment in the campus. In
lower caste people categorized as dalitis included of which only 1.50% graduates are found from JMC.
Out of the total graduates from JMC 36.80% people are of rural people and 62.80% people are of urban
area as reflected by table 2.3. However, enrollment statistics do not match with this statistics. It indicates
that the people enrolled for higher education from rural areas have higher dropout ratio and have left
the field without completing the degree. It may be another area for research.Female education in Nepal
has highly been enhanced. Out of the total graduates from JMC 55.30% are the females and 44.70% are
males. Enrollment statistics of the college also represents this statistics especially in the urban areas.
Out of the filled up responses 8.6 percent of fathers and 25.2 percent of mothers have not got formal
education at all. 15.4 percent of fathers and 36.1 percent of mothers have primary level education. Out
of total responses 33.5 percent fathers and 25.6 percent of mothers are secondary level educated. As per
the responses 38.7 percent fathers and nine percentmothers have got higher education.Out of the filled up
responses 3.4 percent of fathers and 47.7 percent of mothers have not got formal occupation at all. 21.8
percent of fathers and 16.9 percent of mothersare depended on agriculture by profession. Out of total
responses 66.9 percent fathers and 31.6 percent of mothers are professionals. Out of professional parents
some are engaged in their business activities, some are government employees, and some of them have
their own vocations.
Employment status
Out of total graduates 63.16% are employed and rest are unemployed. Out of total graduates 30.8 percent
have got employment in public companies, 25.56 percent have got employment in private companies.
The JMC graduates employment rate in NGO/INGO is about 1.9 percent but government service is only
3.8 percent and very few no of graduates are engaged in business immediately after graduation.Most
of the graduates, i.e. 18.8%,are employed in bank and financial institutions. Rest areas of employment
of JMC graduates areSchools, Showrooms, Hotels, Insurance, Airlines, Hydro powers, NGOs/INGOs,
FM radios, Cooperatives, Projects, Factories, Childcares, Public and Private Companies. Least no of
graduates are engaged on technical services like only 0.4 percent is engaged on nursing profession.Out
of total respondent, 42.5 percent have got the full time employment. 2.3 percent graduates have got part
time employment, 1.1 percent are engaged in self employment whereas 1.1 percent are in the field of
teaching. Similarly 0.4 percent graduates are engaged on government service, industry and other areas.
Out of employed graduates, 15 graduates are employed at senior level, 22 people at middle level, eight
are at operational level. 73 graduates are employed at assistant level and two people have hot specified
their designation. Out of the total graduates of JMC 7.52% have got appointment for the job in fiscal year
2008/2009. Similarly 4.89% graduates got their employment opportunity in 2009/2010 & 2011/2012
each respectively. In fiscal year 2010/2011, 5.64% graduates have got that opportunity. The highest
enrollments in the jobs of the graduates have been in 2012/2013. In 2013/2014, 8.28% graduates enrolled
in their job markets but this number may increase by the end of this fiscal year.
27
Income and Job Status
JMC graduates have spread over the various fields of job. From branch manager in the banks to security
workers as well as in nursing and lab technician can also be found in the market. Out of various officials
work most of the graduates work as tellers in the banks, credit department staffs, accountants as well
as administrators also found in the market. Airlines, Hotels, Child care centre, Radios, Colleges,
Schools(Principal/Teacher), Cooperatives (Manager), Fishery, Hydro power project, NGO/INGO, and
Government offices have employed the past graduates. Similarly Public Companies, Private Firms,
Schools, Showrooms, Departmental Stores, FM Radios, and Government Organizations are the major
employers of JMC graduates.JMC graduates’ earning level is found much varied. In values it is found
annual income of graduates Rs. 70,000 to more than 6, 00,000. Most of the graduates’ level of monthly
income is around Rs. 10,000, i.e. 27.3% responses were received in this regards.Only 9.8 percent of the
graduates have faced problems while assigning the job. Out of total respondents 42.5 percent did not face
problems at assigning the job. Maximum numbers of graduates have felt easy to assign job opportunity.
They feel much helpful the content of syllabus to perform the assigned duties and responsibilities in
their working field.Graduates’ experience regarding their personal knowledge, skills, attitude enhance
through academic program in relation to their job is very high. As per their responses 0.6 percent have
not got knowledge and skills, 3.4 percent are not satisfied from the academic program. Out of total
respondent 9.2 percent are satisfied, 21.9 percent feel good, 29.3 percent feel moderate and 19.5 percent
feel very much useful the academic program to enhance the knowledge, skills and attitude required to
proceed in job. As per the response of graduates they have got a lot of insight in job requirement through
academic programs offered by the institution.Most of the graduates have improved their skills and result
in job performance through academic programs offered by the institution. Out of total respondent 1.7
percent, 10.9 percent, 22.4 percent, 26.4 percent, 17.2 percent and 5.2 percent mentioned that not at all,
not satisfactory, satisfactory, good, moderate and very much satisfactory respectively.Only 2.9 percent
graduates have been unable to improve learning efficiency through the institutional effort. Out of total
respondents 13.2 percent are satisfied 31 percent feel good, 3.8 percent are able to improve very much of
their learning efficiency through institutional effort of JMC.Only 2.3 percent graduates have been unable
to improve communication skills through the institutional effort. Out of total respondent 5.2 percent are
not satisfied15.5 percent are satisfied 16.1 percent feel good, 25.9 percent improved moderately and 16.7
percent are able to improve very much of their communication skills through institutional effort of JMC.
Out of total Graduates during study period 6.3 percent graduates have been unable to improve information
technology skills through the institutional effort. Out of total respondent 14.9 percent are not satisfied
22.4 percent are satisfied 21.8 percent feel good, 12.1 percent improved moderately and 6.9 percent are
able to improve very much of their information technology skills through institutional effort of JMC.Most
of the graduates have improved their team spirits and team building in job performance through academic
programs offered by the institution. Out of total respondents 2.3 percent, 8 percent, 14.9 percent, 21.8
percent, 20.1 percent and 15.5 percent mentioned not at all, not satisfactory, satisfactory, good, moderate
and very much satisfactory respectively as the capacity building in maintaining team spirit.
Graduates Persuasion for Further Study

From this study 55.3 percent of total graduate are found enrolled in different academic programs of
different universities. 44.7 percent graduates have not enrolled for higher education till the date. Out of
enrolled graduates 19.6 percent students have enrolled in MBS, 12 percent in MBA, 8.2 percent in MSc,
7.5 percent in MA, 5.3 percent in M Ed, 0.4 percent in Dental, 0.4 Percent in MA Eco, 0.4 percent in
MFC, 0.8 percent in MPA and 0.4 percent in MRA. From the above statistics most of the graduates have
28
enrolled in management program.It can be seen that 55.6 percent of the graduates have enrolled in further
study. Out of total respondents 4.5 percent have not enrolled in higher education and 39.8 percent are not
interested to share this information.From above analysis it can be seen that 55.6 percent of the graduates
have enrolled in further study. Out of total respondents 54.9 percent have got enrollment in masters’ level
and 0.8 percent have enrolled in other professional courses. But 39.8 percent are not interested to share
this information.
Academic Inputs towards Quality Measures of JMC and University.

Maximum no. of graduates from BBA as well as other programsis satisfied with the no. of optional
subjects offered by the institution. As per the response of BBA graduates 3.3 percent do not know about
the matter, 6.5 percent are satisfied low, 21.7 percent perceive medium, 28.3 percent perceive satisfactory,
23.9 percent are satisfied moderately and 5.4 percent are satisfied very high with BBA syllabus. In other
programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc., and BA 2.9 percent do not apply with this information 8.6 percent
have low level of satisfaction, 15.5 percent have medium level of satisfaction, and 20.7percent perceive
moderate level of satisfaction and 8.6 percent are highly satisfied with the no. of optional subjects offered
by the institution. Most of the graduates from BBA program as well as other programs are satisfied
with the relevance of the program to graduates’ professional requirements. As per the response of BBA
graduates 1.1 percent do not know about it, 4.3 percent were satisfied low, 10.9 percent perceived
medium, 27.2 percent perceived satisfactory, 33.7 satisfied moderately and 13 percent highly satisfied.
In other program like BBS, B Ed., B Sc., and BA 2.3 percent did not know, 7.5 percent had low level of
satisfaction, 16.1 percent had medium level of satisfaction, and 20.7percent satisfied with the matter, 28.7
percent perceived moderate level of satisfaction and 8.6 percent were highly satisfied with the relevance
of course content and program with professional career. Large no of the graduates from BBA program
as well as other programs are satisfied with the co-curricular activities. As per the response of BBA
graduates 7.6 percent are satisfied low, 20.7 percent perceive medium, 33.7 percent perceive satisfactory,
21.7 percent are satisfied moderately and 7.6 percent are satisfied very high with those requirements. In
other programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc., and BA 22.4 percent have low level of satisfaction, 17.8 percent
have medium level of satisfaction, and 8.6percent perceive moderate level of satisfaction and 6.9 percent
are highly satisfied with the co-curricular activities.
Most of the graduates from BBA as well as other programs are satisfied with the knowledge gained for
imparting problem solving skills. As per the response of BBA graduates 1.1 percent are satisfied low, 16.3
percent perceive medium, 35.9 percent perceive satisfactory, 26.1 satisfied moderately and 12 percent
are satisfied very high with gained problem solving skills. In other programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc.,
and BA 13.8 percent have low level of satisfaction, 17.2 percent have medium level of satisfaction, 25.9
percent are satisfied, and 19.0percent perceive moderate level of satisfaction and 10.9 percent are highly
satisfied with the knowledge gained for imparting problem solving skills.Maximum no of the graduates
from BBA as well as other programs are satisfied with inter disciplinary approach of learning from the
range of course offered by universities. As per the response of BBA graduates 2.2 percent response do not
have ideas regarding the matter, 14.1 percent perceive medium, 29.3 percent perceive satisfactory, 30.4
percent are satisfied moderately and 14.1 percent are satisfied very high with Inter disciplinary character.
In other programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc., and BA 1.7 percent of respondent do not have idea regarding
the matter, 6.9 percent have low level of satisfaction, 19.5 percent have medium level of satisfaction, and
32.8 percent are satisfied with the matter, 16.7 percent perceive moderate level of satisfaction and 6.9
percent are highly satisfied with inter disciplinary approach of learning from the range of course offered
by universities.Most of the graduates from BBA as well as other programs are feel that the institutional
29
program is helped the graduates in work placement/attachment. As per the response of BBA graduates 12
percent are not benefited for their placement/attachment 9.8 percent satisfied low, 17.4 percent perceive
medium, 21.7 percent perceive satisfactory, 19.6 percent are satisfied moderately and 9.8 percent are
satisfied very high with work placement/attachment. In other programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc., and BA
11.5 percent have not get insight for their placement, 14.9 percent have low level of satisfaction, 13.2
percent have medium level of satisfaction, 17.8 percent graduates are satisfied to get insight for their
placement, and 16.1percent perceive moderate level of satisfaction and 9.2 percent are highly satisfied
with the institutional program helped the graduates in work placement/attachment.
Most of the graduates from BBA as well as other programs are feel that the institutional program is much
effective in creating better teaching learning environment. As per the response of BBA graduates 1.1
percent do not feel teaching learning environment fair, 6.5 percent are satisfied medium, 21.7 percent
perceive medium, 45.7 percent perceive moderately satisfactory, 17.4 percent are satisfied very high with
teaching learning environment of the campus. In other programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc., and BA 1.7
percent have not feel teaching learning environment fair, 5.2 percent have low level of satisfaction, 10.3
percent have medium level of satisfaction, 25.9 percent graduates are satisfied with teaching learning
environment of the campus, and 28.7.1percent perceive moderate level of satisfaction and 13.2 percent
are highly satisfied with the institutional program much effective in creating better teaching learning
environment.Majority of the graduates from BBA as well as other programs are satisfied with the quality
of delivery from the faculties as well as services from the staffs. As per the responses of BBA graduates
2.2 percent graduates are not satisfied with delivery of service, 2.2 percent are satisfied low, 9.8 percent
perceive medium, 26.1 percent perceive satisfactory, 37 percent are satisfied moderately and 15.2 percent
are satisfied very high with delivery pattern. In other programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc., and BA 1.1
percent graduates are not satisfied with delivery of service, 9.2 percent have low level of satisfaction,
10.9 percent have medium level of satisfaction, and 29.3were satisfied with quality of service delivered,
25.9percent perceive moderate level of satisfaction and 9.2 percent are highly satisfied with the quality
of delivery from the faculties as well as services from the staffs.Most of the graduates from BBA as
well as other programs are satisfied with the fair relation with teaching faculties. As per the responses
of BBA graduates 2.2 percent are satisfied low, 10.9 percent perceive medium, 10.9 percent perceive
satisfactory, 22.8 percent are satisfied moderately and 42.4 percent are satisfied very high with Teacher
student relationship. In other programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc., and BA 0.6 percent graduates are not
satisfied with teacher student relationship, 4.0 percent have low level of satisfaction, 11.5 percent have
medium level of satisfaction, and 14.4 percent are satisfied with relation with faculties, 26.4 percent
perceive moderate level of satisfaction and 27 percent are highly satisfied with the fair relation with
teaching faculties. Most of the graduates from BBA as well as other programs are satisfied with the
laboratory and library facilities. As per the responses of BBA graduates 3.3 percent are satisfied low,
8.7 percent perceive medium, 10.9 percent perceive satisfactory, 34.8 percent are satisfied moderately
and 30.4 percent are satisfied very high with such facility. In other programs like BBS, B Ed., B Sc.,
and BA 1.7 percent graduates are not satisfied with student teacher relation, 4 percent have low level
of satisfaction, 8.6 percent have medium level of satisfaction, and 17.8 are satisfied with lab/library
facilities, 30.5 percent perceive moderate level of satisfaction and 21.3 percent are highly satisfied with
the laboratory and library facilities. Academic program and courses offered by JMC have a significant
role in enhancing the capability of graduates and their job placement.
Implications to Institutional Reforms

Since its inception, the college has been struggling for the enhancement of the quality. A majority
30
of the graduates either have got good jobs or acquiring further degree in national and international
universities. Besides the best achievement in academic excellence, this study has pointed out some of the
important serious concerns that are to be addressed in the days to come.
The study shows that majority of the graduates are from the management streams, therefore an
attention is to be paid to increase the number of students in other streams (B.Ed, BSc, BA). Immediate
institutional reform may be beneficial for attracting in these streams.Similarly, the caste wise composition
of graduates does not seem inclusive; therefore the management should be aware to attract the students
from dalit and other marginalized communities of the societies by formulating attractive policies. The
result of the study is encouraging that a higher proportion of pass-out graduates are female (more than
55.0 percent of female against 45 percent). The current policy needs to continue.The result of the study
also reveals that the skill of the graduates is salable in local market, particularly in banking sector, school,
public college, insurance company and others. However, the qualitative exploration suggests that further
skillful professional training may be best option for competing with other graduates in the local as well
as national market. Therefore, additional professional training may be an immediate action to be taken
for widening the horizon of skills.
Although a higher proportion of students rate the institution as the good place for getting
personal, knowledge, skills and enhanced attitudes, some of the graduates are not positive towards
academic enhancement; therefore, an attention is to be paid to address these problems.In terms of learning
efficiency, less than 15.0 percent of graduates report that they are very much satisfied with the learning
efficiency but majority of the graduates’ favor that the learning efficiency is lower than moderate level.
It is, therefore, imperative that effective and improved teaching learning activities are to be adopted to
fulfill the expectation of graduates in the coming days.It is well known fact that improved information
technological skill is one of the assets of the graduates in competitive market in Nepal as well. The study
reveals that majority of the graduates do not acquire very good skills, therefore, a reform is essential for
improving improved information technological skills.The outcomes of the study clearly indicate that
teaching and learning environment is satisfactory as expected, therefore a reform is required in terms of
teaching materials, teaching pedagogy and quality improvement of the faculties.
Conclusions
JMC was established in 1990 in participation of local community, including social workers, teachers,
educationists, academics and social organizations. Having own premises, building and sufficient
infrastructure, accredited from UGC Nepal, JMC has been offering quality education in various fields
such as Management, Humanities, Science and Education of bachelor and master level. This study has
explored the situation of JMC.
The expansion of higher education has increased the number of graduates entering into job market
in Nepal and abroad. In this context, the status of graduates of JMC needs to be identified. The students
graduated from 2009 to 2013 in various streams in this campus have been considered as respondents. The
interesting conclusions can be drawn based on the findings of the study.
 The result of the study shows that proportionate respondentsare taken from every stream. However,
maximum graduates during study period were found from management stream.
 It was also concluded that, maximum no.of graduates represent upper caste, urban area and female.
Similarly parents of graduates have medium level (secondary/ intermediate) of education. By
profession, parents of graduates are involved somewhere in generating revenue either in business or
in employment.
 From the finding of the study maximum no of graduates (63.16%) are involved in job market in
31
various fields. Most of the graduates are employed in banking industry (18.8%) and other areas of
employment are schools, showrooms, hotels, insurance, airlines, projects, factories, trading houses,
childcare, hydro power, dental, nursing etc.
 Out of employed graduates majorityare full time (i.e. 42.5% of total respondents). Graduates from
JMC involved in senior level to assistant level and by appointment, highest no of graduate are
appointed in F/Y 2012/13.
 Earning level of graduates is found much varying (from Rs. 70,000 p.a. to 6,00,000 p.a.) but average
compensation received by them was Rs. 150,000p.a.
 Graduates have felt easy to get enrollment in job market after attaining academic program in this
campus. Graduates get insight in skills; attitude and knowledge for their job performance as well as
improved work efficiency and communication skills after proceeding from this campus. Similarly
the graduates have been able to improve their information technology skills and team spirit from the
academic program offered by the campus.
 Maximum graduates (i.e. 55.3%) have enrolled in different academic program of different universities.
Out of these graduates, maximum no of graduates have enrolled in management (i.e. MBS and MBA)
and another master programs.
 Course offered by the campus is sufficient, no of optional subjects also is sufficient, program is
more relevantto professional requirements, co-curricular activities are found sufficient, graduates are
found to have improved in acquiring knowledge, skills, and problem solving skills through courses
offered by the campus and university.
 As per the findings, Bachelor syllabus and college’s efforts are full of interdisciplinary approach,
graduates are helped more in locating work placement/attachment, teaching learning environment
is good, delivery of faculties is also appropriate, service of lab/library is found effective and better
teacher student relation is maintained.
Recommendations
On the basis of the results of this study,and conclusion drawn previously, following recommendation
have been provided to concerned authorities.
 Majority of the graduates involved in job market. However, to produced saleable output in full,
campus should initiate the non credit vocational courses and training on demand of the graduates.
 Campus should try to conduct the census covering all the graduates to obtain the complete and clear
result.
 Since enrollment rate of graduates in management stream is higher, effective plan and policies should
be initiated to attract higher no of students in rest of the streams.
 Job-placement-cell should be empowered and activated to assist graduates in searching and joining
the job.
 Independent academic audit should be initiated by the campus and concerned University as well as
UGC each year to confine the market requirement, students’ expectation, well equipped output of the
program and linking the course offered with graduates’ requirement, methodology of delivery as well
as pedagogy.
 Future study can be carried out by incorporating many other factors such as students’ performance
which can be measured by their score, family status, and so on. The University Grant Commission
(UGC), of Nepal should initiate for further professional and holistic research that can be carried
out in the days to come. For this, UGC can from a coordination committee incorporating research
oriented faculties from the different universities of Nepal, free lancing academicians, as well as the
32
researchers from different organizations.
References
Bajracharaya, H. R.,(2004). Higher education and challenges of National Development.Education and
Development. Kathmandu: UGC, Nepal.
CRRC., (2012). Tracer Study of Recent Graduates from Vocational Institution in Kotayk and Ararat
Marzes of Armenia. United States of America: European Training Foundation and Caucasus
Research Resource Centre, A Program of the European Partnership Foundation.
JMC., (Various Years). BBA Brochures. Pokhara: Janapriya Multiple Campus.
JMC., (2010). MBS Brochure. Pokhara: Janapriya Multiple Campus.
SOB., (2010). Management Graduates of School of Business Pokhara University. Pokhara: Faculty of
Management, Pokhara University.
https://www.docstoc.com/pass?docId=129105558&download=1
33
An Experience Of Executing Value Added Tax (Vat) In

Pokhara
Devilal Sharma
Abstracts
Indirect taxes have a dominant role in the whole tax structure of developing countries like Nepal.
VAT has been in operation for the last Eighteen years; still it is facing a number of challenges owing to
poor administration, lack of good faith and honesty, rampant corruption, political instability, the problems
of non-issuance of bill, narrow coverage, etc. For the improvement in effective VAT implementation,
various areas including proper billing system, efficient tax administration, intensive billing enforcement,
wide coverage, computerization, etc. VAT registrants are involving in VAT fraud. In this situation IRD
has the various challenges to control the VAT evasion and implement the policy in effective and efficient
way. The study is focused on the effectiveness of the VAT implementation of VAT collection policy
in real field. Hence, its main objective is to analyze the effectiveness of the VAT implementation. For
efficient implementation VAT officials have to perform effectively. The IRO Pokhara is working hard to
collect more and more VAT so far as possible from its working area. Many taxpayer educations program
in different places and compulsorily registration campaign to VAT program have been organized by
IRO, Pokhara. The effectiveness of IRO, Pokhara and its officials seemed as satisfactory. With regard
to fairness, friendliness with VAT registrants and overall effectiveness is at satisfactory level. Most of
registrants are satisfied with the administrative mechanism of VAT in Nepal as well as with the availability
of VAT document and information and its clarity. But in case of getting VAT refund in cash VAT registrant
are not satisfied. Except in case of VAT refund in cash most satisfaction level of VAT registrants toward
present VAT collection policy and practice seems to be at a satisfactory level. The market monitoring
and investigation is the main tool that IRO, Pokhara is applying to control the VAT evasion. Similarly
taxpayer education, current year audit and tax audit, billing enforcement, and e-base tax system are the
other the major tools and techniques obtained by IRD to control the VAT evasion.
Key Words: Effectiveness, Efficiency in Implementation, Evasion of VAT, Experience, Government

Policy
Background
Indirect taxes have a dominant role in the whole tax structure of developing countries like Nepal.
In Nepal VAT has becomes a vital tool to mobilize the internal resources during the last 15 years. VAT
plays major role to collect the fund as capital. In the last FY 2069/2070, VAT contribution to total revenue
collected by IRD as tax is 32% (Baral, 2014). Hence, among the indirect taxes, value added tax (VAT)
is the essential one. VAT is a tax on goods and services and its incidence lies on the final consumer
even though levied in successive stages, namely at each transaction in the process of production and
distribution. In view of the fact that at each stage of this process the tax paid on the inputs can be deducted,
only the added value taxed at that stage. VAT is, therefore, a non-cascading tax on consumption, which is
paid off in installments (Pokhrel, 2013).
VAT is government levy on the amount that a business firm adds to the price of a commodity
during production and distribution of goods and services. It is generally assumed that the burden of the
VAT, like that of other sales taxes, falls upon the final consumer. Although the tax is collected at each
34
stage of the production-distribution chain, the fact that sellers receive a credit for their tax payments
causes the tax, in effect, to be passed on to the final consumer, who receives no credit. The tax can be
regressive (i.e., the percentage of income paid in tax rises as income falls), but most countries have at
least partly avoided this effect by applying a lower rate to necessities than to luxury items (http://www.
britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/622472/value-added-tax-VAT).
In Nepal, Value Added Tax (VAT) was introduced on 16 Nov. 1997. This tax was levied in place
of the Sales Tax, Hotel Tax, Contract Tax and Entertainment Tax. However, it could not be implemented
fully until the FY 1998/99 due to political instability and strong opposition from the business community.
VAT replaces the old Sales Tax, Contract Tax, Hotel Tax and Entertainment Tax. It has been designed
to collect the same revenue as the four taxes it replaced. Since the collection of both customs duties
and income tax depends, to a great extent, upon the effectiveness of VAT, it is expected to help enhance
revenue collection. VAT is a broad-base tax as it also covers the value added to each commodity by a
firm during all stage of production and distribution. It is a modern tax system to improve the collection of
taxes, to increase efficiency and to lessen tax evasion. It is also regarded as the backbone of income tax
system in Nepal (http://www.ird.gov.np/ird/index/content-36-7.html).
Most registrants are entitled to claim input tax credits for the tax paid on acquisitions of capital
goods for use primarily in commercial activities. Unlike the income tax deduction rules, the input tax
credit for any VAT paid on capital goods is not amortized over the life of the asset. It can be claimed in
full in the period in which it is acquired. If the capital goods are later put to a non-commercial use, special
change-of-use rules will apply. Taxpayers whose export is more than 50% of total sales or those who are
continuously on 6 months credit may claim for refund. Refund shall be made within 30 days from the
receipt of refund claim (http://www.ird.gov.np/ird/index/content-36-7.html).
According to VAT act, VAT divides all goods and services into two basic categories, taxable and
tax-exempt. Taxable goods and services are taxed at the standard rate level of 13%. Tax-exempt goods
and services are taxed at 0%. The history of VAT in Nepal is only around 15 years. In this period VAT
registrants crossed the 40,000 in numbers (http://www.ird.gov.np/ird/index/content-36-7.html). During
this period news of tax evasion is frequently heard through media report. It creates interest on whether
VAT collection policy is effective, question is often raised if is it practiced well in real field.
The study is a case study of Inland Revenue Office, Pokhara, which is operating for 10 districts
of Western Development Zone of Nepal. The study especially focuses on the policy of VAT collection
implemented by the government and its real practice (Adhikari, 1997). The main thrusts of the study are
to find out the challenges and weaknesses of present VAT collection policy of the government. It also
focuses on the tools and technique obtained by Inland Revenue Office to meet the target VAT collection.
A VAT, theoretically, is the best alternative to remove limitations of present sales tax system of
Nepal. The merits of a VAT don't appear voluntary for the implementation aspect of VAT. The successful
operation of VAT depends on the capacity of the administration, co partnership of taxpayers, accounting
system of the business and political confidence, etc. So, it needs full preparation before introducing VAT
in Nepal (Khadka, 1995).
VAT revenue performance is not quite satisfactory. It required political acumen, dedication,
stability and serious analysis of negative aspects. Tax rate will be decrease for create low distortion &
less incentive for tax evasion and carry on tax net of all level business people. In conclusion, VAT is able
to bring diminution on such economic disability, some obstacles is still remaining in existing such as
under invoicing, ineffective inspection, political and administrative set up is very weak, ill committed and
corrupt for searching loopholes. It recommended that concentrate on accurate and compulsory issuing
invoicing, change in threshold, make able administration and economic environment provide attention to
35
taxpayers make market monitoring system effective, tax related information published in various media,
provide training for keeping of proper account system, use of computer networking for implementing and
success of VAT in Nepal (Sharma, 2003).
The most challenging aspect of VAT is to address no-billing and under billing malpractices of
the vender head on. For this, custom administration should enforce the law to buy all the goods being
declared on under-valuation and simultaneously the Inland Revenue administration should also purchase
under-invoiced goods and should not spare anybody to bring them under the purview of law. The tax
administration and business communities, who were once at loggerhead over the introduction of VAT in
Nepal, are now on the same boat to sail through the challenging job (Koirala, 2010).
Although VAT has been in operation for the last twelve years, it is still facing a number of
challenges owing to poor administration, lack of good faith and honesty, rampant corruption, political
instability, the problems of non-issuance of bill, narrow coverage etc. For improvement in effective VAT
implementation, various areas including proper billing system, efficient tax administration, intensive
billing enforcement, wide coverage, computerization, etc. are needed (Sharma, 2012).
VAT is the modern tax system implemented in Nepal to replace sales tax, hotel tax, contract tax
and entertainment tax. Around 15 years has been past after introducing and implementing the VAT in
Nepal. VAT act 2052 has made various provisions of offence and penalties to control the VAT evasion.
But still VAT evasion is rampant (Bhattrai & Koirala, 2012). IRD must be obtained for effective tools
and techniques to control the VAT evasion. VAT registrants are involving in VAT fraud. In this situation
IRD has to face various challenges to control the VAT evasion and implement the policy in an effective
and efficient way. Are IRO officials effective and efficient for implementation of VAT collection Policy?
Are VAT registrants satisfied towards VAT collection policy and its practice?
The study is focused on the effectiveness of the VAT implementation of VAT collection policy
in real field. Hence its main objective is to analyze the effectiveness of the VAT implementation. For
efficient implementation VAT officials has to perform effectively. To assess the satisfaction level of the
VAT registrants is also one of the objectives of this study.
Data and Methods

The study was conducted to analyze the implementation of VAT collection policy in real field. It concluded
its finding based on the opinion given by the VAT registrants and IRO officials of Pokhara. Therefore,
this study is opinion survey in nature. The study has described about the trend of the data which followed
descriptive research design.
The study concerns with the VAT collection policy and practice of Nepal but the study is basically
focused on IRO, Pokhara. Among the 17 offices of IRD, IRO Pokhara covered comparatively larger area
as well as scattered nature of taxpayer registered in this office. It is selected as the proper study area. The
population of this study are all 7881 VAT registrants registered under IRO, Pokhara in fiscal year 2069/70
located in ten district of Nepal: Kaski, Tanahun, Syangja, Lamjung, Gorkha, Mustang, Baglung, Parbat,
Manang and Gulmi of Western Development Region of Nepal and operated under IRO, Pokhara. Among
them 100 VAT registrants from and around Pokhara valley were selected randomly during their visit to
IRO for filing the return and questionnaire for this study to collect their opinions about VAT collection
policy. Total 120 questionnaire were distributed to VAT registrants, among them 100 questionnaire
were returned. The collection policy and practiced done by IRO, Pokhara is studied in brief. Various
10 officials of IRO, Pokhara were also questioned by covering all the six functional departments under
that office in stratified manner. In case of IRO officials, total 11 questionnaires were distributed to IRO
officials. Among them 10 questionnaires were returned. In this study, the opinion of the VAT registrants
36
and IRO officials are the primary data because it was collected directly from the respondents. Staffs of
IRO, Pokhara, VAT registrants were questioned to collect data. So they are the primary sources of data.
Questionnaire with the VAT registrants contained total 5 questions. First 2 questions are to assess the
effectiveness of VAT officials, and the rest three are to assess the satisfaction level of VAT registrant towards
the administrative mechanism of VAT, availability VAT document and quality of the VAT document. The
frequencies of respondents are the variable to assess the satisfaction level of VAT registrants. Similarly
the questionnaire with VAT officials has total 7 questions. The first four are just for warming up and
understanding about competencies of VAT staffs. The remaining three are to determine the tools and
techniques that IRO is obtaining to control the VAT evasion, challenges and weakness of present VAT
collection policy. Rank made by the VAT officials about the tools and techniques, challenges and weakness
are the variables. Overall Rank is used to analyze the responses regarding tools and techniques used by
IRO, Pokhara to control VAT evasion, challenges and weakness of VAT system according to rank made
by VAT officials.
Results
As IRD has the goal to mobilize the maximum internal revenue by developing tax administration
as clear, effective, efficient and modern self-tax participation. The IRO, Pokhara has followed the goal of
IRD and had define its vision as " To effective of internal revenue by increasing the self-tax participation
by providing the excellent service by developing the modern, capable, effective, transparent, trading,
standard and taxpayer friendly office" in its annual report of FY 2069/70. The office has its work area in
ten district of Gandaki and Dhauligiri zone of Western development region of Nepal i.e.Manang, Mutang,
Magdi, Baglung, Parbat, Kaski, Tanahun, Gorkha, Syanja and Lamjung. Under this office total 44414
taxpayers have taken PAN and among them the registrants in VAT are 7881 according to the annual report
of IRO, Pokhara of FY 2069/70.
Pokhara is the biggest city in western region. The response was taken from VAT registrants
belonging to Pokhara and the VAT registrants from outside Pokhara during the time they came to pay
VAT at IRO, Pokhara on the basis of random selection via questionnaire. Also questionnaire had done
with the officials of IRO, Pokhara. Various annual reports of IRD and IRO Pokhara were also concerned
to collect the required data. There are total 7881VAT registrants registered under IRO, Pokhara in FY
2069/70 and IRO, Pokhara has all total 33 staffs including taxpayer service office Tanahun and Baglung.
VAT registrants to IRO staff ratio show that 1 staff of IRO, Pokhara is serving the 216 VAT registrants.
The main task of IRO, Pokhara as a branch of IRD is to implement and collect the revenue in its work
area. According to its annual report of FY 2069/70, the following major initiations that IRO, Pokhara had
done during the year have been listed.
• On the initiation of IRO, Pokhara, 17 Paragliding were registered on VAT and providing the 1 day
tax education program to prompter and staff of the paragliding companies.
• With the aim to bring under the tax boundaries, 76 hotels, restaurants and businessman from Gandruk
VDC ward no 4 & 8 were provided PAN by coordinating with local hotel business organizations in
Magh 2070.
• Making the good relationship between tax administration and taxpayer by organizing regular
interaction program with local authorities, Chamber of industries and commerce, PABSON, District
Cooperative Organization, Furniture Trading Organization, Hardware Trading Organization and
different bossiness stakeholders.
• Celebrating the "First National Tax Day 2069" in Mangsir 2069 by organizing different awareness
programs about tax administration in its coverage district.
37
• Registration of 70 hotels, restaurants and tourism business around the Annapurna Conservation Area
Project (ACAP) under tax.
• In Chaitra 9, 10 and 11, 29 hotels, restaurants from Ghara VDC ward no 1, Magdi were provided
PAN.
• Conducting the awareness campaign through local F.M radios of Pokhara about the tax and VAT.
• Providing a temporary VAT registration and collecting VAT from different festival and Mela like
Tanahun Mahotsab 2069, Lekhnath Mahotsab 2069, Waling Mahotsab 2069 and Resturant& Bar
Association Nepal, Pokhara (Street Festival).
• From Poush 2070, IRO,Pokhara had made contract and established the Bank of Kathmandu as
revenue collection counter in the office premises of IRO, Pokhara. Due to this facility, taxpayer does
not need to go to NRB to pay tax. They can directly go to IRO, Pokhara and pay the tax. Before this
facility, more than Rs 10,000 revenue should be deposited to NRB.
• IRD has providing the e-service, so the taxpayer can provide and pay the tax by electronic medium.
The main task of IRO, Pokhara as a branch of IRD is to collect the tax and register the taxpayer in to PAN
in its working area. The major findings from the questionnaire to VAT registrants given in the following
figure.
Table 1: Effectiveness of VAT Officials of IRO, Pokhara According to VAT Registrants

Effective
Particular Up to moderate Not Effective
Just Okay Sub total
level
Effectiveness of VAT officials to VAT col- 36 58 94 6
lection process
Friendliness of VAT officials towards VAT 49 25 74 26
registrants
Fairness in decisions of the VAT 63 0 63 37
officials

As shown in table 1, 94 VAT registrants are rated effectiveness of VAT officials to VAT collection
process and 6 registrants said it is not effective. With regard to friendliness of VAT officials towards VAT
registrants, about 74 registrants are satisfied followed by 26 that are not satisfied. Among the registrants
questionnaire, 63 registrants are moderately satisfied with the fairness in decisions of VAT officials. 37
of them do not agree with the fact that the decision of VAT officials is fair. The data also can be shown
in bar diagram as shown in figure 1. The study shows that more than 60% respondents agreed about the
effectiveness of VAT officials.
The data as per figure 1 shows the effectiveness of VAT official as reported by the VAT registrants.
The figure shows that the effectiveness of VAT officials, friendliness of VAT officials with VAT registrants
and the fairness of decision made by the VAT officials. There are three bars for each of the element
containing up to moderate level effectiveness, just okay and not effectiveness.
38
Figure 1: Effectiveness of VAT officials of IRO, Pokhara.
Satisfaction levels of VAT registrants explain the effectiveness of the VAT collection policy. Here,
satisfaction of VAT registrants had been observed in two aspects of the VAT. The first is the administrative
mechanism and tax procedure of VAT and the second is satisfaction on VAT documents and information
about the VAT. The responses of the VAT registrants are explained below. As shown in table 2, 13 VAT
registrants are moderately satisfied with the ease in filling up tax form, followed by 50 who rated just
okay and 37 said poor in ease in filling up the tax forms.
With regard to simplicity of tax return, about 74 registrants are moderately satisfied, 12 are at
okay level and 14 are not satisfied. Similarly, in clarity of in procedure in tax return 96 are satisfied. And
46 VAT registrants reported that complying with tax process as moderately satisfied followed by 48 who
say just okay.
Table 2: Administrative Mechanisms and Tax Procedure of VAT

Satisfied Poor
Particular
Up to moderate level Just Okay Sub-total
Ease in filling up the forms 13 50 63 37
Simplicity in procedure in submitting tax 74 12 86 14
return
Clarity in procedures in tax return 36 48 84 16
Ease in complying with tax process 48 48 96 4
Ease in getting tax refund 24 24 48 52
General perception of tax administration 25 61 86 14
system
Overall tax procedure and administrative 51 36 87 13
mechanism
Regarding the tax refund, less than half of registrants were satisfied. 52 registrants noted that
getting tax refund in cash is difficult. About 25 registrants reported that they were moderately satisfied
with VAT administration system followed by 61 who rated it is just okay. Accordingly, 14 registrants were
not satisfied with the VAT system. On the overall administrative mechanism and tax procedures, about
39
51 registrants rated their satisfaction as being up to a moderate level followed by 36 who rated just okay.
Overall 87 registrants are satisfied with the overall administrative mechanism.
The figure 2 compares these findings with that of finding in a report of "A Study on Taxpayer's
Satisfaction Level in Nepal", made by IRD and GTZ. The percentage of the satisfied includes respondents
who were satisfied both moderate and just okay level. The figure shows that except ease in filling up the
tax form, in other particular of this study has the same result as IRD and GTZ have reported in their study
report. However in the case of ease in filling up the forms, more than 60% says they are satisfied.
Figure 2: Satisfactions on Administrative Mechanism and Tax Procedure of VAT
As shown in table 3 regarding the availability of information on VAT, 42 registrants were satisfied to
a moderate level and 40 were just okay. Remaining 18 registrants say poor about the availability of
information.
Table 3: Availability of Information and Quality of Document of VAT

Satisfaction Level Poor
Statements Up to moderate Just Sub
level okay total
Availability of Information 42 40 82 18
Ease in understanding the printed VAT documents 60 23 83 17
Content and coverage of the printed VAT document 62 26 88 12
Overall level of satisfaction with VAT documents 50 36 86 14
In case of ease in understanding the printed VAT documents, 60 respondents were moderately
satisfied followed by 23 who say just okay. Only 17 respondents were not satisfied. Similarly 62
respondents reported about moderate satisfied on content and coverage of the printed VAT document.
26 say just okay. And in the overall satisfaction of VAT document, 50 respondents were moderately
satisfied and 36 were just okay level. This data shows that more than 80 respondents were satisfied with
the availability and the quality of VAT documents. Hence, VAT documents are sufficient to understand
the policy of VAT collection in Nepal. The ‘IRO Pokhara’ is the branch of IRD. So, its main task is to
register the taxpayer and collect the tax from its working area. It does not make any policy, tools and
techniques, but it only implements the policy, tools and technique that are formed by the IRD. During the
40
questionnaire with VAT officials, some discussion about the VAT implementation in Nepal was held with
them. Hence, the following are the tools and techniques that IRO, Pokhara is obtaining to control the VAT
evasion on the basis of questionnaire and discussion with the VAT officials. The table 4 shows the tools
and techniques and their overall rank base on their effectiveness that IRO, Pokhara is obtaining to control
the VAT evasion according to the VAT officials. The majority of respondents gave the first priority to the
Market monitoring and investigation, second priority to the taxpayer education, likewise third to Current
year audit and tax audit, fourth to Billing enforcement and finally to the E-base tax system on the base of
effectiveness.
Table 4: Tools and Techniques obtained by IRO, Pokhara to Control the VAT Evasion
Rank wise no of responses TR WV MV OR
Tools and techniques
1 2 3 4 5
Taxpayer education 4 3 - 2 1 10 23 2.3 2
Billing enforcement 3 3 1 2 1 10 25 2.5 4
Market monitoring and investigation 6 4 - - - 10 14 1.4 1
Current year audit and tax audit 4 2 1 2 1 10 24 2.4 3
E-base system 1 - 5 3 1 10 33 3.3 5
Where, TR = Total Response, WV= Weighted Value, MV= Mean Value

OR= Over Rank
Table 4 shows the rank of different tools and techniques based on the rank made by the
respondents regarding the effectiveness. Where total responses of the VAT officials which are taken to
questionnaire. Weighted Value is summation of multiplication between the rank given in questionnaire
and the frequencies of response to corresponding rank given in question by the respondents. Mean Value
is calculated by dividing the Weighted Value by Total Respondent. And finally the Overall Rank is made
on the basis of Mean Value on the base of lower value to higher value because first rank is 1 which is
lowest value in quantity but higher in case of rank.
In Nepal VAT has been implemented from 1997. It has crossed around 17 years. During this period
many challenges and problems arise to implement VAT effectively. Similarly, some weaknesses in IRD
and VAT policy itself have become major issues. The major challenges of present VAT collection policy
that are listed by the VAT officials are lack of awareness of billing and VAT to customer, insufficient and
poor rules and regulation, non-filler problem, lack of IT system to manage VAT, repetition of tax fraud
by the same taxpayer, lack of commitment to the implementation of VAT by concern parties and open
boarder with India. The table 5 shows the overall rank of challenges of present VAT collection policy
according to the response of VAT officials. As shown on table 4.11 VAT officials ranked the lack of
awareness of billing and VAT on customer as first. Similarly, insufficient and poor rules and regulation
is in second rank. Likewise non-filler problem in the third, lack of IT system to manage VAT is in the
fourth, repetition of tax fraud by the same taxpayer is in the fifth, lack of commitment to implement VAT
by concern parties is in the sixth and open boarder with India is in the seventh ranked.
41
Table 5: Challenges of Present VAT Collection Policy
Rank wise no of responses
Challenges TR WV MV OR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Non-Filler problem 3 4 2 1 - - 10 28 2.8 3
Repetition of tax fraud by same 1 1 3 - 5 - - 10 37 3.7 5
taxpayer
Lack of awareness of billing 6 3 - 1 - - - 10 16 1.6 1
and VAT to customers
Insufficient and poor rules and 4 5 1 - - - - 10 17 1.7 2
regulation
Lack of IT system to manage 2 3 3 1 - 1 10 35 3.5 4
VAT
Lack of commitment to imple- 1 5 1 - 3 - 10 38 3.8 6
ment VAT by concern parties
Open boarder with India 1 - 1 - 3 5 10 54 5.4 7
Where, TR = Total Response, WV= Weighted Value,

MV= Mean Value OR= Over Rank
Table 5 above shows the rank of challenges of present VAT collection Policy base on the rank
made by the respondents regarding the effectiveness. Where total responses of the VAT officials which
are taken as questionnaires. Weighted Value is summation of multiplication between the rank given in
questionnaire and the frequencies of response to corresponding rank given in question by the respondents.
Mean Value is calculated by dividing the Weighted Value by Total Respondent. And finally the Overall
Rank is made on the basis of Mean Value on the base of lower value to higher value because first rank is
1 which is lowest value in quantity but higher in case of rank.
The table 6 shows the major weakness of present VAT collection policy and implementation
according to the VAT officials. The data reveal that the insufficient and incompetent manpower is the main
weakness of the present VAT collection policy. The VAT officials ranked it as major weakness. During the
questionnaire VAT officials reported that there is lack of proper training to staffs. Staffs are incompetent
to work with new technology. In the second position poor market monitoring and investigation by VAT
office is ranked as second weakness of VAT. VAT officials said that poor and irregular market monitoring
and investigation leads to VAT fraud.
Similarly, tax single flat VAT rate is ranked in third position. Likewise insufficient information
and lack of knowledge is ranked in fourth, Negative attitude about tax compliance including VAT is
ranked in fifth, insufficient application of prevailing laws is ranked in sixth and not increment in threshold
in comparison to inflation is ranked seventh weakness of the present VAT collection policy.
42
Table 6: Weakness of Present VAT Collection Policy
Rank wise no of responses
Weaknesses TR WV MV OR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Single flat VAT rate 3 1 3 2 1 - - 10 27 2.7 3
Negative attitude about tax 2 1 3 - 4 - - 10 33 3.3 5
compliance including VAT.
Insufficient information and 2 3 - 5 - - 10 28 2.8 4
lack of knowledge
Insufficient, incompetent man- 6 3 - - 1 - - 10 17 1.7 1
power
insufficient application of pre- 2 - 3 3 1 1 10 35 3.5 6
vailing laws
not increment in threshold in 1 - 5 1 3 10 38 3.8 7
comparison to inflation
Poor market monitoring and 5 - 4 1 - - 10 22 2.2 2
investigation
Where, TR = Total Response, WV= Weighted Value,

MV= Mean Value, OR= Over Rank
Table 6 shows the rank of weakness of present VAT collection Policy base on the rank made by
the respondent regarding the effectiveness. Where Total responses are the VAT officials which are taken
to questionnaire. Weighted Value is summation of multiplication between the rank given in questionnaire
and the frequencies of response to corresponding rank given in question by the respondents. Mean Value
is calculated by dividing the Weighted Value by Total Respondent. And finally the Overall Rank is made
on the basis of Mean Value on the base of lower value to higher value because first rank is 1 which is
lowest value in quantity but higher in case of rank.
IRO, Pokhara has followed e-base service. VAT registrants can post their business transaction into
net. They also can pay VAT by e-base. IRO, Pokhara is also provided exercise duty, VAT certificate through
online by verifying the income statement and other transaction that posted by venders' immediately from
different district i.e. Kaski, Tanahun, Syangja, Parbat, Baglung, Lamjung. Gorkha and Myagdi. There
is also provision that the taxpayer can pay the tax through internet in the sec 84 of ITA 2058. 94% VAT
registrants report effectiveness of VAT officials to VAT collection process as effective, 74% reported that
the VAT officials are friendly to them and 63% among 100 VAT registrants reported that the decisions of
VAT officials become fair. Except in case of ease in getting tax refund, more than 80% of VAT registrants
in the questionnaire are satisfied with the administrative mechanism and tax procedure of VAT. But
in case of ease in filling up the forms only 63% of VAT registrants are satisfied. 86% are satisfied in
simplicity in procedure in submitting tax return. Regarding the clarity in procedure in tax return and
ease in complying with tax process 84% and 96% of VAT registrants are satisfied. For general perception
of tax administration system 86% are satisfied and regarding overall tax procedure and administrative
mechanism 87% are satisfied. But in case of getting tax refund 52% VAT registrant are not satisfied,
they respond getting tax refund in cash is very difficult. On average, 83.33% VAT registrants are satisfied
with the administrative mechanism and tax procedure of VAT except the getting tax refund. In getting tax
43
refund VAT registrants are not satisfied. Regarding the availability of information and quality of document
of VAT in average 84.75% VAT registrants are satisfied. 82 VAT registrants among 100 respond they are
satisfied with the availability of information of VAT. 83 are satisfied in ease in understanding the printed
VAT document. Regarding the content and coverage of the printed VAT document 88% are satisfied and
86% are satisfied with the overall level of satisfaction with VAT documents.
Among the 10 respondents 6 rank the Market monitoring and investigation as a first tool that
IRO, Pokhara is obtaining to control the VAT evasion, 4 rank it as second. Similarly 4, 3, 2 and 1 out of 10
respondents ranked taxpayer education as first, second, fourth and fifth. Other side 4, 2, 1, 2, and 1 out of
10 rank current year audit and tax audit as first, second, third fourth and fifth priority. In the fourth, billing
enforcement is ranked first, second, third, fourth and fifth by 3, 3, 1. 2, and 1 out of 10. E-base tax system
is ranked as first, third fourth and fifth by 1, 5, 3, and 1. According to overall rank Market monitoring
and investigation is the main tools, similarly taxpayer education, current year audit and tax audit, billing
enforcement and e-base tax system are second, third, fourth and fifth tools that IRO, Pokhara is obtaining
on the basis of their rank.
6, 3, and 1 respondents among 10 are ranked Lack of awareness of billing and VAT to customers
as first, second and fourth major challenge of present VAT collection policy and it found in the first on the
basis of overall rank. In the second, insufficient and poor rules and regulation is another challenges. 4, 5
and 1 respondents ranked it as first, second and third major challenges. Similarly, non-filler problem is in
third which ranked as first, third, fourth and fifth by 3, 4, 2 and 1 respondent. Lack of IT system to manage
VAT is in fourth which is ranked as first, third, fourth, fifth and seventh by 2, 3, 3, 1 and 1 respondent. In
the fifth position, there is repetition of tax fraud by same taxpayer which is ranked as first, second, third
and fifth by 1, 1, 3 and 5 respondents. Lack of commitment to implement VAT by concern parties is in
sixth position and it is ranked as first, third, fourth, and sixth by 1, 5, 1 and 3 respondents. Finally the open
boarder with India is the seventh position and it is ranked as first, third, fifth and seventh challenges by 1,
1, 3 and 5 respondents.
Insufficient, incompetent manpower is the main weakness of present VAT collection policy as
it is ranked as first, second and fifth by 6, 3 and 1 respondent among 10. Similarly, poor marketing
monitoring and investigation is the second one which is ranked as first, third, and fifth by 5, 4 and 1
respondent. In the third is single flat VAT rate system which is ranked as first, second, third, fourth and
fifth by 3, 1, 3, 2 and 1 respondent. Insufficient information and lack of knowledge is the fourth which
ranked as first, second and fourth by 2, 3 and 5 respondents. Similarly on the basis of rank given by
respondents negative attitude about tax compliance including VAT, insufficient application of prevailing
laws and not increment in threshold in comparison to inflation are in the fifth, sixth and seventh position.
Conclusion
The following are the conclusions that are arrived at on the basis of major findings of the study.
VAT registrants are increasing day to day. A single VAT official is serving more than two hundred
VAT registrants. The IRO, Pokhara is working hard to collect more and more VAT as possible from
its working area. Many taxpayer educations program in different places and compulsorily registration
campaign to VAT program have been organized by IRO, Pokhara. The effectiveness of IRO, Pokhara and
its officials seemed as satisfactory. With regard to fairness, friendliness with VAT registrants and overall
effectiveness is at satisfactory level. Most of registrants are satisfied with the administrative mechanism
of VAT in Nepal as well as with the availability of VAT document and information and its clarity. But
in case of getting VAT refund in cash VAT registrants are not satisfied. Except in case of VAT refund
in cash most satisfaction level of VAT registrants toward present VAT collection policy and practice
44
seems as highly satisfactory level. The market monitoring and investigation is the main tool that IRO,
Pokhara is obtaining to control the VAT evasion. Similarly taxpayer education, current year audit and tax
audit, billing enforcement, and e-base tax system are the other major tools and techniques obtained by
IRD to control the VAT evasion. Lack of awareness of VAT bill and as a whole about VAT to consumer
is the main challenge that administrative of VAT is facing. Insufficient and poor rules and regulation,
non-filler problem, lack of IT system to manage VAT, repetition of fraud by the same VAT registrants,
lack of commitment to implement VAT by the concerned parties and open boarder are the other major
challenges of present VAT collection policy. The IRD and the present VAT collection policy itself has
some weaknesses which are insufficient and incompetent manpower, poor market monitoring and
investigation, single flat VAT rate. The government believes that VAT registrants are innocent. Negative
attitude about tax complaints including VAT, insufficient application of prevailing laws and not increment
in threshold rate in comparison to inflation are other weaknesses.
The following are some recommendations for the IRD and other concern authorities of VAT
system in Nepal. Standard rate of VAT registrant to VAT officials should be formulated and human
resource projection should be made on the basis of VAT registrant to VAT official ratio. For the efficient
implementation of VAT, taxpayer education and registered campaign to business venders who are not
registered yet in different working area of IRO, Pokhara should be organized on regular basis. The
taxpayer whose annual transaction does not exceed the threshold limit should be encouraged for voluntary
registration on VAT. The refunding of the VAT in cash should be made easy as well as timely to increase
the satisfaction level of VAT registrants. IRD should seriously use the current tools and techniques that
IROs are obtaining to control the VAT evasion and new scientific tools and techniques should be formulate
and applied for the effective implementation of the VAT.
Lack of awareness of VAT bill and as whole about VAT to consumer, insufficient and poor rules
and regulation, non-filler problem, lack of IT system to manage VAT, repetition of fraud by same VAT
registrants, lack of commitment to implement VAT by concern parties and open boarder are reported to be
the challenges of present VAT collection policy. IRD should make strategies to minimize these challenges
of present VAT collection policy. Adequate taxpayer education program and awareness campaign about
VAT and VAT bill to customer should be organized regularly and it should be qualitative. Insufficient
and incompetent manpower, poor market monitoring and investigation, single flat VAT rate are some of
the basic weaknesses, government believes that VAT registrants are innocent. Negative attitude about
tax complaints including VAT, insufficient application of prevailing laws and not increment in threshold
rate in comparison to inflation are reported as major weaknesses of present VAT collection policy. IRD
should make different research programs regarding these weaknesses and should find out the fact. Market
monitoring and investigation should make effective, qualitative and should be organized regularly by
IRD as well as other concern authorities.
References
Adhikari, D. (1997). A Comparison Between VAT and Sales Tax. An unpublished Master's Thesis Sankar
Dev Campus, Faculty of Management, Thribhuwan University, Kathmandu.
Baral, S. (2014). Effectiveness of Value Added Tax in Nepal. Pokhara: An unpublished thesis, office of
dean, faculty of management, Prithivi Narayan Campus.
Bhattarai, I., & Koirala, G. P. (2012). Taxation in Nepal. Kathmandu: Asmita Books Publishers &
Distributers (P) Ltd.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/622472/value-added-tax-VAT. (n.d.). Retrieved May 11,
2014, from http://www.britannica.com.
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http://www.ird.gov.np/ird/index/content-36-7.html. (n.d.). Retrieved Octuber 23, 2013, from http://www.
ird.gov.np.
IRD. (2010). A Study on Taxpayer's Satisfaction Level in Nepal. Kathmandu: Inland Revenue Department;
German Technical.
Khadka, R. J. (1995). Probability of VAT in Nepal. Rastra Bank Samachar, NRB .
Koirala, I. B. (2012). Taxation in Nepal. Kathmandu: Ashmita Books Publisher & Distributer.
Koirala, K. (2010). www.nepjol.infoindex.php/JNB/Sarticleview/24085212. Retrieved april 3, 2014,
from www.nepjol.infoindex.
Pokhrel, M. (2013). An Overview On Effectivenesss Of VAT Implementation In Nepal. Pokhara: An
unpublished Master's Thesis, Prithivi Naryan Campus, Faculty of Management, Tribhuwan
University.
Sharma, D. (2003). VAT: Issued and Prospect in Nepal. Pokhara: An unpublished thesis, office of dean,
Faculty of management, Prithivi Narayan Campus.
Shakya, M. (2008). Tax Reform in Nepal: A Study of Nepalese Value Added Tax System. An unpublished
Master's Thesis submitted to Nepal Commerce Campus, Faculty of Management, Tribhuwan
University, Kathmandu.
46
Fertility Differential Among Lower Caste in Lamachaur VDC,

Kaski
Kedar Raj Gautam/ Pramila Paudel
Abstract
Fertility measures the rate of which a population adds to itself by births and is normally assessed
by relating the number of births to the size of some section of population. It has been observed that the
levels and patterns of fertility vary considerably in various sub groups of the same population in terms
of educational attainment, occupation, age at marriage, contraception user etc. This study, therefore,
attempts to study of fertility differential among lower caste people. This study is based on descriptive
cum analytical research design. Every household of Dalit community in ward no 6, 7 and 8 of Lamachaur
VDC are included in the study with a sample population of 85eligible women aged 15-49 years from 85
households.Fertility differential among lower caste people shows that most of the respondents were in the
age group of 36-49 and then followed by age group 26-35 and 15-25. Higher fertility is concentrated in
the age at marriage from 16 to 19 as compare to other groups of age at marriage. Literate respondents
have low fertility as compared to illiterate respondents. Working respondents have high fertility as
compared to non-working respondents. The users of contraception have high fertility as compared to
non-users of contraception.But, there is no significant relationship between fertility and age of women,
age at marriage, literacy status, occupation and users of contraception as measured by chi-square test.
It is better to make women literate and to marry at the age after 19 to reduce fertility.
Key Words: Contraception, Fertility, Literacy, Occupation, Socio-economic,
1. Background
The overall development of the nation depends upon different sub sectors and sub groups. It is
really difficult to attain overall development by ignoring either one group (community). Dalit are defined
as “those communities who, by virtue of atrocities of caste based discrimination and untouchability,
are most backward in social, economic, educational, political and religious fields, and are deprived of
human dignity and social justice.Dalit are also known as lower caste under the stratified Hindu caste
system originated some 3000 years ago. Dalits (lower castes) in Nepal are a historically state victimized
disadvantaged community who have been compelled to lag at the bottom of the social structure and
excluded from national development mainstream due to the caste system and extreme Hinduism for
centuries. Caste based discrimination and untouchability are also in practices within Dalit community
that is intra-Dalit discrimination.Within the Dalit community, there are dozens of sub-caste groups from
the hills (Hill Dalits), the Tarai (Tarai/Madhesi Dalits) and Newar community (Newar Dalits).
According to the government’s figures, Dalits comprise 13 percent of Nepal’s total
population. However, Dalit civil society claims it to be about 20 percent; a demographic survey
conducted by NNDSWO provides evidence to the claim (NNDSO http://www.nndswo.org.np/index.
php?page=workingareas).Dalits’ comprise the poorest community in Nepal, in terms of all poverty
measures (income, consumption, human development and others). The Dalits lag far behind in their
income (the lowest PCI), education (the lowest rate of literacy and enrolment) high fertility rate, and
other human development indicators (the lowest HDI). Dalits’ overall have the lowest household incomes
– roughly half the average incomes of Brahman-Chhetry households and less than a third that of Newar
47
households; the Madhesi Dalits have the lowest per capita incomes of all.Their land holdings are small
and landlessness is extreme among Dalits is 90 percent which is substantiallygreater than national average
24%. The Nepal Living Standards Survey (NLSS), 2011, showed that about 41 percent Dalit fall below
the poverty line which is 16 percent higher than the national average (25%) (CBS, 2011).
The literacy rate among Dalits has grown in absolute terms but the gap between their literacy
(33%) and the national average (65.9%) is still wide.Similarly, educations above S.L.C and above bachelor
of Dalit represent 3.8 percent and 0.4 percent whereas educations above S.L.C and above bachelor for
the national level are respectively 17.6 percent and 3.4 percent. The life expectancy of Dalits is lower
(61 years) compared to the national average (68.7 years). On average Brahmans and Newars live 11
to 12 years longer than the Dalits. Under-five mortality is also much higher (90 per 1000) than the
national average (68 per 1000) (CBS, 2011). The nutritional status of Dalits is poor and therefore they
are vulnerable to infectious diseases. Health awareness among the Dalits is low. Because of illiteracy,
ignorance and other socio-economic factors, their living conditions are unhygienic, contributing to their
poor health. The Dalits do not have easy access to clean drinking water and they suffer from water-borne
diseases.
Dalits’ participation in political process and representation in government at the village, district
and the national level is insignificant compared to the size of their population. After the people’s
movement 2006, the country experienced a great change in the political sphere, however, that change has
not been able to benefit the Dalit community significantly.Most Dalit groups have their own traditional
occupational skills like black smithy (iron worker), gold smithy, tailoring, shoemaking etc. Such
inherent occupational skills are the only way many Dalits have to solve their hand-to-mouth problems.
Unfortunately, all of these occupations associated with Dalits are considered to be of low social status
in Nepalese society. Most of these skilful people are not receiving fair value and social respect for their
work and their economic status is thus poor. Moreover they are often exploited in the name of Balighare,
Khalo, etc. systems and get only minimal payment (mostly in kind/grains) for their works.
In recent days, due to the disregard of their arts and skills, many Dalits are giving up their
occupation which has also worsened their livelihoods. In addition, lack of modernization and limited
access to markets has put these occupations in danger. Globalization and the flood of cheap international
products have further threatened the Dalits’ traditional occupations. Developing social respect for these
occupations of Dalits and making them competitive in the market is a challenging issue in the economy
of Dalit.
Fertility is generally used to indicate the actual reproductive performance of a woman or groups of
women.Fertility measures the rate of which a population adds to itself by births and is normally assessed
by relating the number of births to the size of some section ofpopulation, such as the number of married
couples to the numbers of women of child bearing age. There are so many factors responsible for higher
fertility. It has been observed that the levels and patterns of fertility vary considerably in various sub
groups of the same population. These sub groups may be based on educational attainment, age at marriage,
occupation, mortality, use of contraception, residence, religion, caste, race etc. A study of differential
fertility is also important from the point of view of the implementation of family planning programme
because it helps us identify high fertility groups on which the programme efforts can be concentrated
(Clyde and Whelpton, 1990). It has been observed that in developing countries due to climatic and other
reasons, girls reach puberty at an early age and as such the period of reproduction of girls is lengthy. Not
48
only this, but after marriage, in these countries, women are considered to love in the house, settle that and
produce children. Since chances of employment and educational facilities are limited, therefore, women
always live at home and feel pleasure in bringing up and playing with their children. Age at marriage is
strong determinant of the number of CEB. As the age at marriage increase, the number of CEB decreases
(Dahal, 1989).
It may also be noted that the higher levels of educational provide a higher level of information about
keeping fertility under control and create and sustained motivation to keep the family size small with a
view to achieving better standards of life.The level of fertility declines with the increase in educational
level of females. The same applies for literacy status (higher the level of female literacy in a community
the lower will be the fertility). This also implies that the level of fertility should be lower for the literate
females as compared to illiterate females. This indicates that as the level of schooling increase both women
and men are less likely to be in a polygamous union. The desire to limit child bearing is more apparent at
higher level of education that at lower levels (MOHP, 2011).Female in different occupations are found to
have different fertility levels. It was generally observed that the wives of those engaged in professional
jobs had the lowest fertility. The mean number of CEB per ever married women is highest for the farm
workers and sales workers but the lower fertility is observed among the professional, administrative and
clerical workers. The CBS information emphasized that there is a remarkable difference between white
color and blue color occupation groups of women.The employment of women outside of the home or
in the farm reduced the level of fertility behavior. This study,therefore attempts to analyse the fertility
differential among lower caste in Lamachaur VDC Kaski.
2. Data and Method

This study is based on descriptive research design to describe the real situation
of demographic and socio-economic characteristics of lower caste community. This study is based
on primary data collected from the field survey. The questionnaire was used as an instrument for data
collection. Secondary data are also be used as per the requirement of the study.This study is based on
multistage sampling. First of all Lamachaur VDC is selected out of 43 Village Development Committee
in Kaski district using convenience sampling. Again, out of nine wards in Lamachaur VDC, ward no 6,
7 and 8 are selected using purposive sampling. Altogether there are 85 households in ward 6, 7 and 8.
Every household of Dalit community in ward no 6, 7 and 8 of Lamachaur VDC are included in the study
and the household data collection is based on every household enumerating system. This study included
a sample population of 85 from 85 households. There are 85 household and 85 eligible women have been
administered the questionnaire relating to fertility. The respondents are ever married women aged 15–49
years. Chi-square test is used to examine the fertility differential among lower caste people regarding
literacy, age at marriage, age of women, occupation and contraception user..
3. Result and Discussion
3.1 Fertility by Age of Women

Age of mother is one of the major determinants of fertility. Age of married women and fertility is presented
in table 1.
49
Table 1: Respondents Classified by Age of Women According to Number of Children Ever Born
Age of Married Women
Number of Children 15 - 25 26 - 35 36- 49 Total
0 to 3 14 (23.3) 26 (43.3) 20 (33.3) 60 (100)
4 to 6 5 (20) 5 (20) 15 (60) 25 (100)
Total 19 (22.4) 31 (36.5) 35 (41.2) 85 (100)
Chi-Square Value = 5.770 with P Value 0.056
Table 1 reveals that out of 85 respondents, 19 women are in the age group of 15- 25, 31 women
are in the age group of 26- 35 and 35 women are in the age group of 36-49. Out of 60 respondents having
fertility ranges from 0 to 3, 23.3 percent are in the age group of 15 -25, 43.3 percent are in the age group
of 26 – 35 and 33.3 percent are in the age group of 36-49. Similarly, out of 25 women having fertility
ranges from 4 to 6, 22.4 percent are in the age group of 15-25, 36.5 percent are in the age group of 26-
35 and 41.2 percent are in the age group of 36-49. It indicates that low fertility is mainly concentrated
in the age group of 25-25 and high fertility is mainly concentration in the age group of 36-49.To test the
relationship between fertility and age of women, chi-square test is used. The P value is greater than 5
percent. Hence it is concluded that there is no significant relationship between fertility rate and age of
women.
3.2 Age at Marriage

Age at marriage is another important factor of determining women’s fertility. Table 2 shows the variation
in fertility by age at marriage.
Table 2: Respondents Classified by Age at Marriage According to Number of Children Ever Born
Age at Marriage
Number of Children 12- 15 16 - 19 20 and above Total
0 to 3 13 (21.7) 40 (66.7) 7 (11.7) 60 (100)
4 to 6 8 (32.0) 11 (44) 6 (24.0) 25 (100)
Total 21 (24.7) 51 (60) 13 (15.3) 85 (100)
As shown from the table 2, out of total respondents, 21 respondents were married in the age
ranges from 12 to 15, 51 respondents were married in the age ranges from 16 to 19, and 13 respondents
were married 20 years and above. Low fertility (0 to 3) as well as high fertility (4 to 6) is concentrated
in the age at marriage from 16 to 19 as compare to other group of age at marriage. The relationship
between fertility and age at marriage as measured by chi-square test indicates that there is no significant
relationship between age at marriage and fertility. The calculated p value is less than 5 percent.
3.3 Fertility by Literacy

Education influences the fertility in different ways. It lives to awareness of birth control measure
and thus directly affects fertility. Education is one of the best contraception and inversely related with
50
fertility. Fertility rate by literacy status of the study is presented in table 5.
Table 3: Respondents Classified by Literacy According to Number of Children Ever Born

Status of Literacy
Number of Children literate illiterate Total
0 to 3 39 (65) 21 (35) 60 (100)
4 to 6 11 (44) 14 (56) 25 (100)
Total 50 (58.8) 35 (41.2) 85 (100)
From table 3 it is observed that out of 85 respondents, 58.8 percent were literate and 41.2
percent were illiterate.Out of 85 respondents, 60 respondents have fertility rate ranges from 0 to 3 and
25 respondents have fertility rate ranges from 4 to 6. Out of 60, 35 percent illiterate respondents and 65
percent literate respondents have fertility ranges from 0 to 3. Similarly, out of 25, 56 percent illiterate
respondents and 44 percent literate respondents have fertility ranges from 4 to 6. To test the relationship
between fertility and literacy status, chi-square test is used. The P value is greater than 5 percent. Hence
it is concluded that there is no significant relationship between fertility rate and literacy status.
3.4 Fertility by Occupation

Occupation is one of the important determinants of fertility. To examine the relationship between
fertility and occupation, respondents other than household work and dependent are considered as working.
Fertility rate by occupation status of the study is presented in table 4.
Table 4: Respondents Classified by Occupation According to Number of Children Ever Born

Occupational Status
Number of children Working Non-working Total
0 to 3 36 (60) 24 (40) 60 (100)

4 to 6 20 (80) 5 (20) 25 (100)
Total 56 (65.9) 29 (34.1) 85 (100)
From table 4 it is observed that out of 85 respondents, 67.1 percent were working and 32.9
percent were non- working.Out of 85 respondents, 60 respondents have fertility rate ranges from 0 to 3
and 25 respondents have fertility rate ranges from 4 to 6. Out of 60, 40 percent non-working respondents
and 60 percent working respondents have fertility ranges from 0 to 3. Similarly, out of 25, 20 percent
non-working respondents and 80 percent working respondents have fertility ranges from 4 to 6. To test
the relationship between fertility and occupation status, chi-square test is used. The P value is greater
than 5 percent. Hence it is concluded that there is no significant relationship between fertility rate and
occupation status.
51
3.5 Fertility by Contraception User
Contraceptive method is used to prevent women from fertilization and to stop giving birth or
to increase the birth interval. Birth control methods help couples to achieve their desire family size by
preventing unwanted births. It is expected to have low fertility level for those women who use family
planning methods than those who do not.
Table 5: Respondents Classified by User of Contraception According to Number of Children Ever Born
Status of Contraception
Number of children User Non-user Total
0 to 3 45 (75) 15 (25) 60 (100)
4 to 6 21 (84) 4 (16) 25 (100)
Total 66 (77.6) 19 (22.4) 85 (100)
From table 5 it is observed that out of 85 respondents, 77.6 percent were users of contraception
and 22.4 percent were non-user of contraception.Out of 85 respondents, 60 respondents have fertility rate
ranges from 0 to 3 and 25 respondents have fertility rate ranges from 4 to 6. Out of 60, 75 percent users of
contraception and 25 percent non users of contraception have fertility ranges from 0 to 3. Similarly, out of
25,85 percent users of contraception and 16 percent non users of contraception have fertility ranges from
4 to 6.The general saying is quite beyond this result. Most of the users of contraception have high fertility
as compared to non-users of contraception. To test the relationship between fertility and contraception
users, chi-square test is used. The P value is greater than 5 percent. Hence it is concluded that there is no
significant relationship between fertility rate and users of contraception.
4. Conclusion
Out of 85 respondents, most of the respondents were in the age group of 36-49 and then followed
by age group 26-35 and 15-25. Low fertility is mainly concentrated in the age group of 25-25 and high
fertility is mainly concentration in the age group of 36-49. There is no significant relationship between
fertility rate and age of women as measured by chi-square test. Out of total respondents, most of the
respondents were married in the age ranges from 16 to 19. Similarly, higher fertility is concentrated in
the age at marriage from 16 to 19 as compare to other groups of age at marriage. Therefore, it can be
concluded that increase in age at marriage has a negative impact on fertility for two basic reasons. First,
women who marry later have a shorter reproductive lifespan and second, the factors that affect the age at
marriage also affect the desired family size norms thereby reducing fertility.Out of 85 respondents, 58.8
percent were literate and 41.2 percent were illiterate.Literate respondents have low fertility ascompared
to illiterate respondents.This is because literate women have a higher level of information about keeping
fertility under control and create and sustained motivation to keep the family size small with a view
to achieving better standards of life. Butthere is no significant relationship between fertility rate and
literacy status as measured by chi-square test.Out of total respondents, 67.1 percent were working and
32.9 percent were non- working. Working respondents have high fertility as compared to non-working
respondents. This is because additional manpower is welcome to generate additional income for them.
But there is no significant relationship between fertility rate and occupation status. The proportion of user
of contraception is greater than non-user of contraception. The more surprise is that contraception users
have high fertility as compared to non-user of contraception. This may be the reason that most of the non
- users of contraception women can’t live with their husband for a long period of time due to husband’s
52
profession in abroad.The relationship as measured by chi-square indicates that there is no significant
relationship between user of contraception and fertility.
References
Bhende, A. and Kanitkar,T. (2003). Principles of Population Studies. Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing
House.
Central Bureau of Statistics, CBS.(2011). National Population and Housing Census 2011.Vol. 01.
Kathmandu: CBS
_________.(2011). Nepal Living Standards Survey Report: MainFindings.Vol. 1. Kathmandu: CBS.
_________.(2011). Nepal Living Standards Survey,: Statistical Report. Vol. 1.Kathmandu: CBS.
Clyde, V. K; and Whelpton, P. K. (1990).Social and psychological Factors Affecting Fertility. Milbank
Memorial Fund Quarterly, Vol. 5, No.3.
Dahal, D.R. (1989). Demand Aspect of Fertility and Family Planning in Nepal. South Asia Study on
Population Program and Strategies. Kathmandu: UNFPA, pp 73- 97
Ministry of Health and Population, MOHP.(2011).Nepal Demographic and Health Survey.Kathmandu:
New Era.
_________.(2011). Nepal Population Report.Government of Nepal.Kathmandu.
Raj, Hans. (2005). Fundamentals of Demography: Population Studies With Special Reference to India.
Surjeet Publications, New Delhi
http://cbs.gov.np/nada/index.php/catalog/37,accessed on September 12, 2014.
http://www.nndswo.org.np/index.php?page=workingareas),accessed on September 12, 2014.
http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/National%20Report.pdf,accessed on September 12,
2014.
http://sapkotac.blogspot.com/2011/08/major-findings-of-nepal-living-standard.html, accessed on
September 12, 2014.
https://www.google.com.np/search?q=Nepal+living+standard+survey&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&rls=org.
mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=n,accessed on September 12, 2014.
53
Qualitative Researches In Social Sciences

Prakash Upadhyay, Vikash Kumar KC
Abstract
Qualitative social science research is fundamentally embedded in grounded theory concerned with
how the social world is interpreted, realized, understood and experienced, or produced. Qualitative
investigation seeks answers to their questions in the realistic world. They congregate what they see, hear
and read from the people and places and from events and activities and their main purpose are to learn
about some aspects of the social world and to generate new understandings that can be used by that social
world. The main objective of this study is the interpretation of social world especially of cultures and
people’s life-ways rather than seeking causal explanations for social-cultural practices. Nevertheless, in
very rapidly changing information dominated globalized world, innovative traditions of the perception of
emerging local and global contexts and realities need to be exposed and accepted as well as practiced in
qualitative social science research.
Key Words : empirical, ethnographic, holographic, heuristic, inductive, iterative, rapport
Backgroud
Social Sciences study human being in the changing social and cultural context. Social and
cultural contexts confront serious social, economic, political, ecological and other problems, which call
for methodological, intelligent researching about their causes and also for finding out their remedies.
As problems are related to human beings who are both unpredictable and undependable in behavior,
consequently diverse methods are prerequisite for understanding and solving the problems and finding
out the truth. To resolve diverse problems related to society and to satisfy the thirst of knowledge, social
science research is prerequisite and for conducting a good social research it is indispensable to pursue
a balanced social research method. Social research methods diverge along quantitative/qualitative
dimensions in a rapidly altering world. Society and cultures are prototypes of human behavior and
knowledge that every human discovers as a member of a changing society. Performing everything that
engrosses comprehending human social, cultural, economic, political and other behaviors which are
intangible and qualitative are the ingredients of social science studies which are primarily qualitative
and hence social researchers are the observers who collect factual empirical information about people
by watching, listening and interpreting what others are doing at micro level at the plebs level. Allied
candidly with people’s know-how, outlooks, and interpretations of the situations qualitative data is
uniquely extracted from the heart and mind of the people. Interpretation is the major building block
of qualitative research which is unswervingly related to people’s experiences. Barnard et.al (2004)
argues that qualitative data deals directly with people’s experiences. It is grounded in a philosophical
position, which is broadly Interpretivist concerned about how the social world is interpreted, understood
and experienced, or produced. Qualitative researchers seek answers to their questions in the real world.
They gather what they realize, see, hear and read from the people and places and from events and
activities and the main intention are to learn about some aspects of the social world and to engender
new understandings that can be used by that social world. Qualitative designs accentuate understanding
of social phenomena through direct observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts,
and may stress contextual subjective accuracy over generality. In contrast quantitative research in social
54
sciences are hectic more with extracting and analyzing statistical data that occurs numerically and are
more tangible more precise, concrete and substantial. Quantitative approach explores social phenomena
through quantifiable evidence, and often relies on statistical analysis to create valid and reliable general
claims. The key objectives of this article are to sketch out the peculiarities and customary traditions of
qualitative and quantitative studies and the process of qualitative data analysis.
Data and Methods

This article is based on secondary data which were obtained from various literatures, books, journals,
booklets, articles etc.
Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

Concepts, theoretical perspectives, methods, tools and techniques differ sharply in qualitative
and quantitative studies. Quantitative and the qualitative approaches have their flaw as well as potency.
Both qualitative and quantitative classification is based on three groupings-
a. Study purpose,
b. Measurements of variables and
c. Analysis of information
The study is classified as qualitative if the purpose of the study is primarily to depict a situation,
phenomenon, problem or event, the information is gathered through the use of variables measured on
nominal scale (good, better, satisfactory, poor, etc.), or ordinal scale (first, second, third, etc.) i.e. qualitative
measurement scales; if the analysis is done to establish the variation in the situation, phenomenon or
problem without quantifying it. E.g. the description of an observed situation, the historical enumeration
of events, and account of different opinions people have about an issue.
Methods selection with their tools and techniques depends upon the main purpose of research,
discipline and theoretical stance. Both qualitative and quantitative methods observe different realities
or different aspects of reality nevertheless the combination of these two methods will lead to a very
balanced and high quality research. The divergences between qualitative and quantitative are immense.
For example qualitative methods are less objective as they rely on qualitative data, scenario is based on
natural settings with search for meaning, rejection of natural science; stand on idealist perspective with
identification of cultural patterns. Qualitative methods are based on Inductive approaches. On the other
hand, quantitative methods are more empirical as they are based on statistical data with the provision of
experimental settings, adoption of natural science, pursuance of scientific laws with realist perspective
and deductive approaches. Interpretive tradition of qualitative method in social sciences deals with the
systematic approach signifying the art of asking, listening, and interpreting. The methods of collecting
qualitative data can be grouped into four consistent groupings; methods, researcher’s role, techniques and
study site tradition are:
55
Methods Researcher’s role Technique of data collection Study site tradition
Observation Observer Participant observation Field work tradition
In-depth interview Interviewer In-depth (key informant interview) Field work tradition
Group discussion Group moderator Focus group discussion Field work tradition
Qualitative research in social sciences are heuristic (discovery oriented) in nature based more on
trial-and-error procedure for solving problems (or reaching an unclear goal) through incremental
exploration, and by employing a known criteria to unknown factors. In social sciences researches, a
well known heuristic is asking Who? What? When? Where? Why? while investigating a problem. A
heuristic social researcher employs independent discovery, and relies heavily on common sense sense,
creativity, and learning from experience. Unlike an algorithm (in quantitative studies), however, heuristic
qualitative studies offers no guaranty of solving any problem. The heuristic Interpretivist tradition’s chief
dictum of qualitative methodology is to get people to open up and let them express themselves in their
own terms and at their own pace in their own way. The prime issue is going among the people and
building rapport for conducting a lofty research. The meaning of rapport is establishing harmonious
relationship, togetherness, agreement, affinity, sympathy, concord empathy. Upadhyay (2011) alleges
it connote winning the heart and mind of the people on whom the researcher’s research is targeted on.
It is done through rigorous and intensive field work tradition. Ethnographic researches are the excellent
example of qualitative method. Sherpas through their rituals (1978) is a qualitative ethnographic works
in/on Nepal by Sherry Ortner. Ortner conducted her rigorous field study in Dzemu ‘Solu’ of Nepal from
September 1966 to February 1968. She collected primary data through field work by means of methods
like ethnography, group discussion, interview, and observation. Her theoretical base was ritualistic
approach.
Ortner made use of an assortment of diverse anthropological approaches that she expose during
her research and puts into practice in her fieldwork and analysis. Although many approaches are used,
of particular importance to her ethnography are the theoretical approaches of structuralism and symbolic
analysis in a qualitative manner, which although is used particularly in interpretive approaches has been
applied to various theoretical frameworks. This tendency towards symbolic analysis is evident by Ortner’s
stated view that culture is always biased, selected, partial and interpreted. This is also evident in the use
of semantic (meanings and words of sentence) structure analysis and the focus on symbols as a way of
imposing meaning. The theoretical approach that is the focus of analysis is structuralism; in particular
this close scrutiny is achieved by focusing on the exemplary paradigmatic set and the role of ritual as
a mediator and reconciler between contrasting aspects of society (Ortner 1986). By giving fastidious
attention to certain similarities that bear a resemblance to each other within mysterious religious rites
and symbolism portrayed in the ethnography it is probable to visibly interpret and understand the way
that structural analysis can, and indeed been employed to access the communicative code of the Sherpa
society. While interpreting and analyzing the symbols of Sherpa rituals, Sherry Ortner leads us toward
the detection of conflict, contradiction, and stresses in the wider social and cultural world--- the best
examples of interpretivist tradition in qualitative anthropological ethnographic study. Following a general
ethnographic sketch a succinct description and interpretation of a ritual has been made by Ortner. The
56
ritual has been sliced up, and its symbolic elements used as guides in the exploration and interpretation of
problematic structures, relationships, and ideas of the Sherpa culture. Nyungne, exorcisms and offering
rituals has been analyzed and interpreted by Ortner and are the case of hospitality (secular event) in order
to present the network of Sherpa culture.
The Pecularities and Customary Traditions

There prevail the customary peculiarities and differences in qualitative and quantitative research
methods. For example, quantitative and qualitative research methods are most often associated with
deductive and inductive approaches, respectively. It means the two major types of reasoning in social
science research are deduction and induction. Deductive research begins with known theory and tests it,
usually by attempting to provide evidence for or against a pre-specified hypothesis. Inductive research
begins by making observations, usually in order to develop a new hypothesis or contribute to new theory.
Quantitative research usually follows the deductive and qualitative follow inductive. In quantitative
methods attempts would be to test the hypothesis and /or prove or disprove the theory. The qualitative
research on the other hand, builds theory moving from observations and open questions to more general
conclusions. In other words, qualitative research applies inductive process to draw conclusion.
For example let’s take the following cases from Nepal……
A. If Shyam belongs to one of the political party in Nepal, then he is in favor of promulgating constitution.
He belongs to UML (United Marxist-Leninist) party. Hence, he is in favor of promulgating
constitution.
B. Shyam and Nisha are affiliated with UML. Ram and Sita are associated with NC (Nepali Congress),
and Bibek and Sharmila are associated with United Maoist party. They all are in favor of promulgating
constitution.
Hence, all parties are in favor of drafting constitution.
Case “A” exemplifies deductive reasoning and case “B” exemplifies inductive reasoning.
Quantitative research is usually linked to the notion of science as objective truth or fact, whereas
qualitative research is more often identified with the view that science is live experience and therefore
subjectively determined. Quantitative research usually begins with pre-specified objectives focused on
testing preconceived outcomes. Qualitative research usually begins with open-ended observation and
analysis, most often looking for patterns and processes that explain how and why questions.
When applying quantitative methods, numerical estimation and statistical inference from a generalizable
sample are often used in relation to a larger true population of interest. In qualitative research, narrative
description and constant comparison are usually used in order to understand the specific populations
or situations being studied. As a result, quantitative research is most often seen as a method trying to
demonstrate causal relationships under standardized (controlled) conditions. Conversely, qualitative
research is usually seen as a method seeking better understanding of some particular, natural (uncontrolled)
phenomenon.
The nature of the general theoretical debate is characterized by fundamentally different
understandings or beliefs about scientific research, in particular, and the world, in general. Adherence to
different and separate paradigms can trap researchers into believing that there is only one true “scientific”
way to conduct research. Exceptions to the general rules or doctrines allied with these research approaches
suggest that many of the clashes between researchers’ perspectives are more a question of belief systems
and mutual lack of understanding than of methods. Nonetheless, the arguments continue to focus on
methodological aspects.
57
Grounded Theory in Qualitative Research
Grounded theory is one of four qualitative designs commonly used in the human and social
sciences; the other designs are ethnographies, case studies, and phenomenological studies. The key
discrepancy between grounded theory and the other designs is the stress on theory development (Denzin
& Lincoln, 2005). Grounded theory holds the notion that theory could materialize through qualitative data
analysis. In grounded theory, the researcher uses multiple stages of collecting, refining, and categorizing
the data. Making constant comparisons and applying theoretical sampling are necessary strategies used
for developing grounded theory (Creswell, 2007).
Closely associated to grounded theory, the constant comparative method is used to develop
concepts from the data by coding and analyzing at the same time (Taylor & Bogdan, 1998). The constant
comparative method “combines systematic data collection, coding, and analysis with theoretical sampling
in order to generate theory that is integrated, close to the data, and expressed in a form clear enough for
further testing” (Conrad, Neumann, Haworth, & Scott, 1993). According to Glaser & Strauss (1967)
Constant comparative methodology incorporates four stages:
(1) Comparing incidents applicable to each category,
(2) Integrating categories and their properties,
(3) Delimiting the theory, and
(4) Writing the theory
Throughout the four stages of the constant comparative method, the researcher continually sorts
through the data collection, analyzes and codes the information, and reinforces theory generation through
the process of theoretical sampling. The benefit of using this method is that the research begins with
raw data; through constant comparisons a substantive theory will emerge. Grounded theory is a labor-
intensive task that requires the researcher to invest time in the processes of analysis and data collection.
Qualitative Data Analysis Process in Social Sciences

Qualitative researches in Social Sciences interpret cultures and people’s life-ways rather than
seeking causal explanations for cultural practices. American anthropologist Clifford Geertz was a
foremost figure of the interpretive or the symbolic anthropology school. According to the interpretive
approach in anthropology, meaning is constituted out of interaction between individuals; the symbols and
meanings are public in their significance and are not confined to single individual brains or the private
sphere. It is the public or social aspects of meaning that is the focus of analysis for the proponents and
followers of this approach. Geertz makes an influential case for anthropology as an interpretive science
by clarifying that clarification of details in local cultural context rather than aiming at grand comparison
is “interpretive anthropology” and also the way for anthropological work. For Geertz (1973), the concept
of culture is fundamentally a semiotic one and he makes it clear in one of his most frequently quoted
statements:
Believing with Max Weber, that man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself
has spun, I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science
in search of law but an interpretive one in search of meaning.
Hence, interpretive approach discards attempts at causal explanations for cultural phenomena.
Geertz also used the metaphor of thick description which means the interpretation of all the minor details
of human life in thick layers of contextual significance. According to Geertz “ethnography is thick
description” and therefore his approach to culture is based on the metaphor of culture as text. Given this,
an ethnographer’s role is to interpret the text in a qualitative world—that is, reading cultures as if they
were texts of some sort. The Gurung Arghau or Pae (After death rituals) and the Ghapren (Gurung priest)
58
reciting the mantras may be an illustration. Based on this argument I bicker that qualitative analysis
understands phenomenon and to go beyond reporting – move towards interpretation and identify themes
and sub-themes. In the process of research, collection and analysis occur simultaneously and human-as-
an-instrument is the innermost point. Results can be used to investigate for further information and detail
but the risk remains of diverting from research objectives. Nevertheless qualitative data analysis analyzes
text, interview transcripts, photographs, art, field notes of observations etc. During the whole process of
qualitative data analysis it is an admirable idea to engage in recording reflective notes about what we
are learning from our data. The idea is to write memos (notes) when we have ideas and insights and to
include those memos as additional data to be analyzed.
Several phases can be distinguished in qualitative data analysis process:
• Data cleaning
• Initial data analysis (assessment of data quality)
• Main data analysis (answer the original research question)
• Final data analysis (necessary additional analyses and report)
Basic processes in qualitative data analysis serve a process of noticing, collecting and thinking. There
is a simple foundation to the complex and rigorous practice of qualitative data analysis. Once we take
hold of this foundation we can move about in many different directions. The consequence is the idea that
Qualitative Data Analysis is a masterpiece based on three notes:
a. Noticing,
b. Collecting, and
c. Thinking about interesting things.
Source: Seidel, 1998

Qualitative data analysis process is not linear. When we do qualitative data analysis we do not simply
Notice, Collect, and then Think about things, and then write a paper or report, rather, the process has the
following characteristics (Seidel 1998):
a) Iterative and Progressive: The process is iterative and progressive as it is a cycle that keeps
repeating. For example, when we are thinking about things we also start noticing new things in the
data. We then collect and think about these new things. In principle the process is a never-ending
twist (spiral).
b) Recursive: The process is recursive because one part can call us back to a previous part. For
example, while we are busy collecting things we might simultaneously start noticing new things to
collect.
c) Holographic: The process is holographic in that each step in the process contains the entire process.
For example, when we first notice things you are already mentally collecting and thinking about
those things. Hence, while there is a simple foundation to qualitative data analysis, the process of
doing qualitative data analysis is complex. The key is to root researcher in this foundation and the
rest will flow from this foundation.
59
Order in Paradox: Myth, Ritual, and Exchange among Nepal’s Tamang by David Holmberg (1989)
incorporate -iterative and progressive, recursive, holographic characteristics. Holmberg conducted field
work and his analysis is based on noticing, collecting and thinking. Holmberg’s analysis is not only an
ethnographic account but penetrates the Shaman/Sorcery Buddhism and traditions of sacrifice based
complex cultural structure of the Tamangs. The analysis process is holographic in that each step in the
process contains the entire process. The focus beyond the ethnographic is on the structure of a complex
ritual field composed of Buddhist, Shamanic, and sacrificial practitioners and on the relation of this
structure to the logics and contradictions of Tamang social exchanges, especially those associated with
cross-cousin marriage. The role of symbolism remains fundamental in Tamang culture. Holmberg (1989)
articulates;
Tamang symbology was characterized by a mythic closure which is related directly to a highly
localized geography, society, polity, and economy. The world of Tamdungsa—the Tamang village where
I resided –has now open up.
Holmberg squabbles that the political symbology which gave the local ritual substance has been translated
in large measure into an idiom of kinship where kinship and polity are no longer coextensive as they have
been in the past.
Conclusion
Qualitative research is the hallmark of social science research. Media revolution has revolutionized
social science research. Expansion in mass communication, telecommunication, electronic media like
frequency module (F.M.) radio television, media, and information technology have marvelous insinuation
for social sciences-its concepts, theory, methods, field study/stay, analysis, practice, report writing etc.
Interpretivist tradition in qualitative research is undergoing the alteration concerned with interpretation of
social world, understanding of social world and experiences of social world. Social researchers heuristic
traditions of asking Who? What? When? Where? Why? Seeing, Hearing and Reading from the people and
places, events and activities are altering. Their learning about aspects of the social world for generating
new understandings that can be used by that social world is under modification. The significance of
grounded theory remains vital which holds the notion that theory could materialize through qualitative
data analysis via the use of multiple stages of collecting, refining, and categorizing the data. Similarly the
studied group may now be conversing, discoursing, raising questions, making remarks, doing arguments,
giving and sharing opinions with logics with qualitative researcher straightforwardly or obliquely. Given
this, the fundamental concern now is how are the existing social sciences concepts, theories and methods
going to concentrate on different problems and issues appropriately and sufficiently in order to get
an evocative and holistic image—which was once a hallmark of social sciences and still prevailing.
However, in very speedily changing information dominated globalized world, innovative traditions of the
discernment of emerging local and global contexts and versities need to be exposed and acknowledged as
well as practiced in qualitative social science researches.
60
References
Barnard, A., Burgess, T. and Kirby, M. (2004). Sociology. Cambridge University Press.
Conrad, C., Neumann, A., Haworth, J. G., & Scott, P. (1993). Qualitative research in higher education:
Experiencing alternative perspective and approaches. Needham Heights, MA: Ginn Press.
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London: Cornell University Press.
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61
gf/Ljfb / ltg 3'DtL pkGof;df gf/LjfbL lrGtg

– nIdLz/0f clwsf/L
!= ljifo p7fg
Gff/Ljfb ;flxlTos ;dfnf]rgf jt{dfg o'udf ;~rflnt To:tf] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ng xf] h;sf] p2]Zo hLjgsf]
JofVof ug{' dfq geP/ lkt[;Qfåf/f :yflkt / kf]lift cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgf eTsfP/ gf/LnfO{
k'?ifsf] lyrf]ldrf]af6 d'Qm u/fpg] tyf kf7nfO{ gf/L b[li6sf]0faf6 JofVof ug]{ k|j[lQ xf] . gf/Ljfbsf] k[i7e"ld nfd}
eP klg o;sf] ljsf; ;du|df ltg r/0fdf ePsf] 5 . o;sf] klxnf] r/0f pGgfO;f}+ / lj;f}+ ztfAbLdf b]vf k¥of] /
o;n] gf/L ;d:ofnfO{ ;txdf Nofof] . bf];|f] r/0f -;g\ !(^) b]lv !(*)_ df sfg'gL If]qdf b]lvPsf lj/f]wdfly ljdz{
eof] . cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf b]lvg] efn]kgdfly k|xf/ ug]{ sfd klg o;} r/0fdf eof] . t];|f] r/0f
-;g\ !(*) b]lv otf_ df bf];|f] r/0fdf p7fOPsf d'2fx¿nfO{ ;d"x¿sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f u/L km}nfpg] sfd ePsf] 5 .
Gff/Ljfb k|mfG; -;g\ !**)_ df / la|+6]g -;g\ !*()_ df b]vf k/] klg gf/LjfbL l;h{gf / ;dfnf]rgfsf]
;r]t k|of; eg] ;g\ !(^) b]lv ePsf] xf] . ;flxlTos s[ltx¿df n}ª\lus c;dfgtf, k'?if k|wfgtf / lkt[;QfTds
dgf]j[lQx¿af6 k|efljt ePsf tYox¿ Gff/LjfbLx¿n] cufl8 NofP . hd{gLDff ;g\ !($(df k'?if / gf/L sfg"gsf
cfFvfdf ;dfg 5g\ eGg] sfg"g ag] klg -l;Gxf, ;g\ !((# M ^(–&)+_ Pl;of / clk|msfdf gf/Lsf] cj:yf wfld{s / cGo
sf/0fn] cem} klg si6s/ 5 .
Gf]kfnL ;dfh o'uf}+b]lv lkt[;Qf k|wfg ePsf] x'Fbf oxfFsf gf/Lsf] :yfg bogLo /xg uof] . lkt[;Qfdfly s'g}
k|Zg gp7fO{ gf/LnfO{ s]Gb| agfP/ n]Vg] sfd ?b|/fh kf08]sf] ¿kdtL -!((!_df ePsf] eP klg gf/L kIfw/tf ;lxt
n]lvPsf] klxnf] pkGof; :Jff:gL dfG5] -@)!!_ elgPsf] 5 . ljho dNnsf] cg'/fwf -@)!*_ pkGof;df gf/LjfbL :j/
Wjlgt ePsf] 5 . gf/LnfO{ stf{ kfq :jLsf/ ul/Psf] klxnf] g]kfnL pkGof; ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ltg 3'DtL
-@)@%_ xf] . o; cfn]vdf gf/LjfbL l;4fGtx¿sf] ;j]{If0f ub}{ ltg 3'DtLdf k|o'Qm gf/LjfbL :j/ cf}+Nofpg] sfd ul/Psf]
5.
@=Gff/LjfbL l;4fGtx¿sf] ;j]{If0f

Gff/Ljfb d'ntM cGtj{:t' k|wfg ;flxlTos cfGbf]ng xf] . sltko ;femf tTTj eP klg gf/Ljfbleq ljleGg
wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . gf/LjfbnfO{ pbf/, dfS;{jfbL, cfd"n, cl:tTjjfbL, dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds, pQ/ ;+/rgfjfbL,
pQ/ cfw'lgstfjfbL, kof{j/0fjfbL nufotsf wf/fdf ljefhg ug]{ rng 5 . oL ljleGg gfdsf gf/LjfbL :s'nx¿n]
gf/Lsf ;d:ofnfO{ cg]s sf]0faf6 p7fPsf 5g\ . o;df a9L k|rngdf cfPsf / ltg 3'DtLsf] ljZn]if0fdf ;xof]uL x'Gf]
s]xL wf/fx¿sf] af/]df ljdz{ ul/G5 .
@=!= pbf/ gf/Ljfb

pbf/ gf/Ljfb k/Dk/fut l;4fGt xf] . gful/stf / k'?if;Fusf] a/fa/Lsf s'/f g} pbf/ gf/Ljfb xf] . O:jLsf]
c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf a]nfot lgjf;L d]/L jN:6gqmfˆ6n] pbf/ gf/LjfbL cjwf/0ffnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sL x'g\ . pgsf] dlxnf
clwsf/sf] cf}lrTo gfds k':tsdf k'FhLklt ju{sf dlxnfx¿sf cfsfª\Iffx¿ / cfˆgf cj:yfsf af/]df ljdz{ ub}{
pgn] gofF dfGotfx¿ cufl8 ;f/]sL lyOg\ . pgsf egfOdf -!_ dlxnf / k'?ifsf cfwf/e"t :jefj / Ifdtf ;d¿kL
5g\ . -@_ ;dfhdf h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] k'jf{u|fxL dfGotfdf cfwfl/t rfnrngx¿n] kl/jf/sf] ;fF3'/f] 3]/fleq 3]/L
dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;+;f/af6 jl~rt ul/Psf] 5 . -#_ ;fj{hlgs ;+;f/sf ;f+:s[lts, cfly{s, /fhg}lts, ;flxlTos
nufotsf sfdsf/jfxLx¿df k'?if;/x e"ldsf v]Ng dlxnfx¿ ;Ifd gePsf b]lvG5g\ -tfdfª, ;g\ @))% M %@$_ .
k'?ifn] h] kfPsf 5g\ Tof] gf/Ln] klg kfpg' k5{ eGg', ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbg', dlxnfx¿ k'?if eGbf leGg 5}gg\
62
eGg', /fHon] dlxnfx¿nfO{ plrt cj;/ lbg' k5{ EfGb} /fHodfly a9L e/ kg'{, dWosfnLg ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts
lje]b x6fP/ dlxnsf] ;dflhs x}l;otdf lj:tf/ ul/g' k5{ eGg', dlxnf n]vssf ;d:ofsf af/]df k|sfz kfg{', dlxnf
cfTdlge{/ gePdf pm ;w}+ k'?ifsf] bf;L x'G5] eGg', dlxnfsf jf0fLxLg ;Df:of cf+}Nofpg', gf/L r]tgfsf] ljsf;df
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{, k]zf / cj;/df dlxnfdfly lje]b ul/g' x'Gg eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' pbf/ gf/Ljfbsf ljz]iftf x'g\ .
To:t} ;dfg Hofnf, :jtGqtf, pGgltsf] ;dfg cj;/, gful/s clwsf/, k|hgg ;DaGwL clwsf/ h:tf d'2fx¿ o;n]
p7fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . lkt[;Qfsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gnfO{ geO{ To;sf] ;'wf/kl§ dfq hf]8 lbg', d'ntM uf]/f dlxnfsf]
;d:of cf}+Nofpg', dWod juL{o dlxnfnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;a} dlxnfsf ;d:of p:t} b]vfpg' o;sf ;d:of x'g\ .
@=@= dfS;{jfbL gf/Ljfb

s] elgPsf] 5 eg] dfS;{jfb gf/Ljfb;Fu :yfoL ¿kdf hf]l8Psf] 5 -sfjf8{, ;g\ !(*#M!#)_ . o;n] gf/L
bdgnfO{ cy{tGq;Fu hf]8]/ JofVof u5{ . o;n] gf/Lsf] dfq s'/f gu/]/ lkt[;Qf / k'FhLjfbsf] rrf{ u5{ . l;4fGttM
dfS;{jfbLx¿n] gf/Ljfbsf s'/f ubf{ Pª\u]N;sf] kl/jf/, lghL ;DklQ / /fHosf] pTklQ k':tsnfO{ cufl8 ;f5{g\ . of]
dfS;{jfbL gf/Ljfbsf] cfwf/u|Gy g} xf] .
o'/f]ksf] k'jL{efudf ;dfhjfb ;dfKt ePkl5 dfS;{jfbL gf/Ljfbsf] d[To' eO;Sof] eGg]x¿ klg 5g\ -Dof;]g, ;g\
@)))M%(_ / dfS;{jfbL gf/Ljfbsf] dxTTj cem} ;fGble{s 5 eGg]x¿ klg 5g\ -la:n], ;g\ !(((M%(_ . gf/Ljfbleq
ju{ljZn]if0fsf ;Gbe{df o;sf] k|j]z ePsf] dflgG5 . dfS;{jfbL gf/Ljfbn] dfS;{jfbaf6 dlxnfsf] cfly{s zf]if0fsf]
P]ltxfl;s ;Gb{edf JofVof ug{ ju{ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ u|x0f u/]sf] 5 -lqkf7L, ;g\ @)!@M*$_ . o;sf cg';f/ cfly{s
;+/rgf / hLjgsf] ef}lts ;+/rgf g} n}ª\lus c;dfgtfsf ;|f]t x'g\ . Pª\u]N;sf egfOdf kl/jf/sf] ;DklQsf] clwsf/
k'?ifdf Pslqt ePkl5 gf/L ;j{xf/f ag]sL xf] . dfS;{jfbL gf/Ljfbx¿n] k'FhLjfbL n}ª\lus ;+/rgfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{
s|ddf u[lx0fLx¿nfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ . k'FhLjfbn] 3/nfO{ sf/vfgf agfP/ gf/Lsf] zf]if0f u5{ / To; sfd u/]jfkt
s'g} d"No lbFb}g eGb} vfgf ksfOlbg], n'uf wf]Olbg], of}gsf] cfjZostf k'/f ul/lbg], afnaRRff :ofxfg]{ h:tf sfo{df
k'FhLjfbn] dlxnfnfO{ nufPsf] 5 eGg] cf/f]k dfS;{jfbL gf/LjfbLx¿n] nufPsf 5g\ . dfS;{jfbLx¿ ju{ cfwf/leq k5{
eg] lnª\u clw/rgfleq k5{ eG5g\ . cfly{s cfwf/df ju{ b]vf k/]sf] 5 / clw/rgfsf ¿kdf n}ª\lus lje]b b]vf k/]sf]
5 eGg] pgLx¿sf] syg 5 . ODdf uf]N8Dfgn] cfly{s k/fwLgtf g} j]Zofj[lQsf] sf/s xf] eg]sL 5g\ . pgsf egfOdf
sfdsf] Go'g Hofnfn] >dhLjL gf/Lx¿ j]Zofj[lQdf ws]lnG5g\ eg] a'h'{jf kl/jf/sf dlxnf eg] j}jflxs ;DaGwleq}
j]Zof aG5g\ . k'FhLjfbL lkt[;Qfsf] cj;fgkl5 dfq j]Zofj[lQ ;dfKt x'G5 EfGg] pgsf] b[li6sf]0f 5 . To:t} ldr]n
Jof/]6n] lkt[;Qfn] bdgsf] P]ltxfl;s / ;fj{ef}d l;4fGtsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ s'/f atfPsL 5g\ .
dfS;{jfbsf] zf:qLo dfGotfnfO{ dfS;{jfbL gf/LjfbLx¿n] km/s 9ª\un] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . dlxnfn] 3/aflx/
/ leq b'j}lt/ sfd ug{‘kg]{ dlxnfsf] afWotfsf af/]df dfS;{jfb df}g /x]sf] 5 -;]N8g, ;g\ @))&M!#%_ . dfS;{jfbsf]
zf:qLo dfGotfnfO{ dfS;{jfbL gf/Lx¿n] km/s 9ª\un] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . dfS;{jfbn] ;fdflhs zf]if0fsf] d'Vo h8
ju{nfO{ dfg]sf] 5 eg] dfS;{jfbL gf/LjfbLx¿n] lnª\unfO{ dfg]sf 5g\ . ;Dk'0f{ ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿sf] lgd{f0f n}ª\lus
lje]bn] u/]sf] 5 eGg] dfGotf pgLx¿n] cufl8 ;f/]sf 5g\ -lqkf7L, ;g\ @)!@M (!_ . of] wf/n] gf/L bdgsf ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts tyf dgf]j}1flgs kL8f lg¿k0f ug{ g;s]sf] / ju{ ljZn]if0fnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbO{ dlxnfdfly x'g] u/]sf
n}ª\lus zf]if0fsf af/]df sd dxTTj lbPsf] cfIf]k dfS;{jfbL gf/LjfbLx¿n] nufPsf 5g\ . o; l;4fGtn] of}g zf]if0f,
;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts lje]b h:tf s'/f ubf{ zf:qLo cfwf/ vf]H5 .
@=#= cfd"n gf/Ljfb

klZrdL ;dfhx¿df ;g\ !(^) sf] b;sdf ;'? ePsf] o'jf cfGbf]ngaf6 cfd"n gf/LjfbL wf/ l;h{gf ePsf] xf] .
jfd /fhgLltaf6 c;Gt'i6 ;d'xn] of] wf/nfO{ hGd lbPsf x'g\ -PG8/df/, ;g\ @)))M@@@_ . cfd"n gf/Ljfbn] ;dfhdf
63
ljBdfg gf/L pTkL8gnfO{ ;d'n gi6 ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . cfd"n gf/LjfbLsf cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ k'?ifx¿ zlQmzfnL
5g\, cGoq st} zlQmzfnL x'g g;s]sf] k'?if klg cfˆgf] j[Qsf dlxnfsf cufl8 eg] zlQmzfnL /x]s} x'G5 -lqkf7L,
;g\ @)!@M(^_ .
cfd"n gf/LjfbLsf egfOdf dlxnf pTkL8g /fhgLlts cfly{s kIfdf ;'wf/ ub}{df d]l6Fb}g . of] wf/fn] z/L/
/fhgLltnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbG5 . ljifd lnª\uLx¿sf larsf] j}jflxs ;+:yfkgn] dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf cwLgdf kf/]sf] xf]
eGg] s'/f cfd"n /fhgLltsf] s]Gb|Lo l;4fGt xf] -6'gf, ;g\ !((%M!#!_ . dlxnfnfO{ ;w}+ ;'/Iffsf] vfFrf] x'G5 egL h:tf
k'?ifnfO{ klg dlxnfsf] ;+/Ifssf] x}l;ot k|bfg ul/G5 .
/fhg}lts ¿kdf ;ª\ul7t eP/ of}g ju{ Joj:yfnfO{ w'nf] r6fpg' cd"n gf/Ljfbsf] p2]Zo xf] . cfd"n gf/Ljfbsf
¿kdf xfdL k'?if;Fu zlQm ;ª\3if{ ug{df Jo:t 5f}+ / xfd|f] bdgsf] bnfn k'?if xf] h;n] k'?ifsf] e"ldsfdf dxTTj
kfPsf] 5 -Dof8;]g, ;g\ @)))M!%#_ . cfd"n gf/LjfbLx¿ g} klxnf To:tf gf/LjfbLx¿ x'g\ h;n] dlxnf of}lgstfnfO{
of}lgs e'Qmdfg, lk6kf6, anTsf/, cZnLntf, ue{kft, kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fdu|L ;DaGwL sfg'g / cEof; Pj+ ljifd
lnª\uL ljjfxsf] clgjfo{tf h:tf s'/fsf dfWodn] lgoGq0fdf /fVg] k|of; ePsf] s'/fnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfPsf 5g\ -lqkf7L,
;g\ @)!@M(&_ .
ljifd lnª\uL j}jflxs k4ltnfO{ dlxnf cwLg:yftfsf] d"n sf/0f dfgL ;dlnª\uL ;DaGwnfO{ dxTTj lbg] x'gfn] of]
wf/nfO{ ;dlnª\uL gf/Ljfb klg elgG5 / o;sf] pu|+ kl/jt{gsf/L k|j[lQnfO{ cfd"n gf/Ljfb elgG5 . ;dlnª\uL zAb
of}g ;DaGwdf ;Lldt 5 eg] cfd"n gf/Ljfb zAb ;fdflhs kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . logLx¿sf zAbdf n}ª\lus bdg
bdgsf] d'ne't :j¿k xf] . logLx¿sf] cfGbf]ngsf] nIo k'?ifn] ;dfhdf kfpFb} cfPsf] k|fyldstfnfO{ tf]8\g' xf] /
lnª\usf lardf /x]sf] ;f+:s[lts leGgtf d]6fpg' xf] . dlxnf / aRrfx¿nfO{ tNnf] ju{sf x'g\ eGg] k'/ftg dfGotfnfO{
lygLx¿ Wj:t kfg{ rfxG5g\ . dlxnf / aRrfx¿ cfl>t /xg] kl/l:ylt /x];Dd n}ª\lus lje]bsf] cGTo gx'g] ts{
logLx¿sf] 5 . dlxnf / aRRffx¿nfO{ k"0f{ dfgj agfpg' logLx¿sf] cfGbf]ngsf] nIo xf] . bf]ls{gsf egfOdf k'?if
lx+;fsf] ;bf sfnsf] wDsLn] dlxnfnfO{ lglis|o / cwLg:y agfPsf] 5 . lkt[;Qfsf] dlxnf lj/f]wL ;+:s[ltdf h] h;/L
klg cfkm"nfO{ arfO /fVg dlxnfx¿ g} lgs[i6 eGbf klg lgs[i6 cg'zf;g :jLsf/ u5{g\ t/ dlxnfdfly x'g] lkt[;+:yfsf]
;+:yfut bdg pTkL8gsf] lgjf/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g -Dof8;]g, ;g\ @)))M!^!_ .
xfd|f] z/L/ xfd|} nflu xf] eGg] cfd"n gf/LjfbL wf/f lkt[;QfTds ;+:yfkgn] ljifd n}ª\lus / ;dn}ª\lus
dlxnf;Fu km/s Jojxf/ b]vfpF5 / ;dn}ª\lusnfO{ cfˆgf 3]/faf6 aflx/ kf5{ . of] wf/fn] kL8s k'?ifnfO{ cfkm"eGbf
6f9f /fVg' kg]{ b[li6sf]0f /fV5 . of] wf/fn] cfly{s ju{sf :yfgdf of}g ju{ / lkt[;Qfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] eGg] b[li6sf]0fsf]
;6\6f cfd"n kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fV5 .
:qL ;dlnª\uL ;dfhleq} klg s]xL ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . a'r -Butch Dyke_ eGg] gfdn] lrlgg] k'?if :jefj /
zf/Ll/s ¿k ePsf gf/Lx¿ g} k|fo u/]/ :qL ;dlnª\uLsf k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf ldl8ofdf b]lvG5g\ -pk|]tL, @)^*M@$(_ .
;dn}ª\lus cg'ejsf] Pp6} 5ftfleq k[ys\ ;dn}ª\lus cg'ejx¿ /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;dn}ªlusx¿nfO{ 6«fG;h]G8/,
;lGbUgtfjfbL ljrf/sx¿n] r'gf}lt lbPsf 5g\ . Ot/lnª\uL gf/Lx¿n] ;dn}ª\lus cg'ej k|fs[lts x'G5 eGg] s'/f
c:jLsf/ u5{g\ .
@=$= Dfgf]ljZn]if0fTds gf/Ljfb

Dfgf]ljZn]i0ffTds cWoog k4lt klZrdL hut\df k|efjzfnL eP klg k|mfo8sf] dgf]ljZn]if0f :jLsf/ ug]{ s'/fdf
eg] gf/LjfbLx¿ pT;fxL 5}gg\ . km|of8n] lzZg O{iof{sf af/]df u/]sf] ljdz{k|lt o; wf/fsf] u'gf;f] 5 . l;df]g b a'jf,
ldn]6 nufotsf n]vs km|of8dfly vlgPsf 5g\ . k|mfG;]nL dlxnf n]lvsfx¿ ljutsf] ;flxTo k'?if4f/f n]lvPsf] 5
eGb} ;flxTo ;dfhsf] bk{0f xf] / Tof] efiffaf6 JoQm x'G5 eGg] s'/f c:jLsf/ u5{g\ -u'Pl/g, ;g\ !(((M@)#_ .
64
Dfgf]ljZn]if0ffTds gf/LjfbLx¿sf cg';f/ k'?ifdf /x]sf] d[To'k|ltsf] eon] p;n] ;dfhdf cfkm' ;'/lIft aGg]
;~hfnx¿sf] lgdf{0f u5{ . k'?ifn] cfˆgf] zlQm lj:tf/ ug{ cfkm" cg's"n x'g] k|ljlw tyf ;+:yfx¿ cfˆgf ;xof]uLsf
¿kdf pEofpg] sf]l;; u5{ . k'?ifdf d[To'k|lt x'g] eosf sf/0f ul/g] Jojxf/af6 k'?ifx¿ zlQmzfnL aGg uP .
;fdflhs ;+/rgf / dfGotfsf sf/0f dlxnfx¿ k'?ifsf] ljb|f]xdf plqg ;s]gg\ . lkt[;Qf, ljjfx, gftfuf]tf h:tf
kfl/jfl/s ;+:yfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ k'?if ;dfhdf zlQmzfnL 5 . cfˆgf] cfl:tTj b]vfpg k'?ifn] o:tf sfdx¿ Uf5{ .
o;sf] kl/0ffd :j¿k ;dfhdf aRrfn] cfkm"nfO{ cfdf;Fu eGbf afa';Fu hf]8]/ kl/ro lbG5 . k'?ifx¿ k|flKt / cfTd
lge{/tftkm{ kmls{g vf]H5g\ eg] dlxnfx¿ ;]jfz'>'iff / kfl/jfl/s lhDd]jf/Ltkm{ nfU5g\ . dlxnfnfO{ 3/sf] b]vefn
/fd|f];Fu ug'{ k5{ egL jzLe"t u/fOG5 . r]8/n] eg] o; ljifodf km/s dt /fVb} ;a} k'?if k|flKttkm{ / dlxnfx¿ ;]jf
z'>"ifflt/ nfUg vf]Hb}gg\ elG5g\ . pgL gf/L / k'?ifnfO{ cfnucnu /fVbf b'j}sf] JolQmTJf ljsf; gx'g] x'gfn] o:tf
;d:ofaf6 aRg gf/L k'?if b'j} JolQmTjzfnL aGg' kg]{ / aRrfsf] x]/rfx b'j}n] ldn]/ ug'{ kg]{ lgod aGg' k5{ elG5g\ .
gf/L / k'?if ldn]/ x'sf{Psf aRrf JolQmut / ;fj{hlgs hLjgdf ;kmn x'G5g\ eGg] pgsf] cledt 5 .
Kfm|fo8n] j0f{g u/]sf] cx+sf] JofVofnfO{ of] wf/fn] k'?ifdf ljsf; x'g] cx+ eG5 . dlxnfdf x'g] xLgtfsf] efjgf
h}ljs leGgtfsf sf/0fn] geP/ ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts Joj:yfn] pTkGg ePsf] eGg] dt of] wf/fsf] 5 . Pl8«g l/rsf
egfOdf k'?ifn] cfˆgf] zlQmsf] b'?kof]u u/]/ dlxnfdfly ljifd n}ª\lustf nfb]sf] xf] / k'?if cfˆgf] zf/Ll/s, cfly{s
Pj+ ;+j]ufTds clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu of:tf] sfo{ u5{ -6'gf, !((%M!(*_ .
Kf|mfo8n] lnª\unfO{ h}ljs cª\usf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf lyP eg] nsfgn] To;nfO{ k|tLsfTds ;f+:s[lts cy{
lbP . To;}n] gf/Ljfb km|fo8sf] l;4fGtsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ nsfgsf] l;4fGtk|lt cfslif{t ePsf] kfOG5 -clwsf/L, @)^!
M^@_ . k|mfo8n] JofVof ug]{ u/]sf] lzZg O{iof{nfO{ nsfgn] zlQmsf] cefjsf cy{df lnPsf 5g\ lsgeg] ;dfhsf] 9fFrf
lkt[;QfTds ePsfn] k'?ifx¿ ;f]em} cflwsfl/s dflgG5g\ / :jtM zlQmzfnL x'G5g\ -lqkf7L, ;g\ @)!@M !!!_ . nsfgsf
egfOdf n}ª\lustf ;fdflhs lgdf{0f xf] . efiffut stf{sf] lgdf{0f lnª\usf cfwf/df geP/ ;dfhsf] k|ltlaDasf
cfwf/df x'G5 .
@=%= cl:tTjjfbL gf/Ljfb

1fgf]bosf] cGTodf cl:tTjjfbL bz{gsf] lj:tf/ ePsf] xf] . JolQmjfb, rogsf] :jtGqtf, cfˆg} zlQm / OR5fdf
hf]8, pQ/bfloTjsf] efjgf, PsfsLkgsf] af]w, cfTds]lGb|t g}ltstf, z"Gotfsf] cg'e"lt cl:TfTjjfbsf k|d'v dfGotf
x'g\ . l;df]g b a'jfsf] b ;]s]G8 ;]S; s[lt lj;f}+ ztfAbLsf] gf/Ljfbaf/] ljdz{ ul/Psf] dxTTjk"0f{ ;}4flGts s[lt xf] .
gf/Lsf] cj:yfaf/] j0f{g ul/Psf] of] s[ltsf] k|:t'lt cl:tTjjfbL 5 . o;df gf/LnfO{ dfG5] elgPsf] 5}g eGg] j0f{g 5 .
lkt[;Qfn] gf/Ldfly ub}{ cfPsf] lje]b of] s[ltn] oyfy{ ¿kdf ptf/]sf] 5 .
cl:tTjjfbL gf/Ljfbsf] ;}4flGts j0f{g ub}{ a'jfn] dlxnfsf] ;+f:s[lts / /fhg}lts cj:yf /fd|f];Fu ptf/]sL
5g\ . a'jf lkt[;QfTds ;+:s[ltn] 5f]/fsf] dlxdf ufpF5 t/ 5f]/LnfO{ x]g]{ x]g]{ p;sf] b[li6 g} gsf/fTds 5 elG5g\ .
cl:TfTjjfbL a'jfn] ljjfx ;+:yfs} lj/f]w u/]sL 5g\ . dfS;{k|lt j'jfsf] ulx/f] >4f eP klg pgL dfS;{jfbn] gf/L
;d:ofsf] xn ug{ ;St}g lsgls k'?if rnfv 5 / p;n] ;Qfsf] pGdfbdf dlxnfsf] bdg u5{ elG5g\ . pgn] cfdf
5f]/fsf] ;DaGwdf sfd'stf ;DaGw x'G5 eGg] s'/f c:jLsf/ u/]sL 5g\ -a'jf, ;g\ !((*M@^%_ . gf/L wgL jf ul/a,
sfnf jf uf]/f h:tf eP klg ltgn] lje]b a]xf]g{' k5{ . To;}n] pgLx¿ cfkm}+n] cfˆgf] n8fOF n8\g' k5{ . of] ;Eotf
k'?ifn] gf/L;Fu g;f]wL agfPsf] xf] . s|flGtsf avt k'?ifn] gf/Lsf] ;xof]u vf]H5 t/ s|flGTf ;DkGg ePkl5 p;n]
gf/LnfO{ e'Nb5 . gf/L lsg cwLg:y 5 eGg] s'/fsf] j0f{g pgn] dgf]lj1fg, hLjlj1fg, cy{zf:q / hftLo Oltxf;sf]
cfwf/ lnP/ u/]sL 5g\ . k'/f]lxt, bfz{lgs, n]vs tyf j}1flgs ;a}n] dlxnfnfO{ sdhf]/ b]vfpg zlQm vr{ u5{g\ eGg]
pgsf] dt 5 .
d]/L 8]nLn] laof]G8 u8 b kmfb/ -!(&#_ s[lt n]v]/ gf/Ljfbsf] ljsf;df dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsL 5g\ . pgsf]
65
of] s[lt cl:tTjjfbL lrGtgdf cfwfl/t 5 . pgn] of] s[ltdf gf/Ln] ;a} vfnsf lje]bsf lj?4 cfkm'leqsf] OR5f
zlQmsf cfwf/df 86]/ n8\g' k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsL 5g\ . cfl:tTjjfbL gf/LjfbLx¿sf] hf]8 ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf
/fhg}lts If]qdf cfˆgf]kg b]vfpg' xf] .
@=^= pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL gf/Ljfb

Gff/Ljfb / pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb b'j} ;dsfnLg x'g\, sltn] logLx¿ hf]l8Psf 5g\ eg]sf 5g\ -PG8/df/,@)))
M@)(_ . GofG;L k|mf;/ / lnG8f lgsf]N;gn] pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb / pQ/cfw'lgs gf/LjfbL lgaGwx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ .
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfb ax'njfbnfO{ dfG5 . o;n] d'nwf/ / :yflkt cfd"njfbL ;f]r c:jLsf/ u5{ . ;Tosf] cfwfe't
dfGotfsf] c:jLsf/ u5{ . pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿sf cg';f/ ;To cd/ / lgikIf geP/ s;}sf] alxis/0f / bdgåf/f
lgld{t cy{ xf] .
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL gf/Ljfb Hofb} hl6n l;4fGt xf] -6G8g, ;g\ @)!@M%&_ . o;nfO{ km|]Gr gf/Ljfb klg elgG5 .
x]n]g ;]S;;n] gf/LjfbLn]vgsf] ljsf; u/L k'?ifåf/f kl/eflift ;+;f/nfO{ abNg' k5{ elG5g\ . pgn] k'?ifn] k|of]]u
ug]{ zAb km]g]{ ;'emfj lbPsL 5g\ . n';L Ol/lu/Ln] ;]S;;sf] egfOsf] cf+lzs ;dy{g ub}{ dlxnf of}lgstf / dlxnfsf]
cg'e'lt n]vgsf ;|f]t x'g ;S5g\ elG5g\ . h'lnof ls|:t]jf n]vfO / af]nfOsf dfWodaf6 df}gtf tf]8\g' kg]{ s'/f ul5{g\ .
pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿n] ;fj{ef}d ;Tosf gfddf k'?if kIfw/tf cFufNg] x'gfn] logLx¿ kf}?if b[li6sf]0fsf jfxs
x'G5g\ eGg] pQ/cfw'lgs gf/Ljfbsf] egfO 5 -lqkf7L, ;g\ @)!@M!##_ . pQ/cfw'lgstfgf/Ljfbn] ;dfhdf zlQmsf]
cEof; s;/L ePsf] 5, s;sf] rfxgf cfjfhxLg 5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] pkfox¿sf] ;ª\u|x¿nfO{ v'n}
5f]l8lbg' k5{ eG5 . of] wf/f s'g} klg s'/fnfO{ ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} sf]0faf6 x]g{ ?rfpF5 . logLx¿ dlxnfsf]
klxrfgnfO{ /fhgLlt;Fu hf]8\g] s'/df pbf;Lg 5g\ . logLx¿ dlxnfnfO{ Pp6} b[li6sf]0fa6 x]g'{ x'Fb}g eG5g\ .
gf/LjfbnfO{ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] 5 . ;ª\u7gfTds cEof; eGbf z'4 af}l4s cEof;df a9L Wofg
lbg] 8]l/8f / nsfgsf bz{gx¿n] ;g\ !(*)sf] bzsdf cfP/ gf/LjfbL lrGtgsf] lbzf g} df]l8lbP . bf];|f] ljZj o'4kl5
l;df]g b af]pjf/af6 k|]l/t dlxnfsf] /fhg}lts / ;fdflhs :jtGqtfdf hf]8lbg] a'h'{jf gf/Ljfbsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] .
8]l/8f / nsfgaf6 k]|l/t eO{ dgf]lj1fg tyf bz{gsf s'/fdf hf]8lbg] / pQ/gf/LjfbL eg]/ lrlgg] h'lnof ls|:t]ef,
n'rL Ol/lu/L / x]n]g ;]S;;n] dlxnfx¿n] ef]Ug] /fhg}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs zf]if0fdf eGbf a9L dlxnf zAbdf ax;
u/fpg] u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] d'n lrGtg dlxnfsf] z/L/d} dlxnfsf] cl:tTj /x]sf] x'G5 eGg] xf] . dlxnfx¿sf] cJoQm
/ ljNs'n} leGg cg'e"ltx¿sf] cleJolQmaf6 g} lkt[;Qf eTsG5 eGg] pgLx¿sf] egfO 5 -yfkf, ;g\ @))%M%&)_ .
pQ/cfw'lgs gf/Ljfbn] ;ª\ul7t ;ª\3{df hf]8 lbFb}g .
#= ltg 3'DtLdf pkGof;df gf/LjfbL lrGtg

ltg 3'DtL pkGof;sf] j}rfl/s ;+/rgf ax'njfbL 5 . o;df k|o'Qm gf/Ljfbsf ljleGg wf/fx¿sf] ljdz{ ul/G5 .
#=!= pbf/ gf/Ljfb / ltg 3'DtL

ltg 3'DtL pkGof;df ;dfhdf k|rlnt gf/L;DaGwL s'/Llt eTsfP/ gf/Ln] pTkL8g ef]Ug' gk/f];\ eGg] n]vsLo
OR5f lgDg lnlvt ;Gbe{af6 JoQm ePsf] 5 .
-s_ cGthf{tLo ljjfx

OGb|dfofsf afa'cfdf OGb|dfof !^ jif{df k|j]z ubf{ gub}{ j/sf] vf]hLdf nfU5g\ . sf7df8f}+df x'ls{PsL s'nLg
g]jf/ kl/jf/sL 5f]/L OGb|dfof kxfl8of afx'g;Fu k|]d u5]{ / p;}l;t ljjfx ug]{ l9kL u5]{ . hftLo lje]b b]vfP/ cfˆg}
vfgbfgsf] s]6f vf]hL ljjfx u/]/ k7fpg] afa'cfdfsf] OR5f ljk/Lt OGb|dfof cfkm}{ lkt[u[x TofU5] / kLtfDa/;Fu bfDkTo
66
hLjg k|f/De u5]{ . gf/Ln] cfkm'nfO{ OR5fPsf] JolQm;Fu ljjfx ug{ kfpg' kg]{ kIfsf] ;dy{g pkGof;df ul/Psf] 5 .
-v_ c;dfg z}lIfs l:ylt

pbf/ gf/LjfbLx¿ ;dfg z}lIfs cj;/ kfPsf v08df gf/Lx¿ klg ;Ifd x'G5g\ eGg] dfGotf /fV5g\ . OGb|dfofnfO{
ljjfxsf] lglDt tfs]tf gul/Psf] eP p;sf] lzIffh{gsf] s|d hf/L x'g ;SYof] / cfˆgf] lghL JolQmTj lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg]
lyO{ . pm ljjflxt x'gf;fy g]kfnL k/Dk/fcg';f/ u[lx0fL eO{ . pm l56} j}jflxs l:yltdf afFlwg' kbf{ p;sf] JolQmTj
v'lDrPsf] cj:yf 5 .
-u_ ;f+:s[lts lje]b

Gff/L lkt[u[xdf Pp6f k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltdf x'ls{G5] . ljjflxt ePkl5 leGg} k/Dk/fdf ;dfof]lht x'g p;n] cfkm'nfO{
kl/j]z cg';f/ ¿kfGtl/t ug'{ k5{ . p;n] gofF gftf ufF:g' k5{ / ltgsf] x[bo lhTg ;ª\3if{ ug'{ k5{ . 3/df cfpg]
kltsf ;fyLx¿sf] ;Tsf/ gu/] p;n] ckh; kfpF5] / ;fyLx¿;Fu /l;s Jojxf/ u/] klg …;fyLx¿sf] e]nfdf ltdLnfO{
a8f] cfGfGb cfpF5Ú -k[=!$_ eGb} klt O{iof{n] kLl8t x'G5 . gf/Ln] kltsf] 3/df kfOnf 6]s]b]lv g} x/]s kIfdf ;ts{tf
ckgpg' k5{ . 3/df gofF kfx'gf cfPdf k'?if pm;Fu aftlrt u5{ / pmhf{ k|fKt u5{ t/ gf/Ln] p;sf] vfglkgsf] Joj:yf
h'6fpg' k5{ . ldlxg]t u/]/ ;a}sf] dg lhTg] gf/L cfbz{ gf/L xf] egL jzLe"t ul/G5 .
-3_ c;dfg cj;/x¿

k'?if ;QfTds ;dfhn] lgdf0f{ u/]sf of}g g}ltstfsf dfgb08x¿ k'?ifsf lglDt lgs} v's'nf eP klg gf/Lsf
nflu lgs} s7f]/ 5g\ . kTgL cg'j{/ ePdf kltnfO{ bf];|f] ljjfx ug]{ cj;/ 5 t/ klt cg'j{/ eP gf/L ;d:ofdf k5]{ .
o; pkGof;n] g}lts dfgb08sf] gf}nf] kIfnfO{ j}rfl/s ax;sf lglDt xfd|f ;fd' k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o; pkGof;n]
pkGof;sf/ sf]O/fnfsf] lrGtgsf] c/fhstfnfO{ dfq xf]Og af}l4s ts{zLntfnfO{ klg /fd|f];Fu k|s6 u/]sf] 5 -cfrfo{,
@)%%M$&_ . OGb|dfof j}jflxs hLjgaf6 aflxl/Pkl5 cfTdlge{/ eO{ . Ps 5fs vfg d'Gb|L a]Rg kg]{ cJf:yf /x]g .
g]kfnL gf/Lsf lglDt ljjfx cfTdlge{/tfsf] cj/f]ws ePsf] tYo OGb|dfofsf] hLjg syfaf6 :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 .
pkGof;df cfdfafa'n] 5f]/L cfTdlge{/ ePkl5 dfq ljjfxsf af/]df ;f]r'g\ eGg] ck|ToIf ;Gb]z Wjlgt ePsf] 5 .
-ª_ k/Dk/ut dfGotfsf] v08g

ltg 3'DtL pkGof;sL OGb|dfof bfDkTo hLjgsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} tgfjdf 5] lsgls p;n] ;tLTjsf] k|Zg;Fu h'Wg
k/]sf] 5 . d]/f] ;tLTj ltd|f] vfFrf]sf] ljifo xf]Og eGg] OGb|dfof cfkm"k|ltsf] akmfbf/L / OdfGbf/LnfO{ hLjgsf] dxTTjk"0f{
s'/f 7fGb5] . dft[Tjsf] gf/Lsf] clwsf/sf] s'/f xf] . …hLjgsf] cfwf/e't tTTjnfO{ kf]if0f lbP/ d}n] cfGtl/s akmfbf/L,
cflTds st{Jo cIf'00f /fv]+Ú -k[=^@_ eGg] OGb|dfofn] ;dfhsf] k/Dk/fut dfGotf tf]8]sL 5 . pm kLtfDa/;Fu ;Fu} a:g
vfh]sL xf] t/ kLtfDa/ k'?if ;QfTds ;+:sf/af6 u|l;t ePsfn] u[x Tofu ug{ afWo eO{ .
#=@= dfS;{jfbL gf/Ljfb / ltg 3'DtL

ltg 3'DtL dfS;{jfbL pkGof; geP klg o; sf]0faf6 klg o;sf] cWoog ug{ ;lsg] j:t'ut cfwf/ 5g\ .
-s_ juL{o ;+/rgf

OGb|dfofsf dfOtLsf] cfly{s x}l;ot dWo ljQLo /x] klg pgLx¿sf] b/af/;Fu 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . lj/f]wL /fhgLlt
ug]{nfO{ 3[0ffsf] cfFvfn] x]g]{ x'gfn] of] kl/jf/ oyfl:yltjfbL /x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿n] OGb|dfofsf] kLtfDa/;Fusf] ;DaGw
c:jLsf/ ug'{sf] d'Vo sf/0f juL{o, hftLo / /fhgLlts /x]sf] 5 . kLtfDa/n] kl/jt{g rfxg] ju{sf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ .
67
dfS;{jfbL efiffdf pm ;fdflhs tyf ;'wf/jfbL kfq xf] . kLtfDa/;Fu ;DaGw tf]8]kl5 OGb|dfof ;LdfGts[t kfq ag]sL
5 . p;sL alxgLn] em}+ oyfl:yltjfbL kl/jf/;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw hf]8\g vf]h]sf eP pm ;dfhsf cfFvfdf efUodfgL
x'g] lyO{ . kfx8lt/sf] afx'g;Fu cfkm" v';L ;DaGw hf]9\g vf]h]sfn] p;sf] ;DaGw dfOtL;Fu 6fl9Psf] xf] . dWod
juL{o kl/jf/df x'ls{Psfn] p;n] k|f/lDes txsf] lzIff cfh{g ug{ kfO{ / u[x Tofu u/]kl5 klg cfˆg} v'6\6fdf pleP/
5f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] lzIff lbg ;sL . pm cfkm"nfO{ abNg] / ul/vfg] kfqsf] k|ltlglw xf] . p;n] kl/jt{gsf] cleofg cfkm}+af6
z'? u/]sL 5 .
-v_ lkt[;QfTds ;f]r

ltg 3'DtL pkGof;sf k'?if;Fu zf;s dfgl;stf 5 . /fhg}lts ;Gbe{df ljb|f]xL b]lvPsf k'?if klg gf/Lsf
;Gbe{df oyfl:yltsf k[i7kf]ifs 5g\ . kLtfDa/ / p;sf ;fyLx¿ ljb|f]xL /fhg}lts kIfsf ;+jfxs x'g\ t/ ltgLx¿df
gf/LnfO{ xg]{ b[li6sf]0f k/Dkl/t ;fdhsf] h:t} 5 . gf/LnfO{ lrofkfg u/fpg] e"ldsfdf v'DRofOPsf] 5 . gf/Lsf] ;Gtfg
pTkfbgsf] clwsf/sf af/]df pgLx¿sf] b[li6sf]0f k/Dkl/t 5 . …ltdL k'?ifx¿nfO{ aflx/sf] sfd /xG5, Jo:t /xG5f}
ltdLx¿Ú -k[=@)_ . 3/df a:g] gf/LnfO{ x'g] lj/lQm nfUbf] z'Go k'?if ju{n] a'em\b}g . k'?if ju{n] 3/df ul/g] sfdnfO{
pTkfbs klg dfGb}g . dflg; zf;s / zfl;t x'gf;fy Tof] ;dfh zf]if0fs]Gb|L /xG5 . OGb|dfofsf] e"ldsf kLtfDa/nfO{
/Tofpg'df ;Lldt ePsfn] pm zf]lift kfq xf] .
k'?ifn] gf/LnfO{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf ¿kdf x]b}{ cfPsf] s'/f pkGof;df :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 . /d]zn] h]naf6 cfpgf;fy
OGb|dfofnO{ …/fd|L ag]/ a:gf];\Ú -k[=##_ eg]sf] / OGb|dfofnfO{ l;Fufg]{ ;fwgdf dg km'sfP/ vr{ u/]sf] x'Fbf p;sf] s'lT;t
:jefj :ki6 x'G5 . OGb|dfof ue{jtL ePkl5 p;sf] Jojxf/df kl/jt{g cfPsfn] p;sf] cj;/jfbL :j¿k :ki6 ePsf]
5 . dfOtdf klg OGb|dfof cfˆgf s'/f cfdf;Fu eGg ;SyL t/ afa';Fu ;St}gyL . kLtfDa/n] bf];|f] ljjfx /fhg}lts
cg'ufldgL;Fu u/] klg u[xsfhdf nufPsf] / b'nfxf l/emfpg' g} p;sf] bfloTj ePsfn] o; pkGof;sf ;a} k'?if kfq
gf/LnfO{ bf;Lsf ¿kdf x]5{g\ eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . dfS;{jfbL gf/LjfbLx¿n] eg]em}+ ;dfhdf juL{o zf]if0f dfq 5}g n}ª\lus
zf]if0f klg eofjx 5 .
#=#= dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds gf/Ljfb / ltg 3'DtL

ltg 3'DtL pkGof; dgf]ljZn]if0fdf s]lGb|t geP klg o;df OGb|dfofsf] Jojxf/nfO{ dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds cfwf/df
x]l/Psf] 5 .
s_ ;'vfg'e"lt
kLtfDa/ afx]s c¿ s;};Fu ;'vL x'g ;lStg eGg] OGb|dfof cflTds ;'v k|flKtsf nflu 3/af6 efu]/ kLtfDa/sf
3/ hfG5] . kLtfDa/ h]n k/]kl5 ;'v k|flKtsf nflu /d]zsf] cfu|xnfO{ :JfLsf/ u5]{ . kLtfDa/;Fusf] ;DaGw tgfjk'0f{
ePkl5 kLtfDa/nfO{ 5f8\5] . OGb|dfof dfgl;s / b}lxs ;'vsf lglDt s7f]/ lg0f{o ug{ ;Ifd gf/L xf] .
-v_ åGå
z/L/ / dgsf] cfGtl/s cfu|xn] OGb|dfof kltaf6 of}g ;'v rfxG5] . kLtfDa/sf] Jojxf/df kfOg] z'istf, x8a8L
/ sfd z}lyNon] ubf{ OGb|dfof cr]t ¿kdf /d]zk|lt cfslif{t ePsL xf] . p;n] kLtfDa/ h]n k/]kl5 PSsfl; /d]z b]vf
kbf{ p;n] …of] sf] < /d]z < sf] < /d]z < sxfFaf6 pbfof] of] b]jtf < -k[=#!_ eg]/ xif{ JoQm u5]{ . /d]zsf] cfudg;Fu}
p;sf] km'lt{ a9\5 . p;sf] Obn] /d]z;Fu of}g ;'v lng vf]h] klg k/fxd\n] c:JfLsf/ u/]sfn] åGådf cNem]sL lyO{ .
/d]zsf] cfu|x / gf/LTjkgsf] hfu/0fsf sf/0fn] ubf{ pm x7 gug]{ lg0f{odf k'U5] / tgfjd'Qm x'G5] . klt / 5f]/LdWo]
68
Pp6f TofUg' kg]{ kl/l:yltdf klg pm åGådf k/]sL 5 . oL b'O{df klt TofUg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 pm tgfj d'Qm eO{ .
-u_ caf}l4s of}gnfO{ dfGotf

/d]z;Fusf] :jLs[lt cr]t caf}l4s of}gnfO{ dfGotf dfq ePsf] 5 . pkGof;df cl:tTjjfbsf] k|of]u;Fu caf}l4s
of}g ldNb}g -/fO{, @)%)M@&@_ . OGbdfofdf ljsf/sf bf]ifx¿ klg 5g\ . ;tLTj cfˆgf] ljifo ePsf] s'/f atfP/ cfˆgf]
uNtLnfO{ ts{nfO{ 5f]Kg vf]Hg] o'QmLs/0fsf] k|of; OGb|dfofn] u/]sL 5 .
-3_ hLjtflTTjs :jefj

…hLjtflTTjs :jefj dfkm{t k|s[ltn] cx|fPsf] sfo{ p;n] :jwd{n] u/L, k|s[ltsf] s'g ;jf]{kl/ nIo 5 To;sL
cg';fl/0fL eO{Ú -/fO{, @)%)M@&$_ . p;n] /d]z;Fusf] ;DaGw ;'vs} lglDt :JfLs[lt lbPsL lyOg . p;n] gf/LTjnfO{
k"0f{tf lbPsL lyO{ . gf/LTjnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] qmddf p;n] x/]s ljxfg kTgLTjnfO{ ?jfPsL 5 . p;n] dfgl;s ¿kdf
cfkm" kLtfDa/sL kTgL /x]sf] atfPsL klg 5 .
-ª_ k'?if cxª\sf/

Kf'?if ;Qfn] OGb|dfofsf] /d]z;Fusf] of}g ;DaGwnfO{ j]Zofj[lQ dfG5 . /d]z;Fu of}g ;DaGw /fVg'k"j{ g}
OGb|dfofnfO{ klg nfU5–…jfrf / sd{0ffn] d j|tdf Ps lgi7 5'Ù s]jn dg;fsf] Pp6f If'b| s'gf dfq w'ldn ePsf]
5Ú -k[=!&_ . kLtfDa/sf] ax' kTgL ;DaGwnfO{ eg] k'?ifflwasf/leqs} cy{df lnOG5 . nsfgsf] dgf]ljZn]if0ffTds
cfnf]rgfn] eG5–s'g} klg kf7 ;aeGbf klxNf] OR5fsf] k|f]lQm xf] -zLt+fz', @))$M^#_= k'?if OR5f g} ;dfh OR5f ePsfn]
OGb|dfof c;tL b]lvPsL xf] .
#=$= cfd"n gf/Ljfb / ltg 3'DtL

ltg 3'DtLsf] d'n k|j[lQ cfd"n gf/LjfbL geP klg Pp6f gf/Ln] k'?if ;Qfsf] k'/ftg 3]/f tf]8]/ aflx/ lgl:sPsf]
pkGof; xf] . k'/ftg b[li6n] x]bf{ of] c/fhs pkGof; g} xf] .
-s_ ;DaGwdf tgfj

Kf'?if :jefj / gf/L :jefj Pp6} x'Fb}g . OGb|dfofnfO{ nfU5–…:qLk'?ifsf] ;DaGw hlt;'s} k|]dsf] k|uf9tfn] g} lsg
afFlwPsf] gxf];\ cf–cfˆgf] ljleGg :jefj / cfjZostfn] ubf{ lg/Gt/ tgfjsf] l:yltdf /xG5–tlGsPsf], sl:;Psf]
l:yltdfÚ -k[=!$_ . k'?ifsf] l9kLnfO{ :jfledfg elgg] / gf/Lsf] l9kLnfO{ x7 elgg] x'Fbf :qLk'?ifsf lar 3lgi6tf /
ldqtf sfod c;Dej 5 .
-v_ cfl>t /xg] kl/l:Yflt lj?4 ;ª\3if{

Gff/L / aRrfx¿ cfl>t /xg] kl/l:yltsf lj?4 OGb|dfofn] 5f]/L af]s]/ u[xTofu u/L . 5f]/LnfO{ k"0f{ dfgj
agfpg ;Stf] k|oTg u/L . kLtfDa/sf 3/df /xFbf OGb|dfof k/fl>t lyO{ . p;n] kLtfDa/sf] Joª\Uo ;xg' k/]sf] lyof] .
kLtfDa/sf 3/af6 lg:s]kl5 pm cfˆg} v'6\6fdf pleO{ . xfd|f] z/L/ xfd|} nflu xf] EfGg] r]t klg OGb|dfofdf ljsl;t
ePsf] 5 . kL8s k'?if kLtfDa/nfO{ p;n] cfkm"eGbf 6f9f /fvL . sf]O/fnfsf] ltg 3'DtLn] ;dfhsf ;f/f 5f8fx¿ /
dgkl/jfbLx¿nfO{ ;}4flGts ;dy{g / k|f]T;fxg lbPsf] 5 -e6\6, @)%%M!&#_ eGg] ;f]r eg] k'?if ;QfTds ;+:sf/af6
km'lTsg g;s]sf ;dLIfsx¿sf] xf] .
69
#=%= cl:tTjjfbL gf/Ljfb / ltg 3'DtL

ltg 3'DtL pkGof;n] ;dfhdf k'?ifsf] h:t} cl:tTj gf/Lsf] klg x'g' k5{ eGg] jsfnt u/]sf] 5 .
-s_ JolQmsf] dxTTjnfO{ :yfg

ltg 3'DtL pkGof;df pkGof;sf/n] h;/L JolQmsf] OR5fsf] cufl8 ;dfhsf] s'/f uf}0f dxTTjsf] xf] eGg] b]vfpg
vf]h]sf 5g\ To;df cl:tTjjfbsf] s'/f :jLsfl/Psf] 5 . ;dfh hlt;'s} zlQmzfnL b]lvP klg To;sf] zlQmsf] ;|f]t
eg]sf] JolQm g} xf] . JolQm ;Defjgfsf] k'~h xf] . pm cfˆgf] k|of;n] cfkm"nfO{ h:tf] klg agfpg ;S5 . o;df ;dfh
OR5f eGbf JolQm OR5f 7'nf] xf] eGg] s'/f snfTds ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 -kf08], @)^@M!$)_ .
-v_ cnu klxrfg

Kf'?if ;QfTds ;dfhsf gf/Ln] cfˆgf] cl:tTj :yflkt ug{sf lgldQ cfˆgf hLjgdf p;n] s]xL ljlzi6 sfdx¿
Gf} ug'{ k5{, cGoyf pm cfd gf/Lem}+ cl:tTjljxLg x'G5] . OGb|dfofåf/f lnOPsf ltgj6f lg0f{ox¿ g} To:tf] ljlzi6 sfo{
aGg k'Uof] h;n] p;sf] cl:TfTjnfO{ cfd gf/Lsf] eGbf k[ys\ / cnUu} lrlgg] lsl;dsf] agfof] -lqkf7L, ;g\ @)!@M##!_ .
cfˆg} sfdsf] km/skgn] cfd dfgj ;d'b|df OGb|dfof ¿kL yf]kfsf] klxrfg x'g ;Sg] eof] . cfd g]kfnL dlxnf cl:tTj
r]to'Qm 5}gg\ t/ OGb|dfofdf Tof] r]t 5 . oxL k[ys\ rl/q g} cl:tTjjfbL gf/Ljfb xf] .
-Uf_ cfTds]lGb|t g}ltstf

dfG5]sf] k|To]s lg0f{o cflTds g}ltstfsf] cleJolQm xf] . dfG5]n] lg0f{o ubf{ /fd|} 7fg]/ u/]sf] x'G5 . g}ltstf
eg]sf] s'/f c¿n] eg]/ k|fKt x'g] s'/f xf]Og . k'?ifsf sf/0fn] ;GtfgxLg x'g kbf{ dft[Tj cf3ft x'G5, lkt[Tj xf]Og .
kLtfDa/df lktf x'g] of]Uotf 5}g t/ OGb|dfofdf dftf x'g] of]Uotf ePsfn] To;n] ;fy{stf kfpg' k5{ eGg] cfTds]lGb|t
lg0f{o p;n] u/L . g]kfnL ;flxTodf dft[Tj clwsf/sf ¿kdf p7fpg] pkGof;sf ¿kdf ltg 3'DtLnfO{ lng] ul/G5 .
k'?ifdf lktf AfGg] of]Uotf gePdf klg g]kfnL gf/Lx¿nfO{ afFemL eg]/ ckdfg ul/G5 . OGb|dfofn] dft[Tjsf] clwsf/sf]
/Iff ub}{ g}ltstf cf–cfˆgf x'G5g\ eGg] Jojxf/df b]vfO{ .
#=^= pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbL gf/Ljfb / ltg 3'DtL

ltg 3'DtL pkGof;df pQ/cfw'lgs ko{j]If0f ;Dej b]lvPsf] 5 .
-s_ hu g} gf/Ljfb
pQ/cfw'lgstf hunfO{ oyfjt\ dfGg tof/ 5}g -uf}td, @)^& M #(^_ . ;fj{nf}lss g}ltstf vl08t ePsf]
cj:yf 5, hfltjfb, wd{jfb, gf/Ljfb, If]lqotfjfb, jftfj/0fjfbn] klg husf] sfd ug{ yfn]sf] cj:yf 5 . k'?if
;Qfsf] Psn tfgf;fxLnfO{ ljlgdf0f{ ub}{ sf]O/fnfsf] n]vg ljb|f]xL ePsf] 5 . clwgfosjfbL lkt[;Qfdf c;xdlt jf
lj/f]w cfw'lgs ljz]iftf xf] / g}/Gto{sf lx;fan] pQ/cfw'lgs ljz]iftf klg xf] -uf}td, @)^&M#(^_ . sf]O/fnfn] gf/L
/ k'?ifnfO{ leGgtfsf cfwf/df lrgfP . …k'?if :jefjn] g} zf;s x'G5 . To;sf] l:ylt g} cf/f]x0fsf] 5, To;n] lg/Gt/
cf¿9 ePsf] kfpg' k5{ cfkm"nfO{ . To; l:yltdf dfq p;sf] ;Ddfg, k|lti7f / k'?ifTj ;'/lIft /x]sf] 5 eGg] pm
;DemG5Ú -k[=!^_ . gf/Lsf] l:ylt pN6f] cfr/0f x'G5 . …xfdLn] t ;dk0f{ ug{ dfq hfg]sf 5f}+–s]jn tn kg{Ú -k[=!^_ .
k'?if zf;s x'G5, gf/L zfl;t eGg] lsl;dsf] lår/ lj/f]wfTds ;gftgtf pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbnfO{ cdfGo x'g] eP
klg of] ;Gbe{ tTsflns k|ltls|ofsf ¿kdf cfPsf] b]lvG5 . OGb|dfof Tolts} nq]/ hfg] kfq geP/ lxDdt, cfF6 /
;fx;n] el/PsL To:tL gf/L kfq xf] h;n] k'?ifsf] 1fgnfO{ r'gf}tL lbG5] . k'?ifsf] zf;sLo Ifdtfdfly k|Zg p7fpFb}
OGb|dfofnfO{ PlSng ;Sg] IfdtfzLn gf/L b]vfP/ pkGof;nfO{ gf/Lx¿ klg 1fgsf pTkfbs x'g ;S5g\ eGg] dfGotf
70
sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ .

-v_ ax'ntf
pQ/cfw'lgs dfGotfdf ax'ntf 5 . cfw'lgstdf k'?if ;Qfsf] afa'÷klt kl/jf/leq Pstf NofpF5g\ . ltg
3'DtLdf OGb|dfof afa'n] s]6f vf]Hg] s'/f c:jLsf/ u5]{ . cfˆg} ?lrsf] s]6f;Fu ljjfx u5]{ . p;n] afa'sf] x}sd tf]8L /
cGthf{tLo ljjfx u/L . ;tLTjsf ljifodf klg p;n] gofF kl/efiff lbO{ . ;tLTj k'?if :jfy{sf] s]Gb|af6 lg;[t dfGotf
xf] eGg] s'/f p;n] Jojxf/df b]vfO{ . p;n] /d]z;Fu k|]d gu/]sf eP pm ;GtfgjtL x'g] lyOg / p;nfO{ ;dfhn] afFemL
eGYof] . OGb|dfofn] dft[TjnfO{ gf/L clwsf/sf ¿kdf a'emL / dft[Tj s'l07t gagfpg] lg0f{o u/L . g]kfnL ;flxTodf
dft[Tj clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf gofF kl/efiff ltg 3'DtLn] lbof] / dft[Tjsf ;DaGwdf k'?if ;QfTds b[lisf]0f EfTsfP/ gofF
b[li6sf]0f :yflkt u¥of] . gf/Ljfbn] vf]Hg] h:t} alni7 gf/L OGb|dfof xf] hf] k'?if ;QfTds PsTjjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{
r'gf}tL lbg ;S5] .
-u_ k|ltcfVoflgs
Gf]kfnsf dxfVofgdWo] Pp6f k'?if ;Qfåf/f lgld{t To:tf] cg'zf;g xf] hxfF afa'n] vf]lhlbPsf] s]6fnfO{ 5f]/Ln]
r'krfk :jLsf/ ug'{ k5{ . g]kfnsf lktfx¿df kf}?if cxª\sf/ kof{Kt 5 . k'?if ;Qf kTgLn] cfkm" afx]s c¿;Fu
gftf ufF;]sf] b]Vg ;'Gg rfxFb}g . gf/Ln] cfkm" afx]s c¿;Fu xfF; 76\6f u/] klg pm s'07fu|:t aG5 . o;df k/Dkl/t
s]Gb|sf] k|ltlglw eP/ kLtfDa/ plePsf] 5 . gf/L k|lts"n kl/l:yltdf k/]sf avt ;xof]u k'¥ofP/ kmfObf p7fpg
vf]Hg] kfqsf ¿kdf /d]z b]lvPsf] 5 . o;df k'?ifsf] ax'kTgL udgnfO{ :jfefljs / k|fs[lts dfGg] clg :qLx¿sf]
dft[TjnfO{ clwsf/sf ¿kdf lng] rfxgfnfO{ c/fhs dfGg] k|rngk|lt k|Zg p7fpFb} ;LdfGt s]Gb|;Fu ;Da4 k|ltcfVofg
v8f ul/Psf] 5 . pk]lIft OGb|dfofsf] gjs]Gb|nfO{ ;fd'Gg] NofOPsf] 5 . gjs]Gb|nfO{ cl3 ;fbf{ ltg 3'DtLn] ;dfhsf
;dfhsf ;f/f 5f8fx¿ / dgkl/jfbx¿nfO{ k"/f ;}4flGts ;dy{g / k|f]T;fxg lbPsf] -e6\6, @)%% M !&#_ cfIf]k k'?if
;Qfn] nufPsf] 5 .
$= lgisif{
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cf}kGofl;s zlQm eg]sf] gf/LnfO{ ;fdflhs dfGotfsf lj?4 :jlg0f{o ug{ nufpg'
/ To;af6 pTkGg kl/0ffd a]xf]g{ ;Ifd gf/Lsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . k'?if ;Qfn] ;b}j gf/Lsf] :jlg0f{onfO{ ;d:of dfGb}
cfPsf] 5 . k'?if ;Qfsf] lglDt ;tLTjd"n ljifo xf] eg] dft[Tj uf}0f ljifo xf] . gf/Lsf nflu dft[Tj dxTTjk"0f{ ljifo
xf] / clwsf/ klg xf] . k'/ftgtfn] gf/Lsf] lxt ub}{g lsgeg] o;n] gf/Lsf] dft[Tjsf] dd{ a'em\b}g . k'/ftgtf k'?if
lgld{t x'gfn] dft[Tjsf kIfdf a]va/ b]lvPsf] xf] . gf/Ln] cfˆgf nflu cfkm}+ ;ª\3if{ ug'{ k5{ . kLtfDa/ h:tf pbf/
/fhgLltsf ljb|f]xL kIfw/ klg gf/Lsf ljifodf k'/fgf] dfGotfs} kIfdf pleG5g\ / OGb|dfofn] dft[Tjsf] clwsf/ /Iffsf
lglDt kltu[x TofUg} kg]{ kl/l:ylt ag]sf] 5 . kltu[xaf6 aflx/ lg:s]kl5 OGb|dfofn] cfˆgf] ljlzi6 klxrfg agfpg
;sL . gf/Lx¿ 1fgsf ljifo dfq xf]Ogg\, 1fg pTkfbs klg x'g\ / k'?if ;QfTds g]kfnL ;dfhdf k'?ifsf] 1fgdfly
x:tIf]k ug{ ;S5g\ . sf]O/fnfsf] cfVofgsfl/tfsf] Pp6 d'Vo kIf of] klg xf] . k'?if lgolGqt PsTjjfbnfO{ v/fgL kfb}{
P]lR5stfjfbsf] :yfkgfdf hf]8 lbg' ltg 3'DtL pkGof;sf] zlQm xf] . k'?if;Fu nq]/ ghfg] lxDdltnf gf/Lsf] l;h{gf
u/]sfn] sf]O/fnfsf pkGof; gf/LjfbL sf]0faf6 dxTTjk"0f{ b]lvPsf 5g\ .
;Gbe{ ;"rL
clwsf/L, OGb|ljnf; -@)^!_= klZrdL ;flxTo l;4fGt= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
71
cfrfo{, g/xl/ -@)%%_= kl/zLng= ;Dkf= km0fLGb| g]kfn= nlntk'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
pk|]tL, ;~hLj -@)^*_= l;4fGtsf s'/f= sf7df8f}+ M cIf/ ls|o;G; g]kfn .
uf}td, s[i0f -@)^&_= pQ/cfw'lgs ;+jfb= sf7df8f}+ M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G; .
tfdfª, ;]/f -;g\ @))%_= …g]kfndf ljsf;] gf/LjfbÚ, g]kfnsf] :fGbe{Dff ;dfhzf:qLo lrGtg= k'gd'b|0f, ;Dkf= d]/L
8]zg / k|To'if jGt, nlntk'/ M ;f];n ;fOG; axfM k[= %%*–%&$_ .
lqkf7L, ;'wf -@)^$÷^%_= …gf/LjfbL lrGtgsf b[li6n] ltg 3'DtL pkGof;Ú, s'l~hgL= jif{ !%= cª\s !@ = k[=#(–$! .
———— -@)^*_= g]kfnL pkGof;df gf/Ljfb= sf7df8f}+ M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G; .
———— -;g\ @)!@_= gf/LjfbL ;f}Gbo{ lrGtg= sf7df8f}+ M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];G; .
Yffkf, d~h'>L -;g\ @))%_= …pQ/cfw'lgstfÚ, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfhzf:qLo lrGtg = k'gd'b|0f = ;Dkf= d]/L 8]zg /
k|To'if jGt= nlntk'/ M ;f];n ;fOG; axfM k[= %%*–%&$_ .
Kff08], 1fg' -@)^@_= ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf pkGof;df cl:tTjjfb= sf7df8f}+ M g]kfnL cfVofg ;dfh .
Aff]pjf/, l;df]g b -;g\ !(*(_= :qL M pk]lIftf= cg'= k|ef v]tfg= lbNnL M lxGb kfs]6 a'S; k|f= ln= .
Ef6\6, uf]ljGb -@)%%_= uf]ljGb e6\6sf ;dfnf]rgf= ;Dkf= /ljnfn clwsf/L= sf7df8f}+ M au/ kmfpG8];g g]kfn .
zLtf+z', zlze"if0f kf08]o -;g\ @))$_= dgf]j}1flgs cf}/ ldysLo ;dfnf]rgf= hok'/ Pj+ lbNnLM g];gn klAnl;+u
xfp; .
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72
kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf d"n k|j[lTt

lji0f' k|;fb kf}8]n
;f/– k|:t't n]v hxfF hGd] klg kf]v/f pkTosfnfO{ sd{e"ld agfP/ a;]sf g]kfnL pkGof; ;h{ssf
cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿df s]lGb|t 5 . kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgsf] vf; yfngL @)!! ;fnsf] …sf] c5't <’
pkGof;af6 ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 @)^* ;fn;Dd k|sflzt @# hgf pkGof;sf/sf hDdf #& j6f
pkGof;x¿sf] k|j[lTtk/s ljZn]if0f u/]/ lgisif{sf ¿kdf kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf d'Vo pknlAw /
efjL r'gf}tLsf] ;ª\s]t o; cg';GwfgfTds n]vdf klxnf] k6s ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{ cfw'lgs
o'u r]tgf;Fu} a9L km:6fpg] pkGof; /rgfn] kf]v/fdf klg @)!! ;fn k|j]z u/L ^ bzs;Dddf
s|dzM ;'wf/jfbL b[li6sf]0f, z[ª\ufl/stf, /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]t, k|of]uzLntf, j}rfl/stf h:tf ljleGg
k|j[lTtx¿sf] ljsf; u/L s|dzM u'0ffTds km8\sf] dfb{} cfPsf] t kfOG5 t/ o:tf] l:ylt ;Lldt kf]v/]nL
pkGof;sf/sf pkGof;df dfq} 5 . w]/}df b[li6sf]0fsf] Jofkstf, snfk|ltsf] lgi7f, P]ltxfl;s r]t ;lxtsf] yk
df}lnstf, ;d;fdlostf, :yfgLotf, sygsf] ;3gtf, ;flxlTostf / ;+/rgfTds ;f}i7j h:tf s'/fsf]
cefj g} /x]sf] 5 .
d'Vo zAb– kf]v/]nL pkGof;, ;'wf/jfbL, z[ª\ufl/s, /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]t, k|of]uzLn, j}rfl/s /
gf/LjfbL r]t .
!= k[i7e"ld
efiffsf dfWodaf6 k|s6 ul/g] dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf] snfTds ¿knfO{ ;flxTo elgG5 . dfgjLo ;+j]bgf ;dfh
/ o'u ;fk]If lgld{t x'G5 . o;nfO{ ;flxTodf ub\o / kb\o efiffdf k|:t't ul/G5 . kb\odf sljtf ljwf k|s6 x'G5 eg]
ub\odf gf6s, lgaGw / cfVofg ljwf k|s6 x'G5g\ . cfVofgs} Pp6f ¿k syf xf] eg] csf]{ ¿k pkGof; xf] . b'a}df
36gf k|;ª\ux¿sf] Joj:yfkg dfkm{t ;dfh / hLjgsf ljljw ¿knfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 . syfsf ck]Iff pkGof;
lj:t[t x'g] x'Fbf o;df ;dfh / hLjgsf ljljwtfnfO{ s]xL lj:tf/df ;d]6\g] sfd ul/G5 . ;dfh / hLjg;Fu k|ToIf
;DalGwt x'g], To;sf ljljw cfofd k|:t't ug]{, ;flxTosf cGo ljwfsf ck]Iff nlrnf] ;+/rgf lng] jf cGo ljwfsf
sltko ;+/rgfTds j}lzi6\onfO{ klg s]xLxb;Dd ;+Zn]if0f ug{ ;Sg], l;h{gfTds k|of]uzLntf a9L k|bz{g ug{ kfOg],
cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] j}rfl/s :yfkgfsf nflu klg cg's"n alg lbg], ;/n, :j:y dgf]/~hs / ;flxlTos ;/;tf ;d]t
o;n] lbg] x'Fbf jt{dfg o'udf of] n]vs tyf kf7s lar a9L nf]slk|o aGb} uPsf] 5 .
cfw'lgs o'u r]tgf;“u} a9L km:6fpg yfn]sf] pkGof; ljZj ;flxTodf g} Ps dxTTjk"0f{ /rgf k|sf/sf ¿kdf
b]lv“b} cfPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs ultzLntf;“u ;dflxt eP/ k|s6 x'g', hLjgut hl6ntfsf] lg¿k0faf6 ljd'v gx'g',
ljz]iftM ;dsfnLg hg hLjgsf] hLjGt cfn]v k|:t't ug{', gj gj lzNk k|of]udf /dfpg', j}rfl/s b[li6 ;~rf/ ug{'
h:tf s'/f o;sf pNn]vgLo ljz]iftf aGb} cfPsf 5g\ . oL s'/f kf]v/]nL sltko pkGof;sf/x¿df klg 68\sf/f eP/
b]lvPsf 5g\ . kf]v/fnfO{ snf, ;flxTo / ;+:s[ltsf] /fhwfgL dfGg] ;f]rnfO{ kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgn] klg ;3fp“b}
cfPsf] 5 .
kf]v/]nL ;flxTosf/nfO{ sljtfkl5 pkGof; n]vgn] g} dbg k'/:sf/ lbnfPsf] lyof] . To;}n] of] cg';Gwfg
kf]v/]nL pkGof;x¿sf d"n k|j[lTtx?sf] ;j{ k|yd cGj]if0f u/]/ Totftkm{sf] ;fg} eP klg Pp6f uxlsnf] sfo{sf
¿kdf k|s6 x'g vf]h]sf] 5 . o; zf]w cg';f/ kf]v/fdf @)^* ;fn;Dddf kf]v/]nL @# hgf pkGof;sf/x¿sf #& j6f
pkGof;x¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . tL pkGof;sf/dWo] sltko /fli6«o k|ltefs} ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
o; cg';Gwfgsf] d"n ;d:of kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf d"n k|jlTtx¿sf] lg¿k0f ug{' /x]sf] 5 . o; s|ddf d'VotM
73
;'?b]lv @)^* ;fn;Dd k|sflzt kf]v/]nL pkGof;x¿df of] cg';Gwfg s]lGb|t 5 . t;y{
s_ kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgsf] cf/De / ljsf; s] s;/L eof] < jf ;'?b]lv @)^* ;fn;Ddsf kf]v/]nL
pkGof;sf/ sf] sf] x'g\ / ltgsf pkGof; /rgfx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
v_ kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf ljifo / lzNk ;+Zn]if0fdf s] s:tf cfwf/e"t k|j[lTtx¿ kfOG5g\ < eGg] s'/f o;
zf]wsf vf; ;d:of ag]sf 5g\ .
oL ;d:ofx¿sf] j:t'ut ljZn]if0f u/L kf]v/]nL pkGof;x¿sf] d"ne"t k|j[lTt lgSof{}n ug{' o; zf]wsf] d"n
pb\b]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
o; zf]wsf] If]q kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf/sf pkGof; /rgfx¿ eP klg o:tf pkGof;x¿ @)^* ;fn;Dddf ltg
bh{geGbf a9L b]lvPsfn] ;do, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf cfwf/df oxf“ tL pkGof;x¿sf] ;du|df k|j[lTtk/s cWoog dfq} ug{]
cGo sf]0fsf] rrf{ gug{] egL ;Ldfª\sg ul/Psf] 5 .
kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ hxfF hGd] klg kf]v/f pkTosfnfO{ sd{e"ld agfP/ g]kfnL efiffdf pkGof;
n]Vg] ;a} pkGof; ;h{snfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . kf]v/fdf hGd]x's{] klg sd{e"ld cGoq agfPsfx¿nfO{ eg] lnOPsf] 5}g .
k|:t't zf]w d'VotM kf]v/]nL pkGof;x¿sf] j:t'ut ljZn]if0f u/L ltgsf k|d'v k|j[lTt lgwf{/0fdf s]lGb|t /xg]
x'“bf d'VotM cfudgfTds (Indictive) zf]wljlwdf cfwfl/t 5 . k|j[lTtsf] cWoogsf s|ddf pkGof;x¿sf] ljifo, sYo
/ lzNknfO{ cg'zLng u/L ltgsf cnu cnu k|j[lTtx¿ lgSof{}n ug{] sfd klg ePsf] 5 . o;df ;fdu|L ;ª\sng eg]
k':tsfno ljlwaf6 ul/Psf] 5 .
@= kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgsf] yfngL / ljsf;

g]kfnL ;flxTodf pkGof; n]vgsf] yfngL ePsf] klg Ps zts lalt ;s]sf] 5 . o; s|ddf o; ljwfdf
hf;';L, ltn:dL / P]of/L k|j[lTtn] el/Psf] cfb\e"ltstf jf /x:ojfb -…jL/ rl/q’ !(^)_, cfbz{jfb -…¿kdtL’ !((!_,
:jR5Gbtfjfb -…e|d/’ !((#_, ;fdflhs oyfy{jfb -…d'n's aflx/’ @))$_, P]ltxfl;s oyfy{jfb -…j;GtL’ @))^_,
cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfb -…d~h/L’ n]vg @))* k|sfzg @)!^, …sf] c5't’ @)!! / …:Jff:gLdfG5]’ @)!!_ dgf]j}1flgs
tyf k|s[tjfb -…kNnf] 3/sf] ‰ofn’ @)!^_, k|ultjfb -…cfzfdfof’ @)@%_, lj;ª\ultjfb -…cfh /ldtf 5’ @)@!_,
cl:tTjjfb -…cfh /ldtf 5’ @)@!, …lzl/ifsf] k'mn’ @)@@_, pTt/ cfw'lgstfjfb÷ljlgdf{0fjfb -…clUgbQ±clUgbQ’_
h:tf ljleGGf wf/f / ltgsf ljljw k|j[lTtx¿ yfngL / ljsf; x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; ;dodf b]zsf ljleGg efuaf6
o;sf] u'0ffTds ;d[l4sf nflu cg]sg l;h{gfTds k|oTg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vg klg ;f]xL z[ª\vnfsf]
Pp6f dxTTjk"0f{ s8L ag]sf] 5 .
Kff]v/fdf @))& ;fnk"j{ g} kf]v/]nL uf]kLgfy pkfWofo -hGd !())lt/ – d[To' c1ft_, >Ls[i0f ;'j]bL -!(#!–
@))#_, sfnLbf; k/fh'nL -!(#^–@))&_, b]jL/fd kf}8]n -hGd !(#& – d[To' c1ft_, /Tgdfg pbf; -!($)–@))&_,
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn -!($!–@)@@_, s[i0f axfb'/ pbf; -!(%)–_, ljZjgfy kf}8]n -hGd !(%)– jdf{df d[To', ldlt c1ft_,
wg zdz]/ ha/f -!(%#–@)$$_, s]zj gfy kf}8]n -!(%$–@))$_, s?0ff lglw sf]O/fnf -!(^$–@)$^_, b]jfgGb
:jfdL -!(&)–@)#@_, a'l4 ;fu/ k/fh'nL h:tf ljleGg ;|i6fx¿n] snd rnfP/ sljtf, gf6s / lgaGw ljwfsf]
yfngL u/L To;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] sfd ;d]t eO ;s]sf] b]lvG5 t/ cfVofgsf] eg] yfngL g} x'g ;s]sf] b]lvGg .
cfVofgsf] yfngL @))& ;fnaf6 dfq} ePsf] b]lvG5 . x'g t @))& ;fnk"j{s} a'l4 ;fu/ k/fh'nLsf] …:j:yfgL j|tsyf’
o; ;Gbe{df :d/0fLo ag]sf] 5 t/ Tof] df}lns cfVofgsf ¿kdf b]lvGg . kf]v/fdf df}lns pkGof; n]vgsf] yfngL
ug{] sfd d'lStgfy zdf{ -!(&!–@)$^_ n] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5 eg] o; ljwfdf snd rnfpg] kf]v/]nL cfVofg
jf pkGof;sf/x¿ w]/} g} b]lvPsf 5g\ . xfn;Dd pkGof;sf If]qdf snd rnfpg] b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L pkGof;sf/ /
ltgsf ltg bh{geGbf a9L pkGof; e]l6G5g\ . ltgnfO{ qmdzM tn k|:t't ul/G5—
74
s|=;= pkGof;sf/ cf}kGofl;s s[lt

!= d'lStgfy zdf{ dft[Tj / wd{ k':ts -@))&_ / sf] c5't < -@)!!_,
@= e'jg]Zj/ sf]O/fnf j}s'07sf] dxn -@)!#_ / ;To ;Gb]z ljwjf hLjg -@)!#_,
#= d's'Gb z/0f pkfWofo j/bfg -@)!=_
$= tLy{ hª\unL hLjg Ps /ft -@)#$_ / dfgjtf -@)#%_,
%= jb|L ljgf]b k|tLs :jLsf/ -@)#$_ / em/]sf] kft -@)$^_,
^= e"klt 9sfn sdn :jb]l;Psf hf]8L -@)#&_,
&= ;'j0f{ sf]O/fnf zf/bf -@)#(_,
*= O{Zj/ kb{]zL laxfgL / ;fFem -@)$$_,
(= ef:s/ xfF8Lsf slgsf -@)$$_, aGbL hLjg -@)$^_, cd/ a:tL -@)%#_, crDdsf] km};nf
-@)%^_ / ;dk{0f -@)%&_,
!)= ;?eSt Ps cljgsf] cfTdsyf -@)$$_, kfun a:tL -@)$*_, t?gL v]tL -@)%#_, ;do
qf;bL -@)%*_, r'nL -@)^)_ / cFWof/f] sf]7f -@)^)_
!!= h; axfb'/ u'?ª e'nsf] lhGbuL -@)$%_,
!@= s[i0f pbf;L k/ljGbf -@)$&_,
!#= 3gZofd 9sfn ufpFleq -@)$&_ / /ftf] cfsfz -@)^)_,
!$= k|df]b d'NdL Tof] gla;{g] /ft -@)%)_,
!%= ;?ljGb lj;ª\ut a:tLx¿ -@)%!_,
!^= xl/s[i0f j~hf/f hLjg hut -@)%@_,
!&= k|tLIff afuL bf];|f] hLjg -@)%@_,
!*= If]q axfb'/ s'Fj/ ;+of]u egf}F jf efUo -@)%(_,
!(= e"ld/fh a:tfsf]6L kl/l:ylt -@)%(_ / lgdf{]rg -@)^*_
@)= ;'s'd zdf{ ;ª\3if{zLn o'jfsf] 8fo/L -@)%&_
@!= g]kfn k|sfz clwsf/L u0ftGqsf] uh{g -@)^$_
@@= /jLGb| dfsfh" ;'dg -@)^&_
@#= bLks k/fh'nL /fHosf] cGTo xf];\ -@)^*_
oL afx]s bLk]Gb| kf}8]n -cf:yfsf] laGb'_, emk6 axfb'/ u'?ª\ -n's]sf] Joyf_, ;'/]Gb| yfkf du/ -k|]df]kxf/_, afn
d's'Gb t'nfrg, OGb|/fgf k|tLs cflbn] klg pkGof;df snd rnfPsf] a'lemG5 . pko{'St pkGof;sf/x¿nfO{ k/Dkl/t
cf}kGofl;s wf/f cg';f/ x]g{] xf] eg] d'lStgfy zdf{ / e"klt 9sfnnfO{ cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbL, d's'Gb z/0f
pkfWofo / k|df]b d'NdLnfO{ cfbz{jfbL, tLy{ hª\unL / jb|L ljgf]b k|tLsnfO{ :jR5GbtfjfbL, ef:s/ / 3gZofd
9sfnnfO{ k|ultjfbL, ;?eSt / e"ld/fh a:tfsf]6LnfO{ k|of]ujfbL clg /jLGb| dfsfh" / bLks k/fh'nLx¿nfO{ j}rfl/s
pkGof;sf/sf ¿kdf k|:tt' ug{ ;lsG5 . oL afx]s e'jg]Zj/ sf]O/fnf cfnf]rgfTds oyfy{jfbsf] lgs6, O{Zj/ kb{]zL,
h; axfb'/ u'?ª / s[i0f pbf;L :jR5GbtfjfbL cfbz{jfbLsf lgs6 clg ;?ljGb / k|tLIff jfuL k|of]uzLntftkm{ pGd'v
kfOG5g\ . o:t} e"ld/fh a:tfsf]6LnfO{ ljlgdf{0fjfbL pkGof;sf/sf ¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 . o:tf w]/} pkGof;sf/df
;}4flGtsr]tsf] Tolt :ki6tf kfOFb}g eg] s]xLdf ljljw jfbsf] cGt/ ld>0fsf] k|j[lTt klg b]lvG5 . o:t} s'g}
pkGof;sf/ -h:t} ;?eSt_ n] cfk\mgf km/s km/s pkGof;df leGg leGg jfbsf] pkof]u u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . To;}n]
o:tf] ljljwtfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;lhnf] xf];\ egL k|d'vtfsf cfwf/df o;kl5sf] zLif{sdf ltgsf k|j[lTtx¿sf] ljZn]if0f
ul/Psf] 5 .
75
#= d"n k|j[lTt
kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vg @))& ;fndf cf/De ePkl5 @)^* ;fn;Dd cfO k'Ubf b'O{ bh{g n]vsn] ltg
bh{geGbf a9L pkGof; n]v]sf] kfOG5 . ltgnfO{ d"n k|j[lTtsf cfwf/df tn qmdzM rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
#=! ;'wf/jfbL b[li6sf]0f

;flxTosf ;a}h;f] ljwfdf ljrf/sf] s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf cleJolSt x'G5 . pkGof; klg o;af6 c5'tf] /xg
;Sb}g . kf]v/]nL ;a} pkGof;df o;sf] w]/}yf]/} k|of]u kfOG5 t/ s]xL pkGof;df o;sf] k|of]u k|ToIf 5 . o:tf pkGof;df
cfw'lgs cf}kGofl;s ;+/rgfsf] snfTdstf uf}0f / j}rfl/stfsf] k|:t'lt k|d'v eP/ k|s6 ePsf] kfOG5 . clg o:tf]
j}rfl/stfn] k/Dkl/t ;fdflhs c;ª\ultsf] ;'wf/ ug{ vf]h]sf] klg b]lvG5 . o:tf pkGof;sf/df d'VotM d'lStgfy
zdf{ kb{5g\ eg] e'jg]Zj/ sf]O/fnf -!(*#_ / d's'Gb z/0fnfO{ klg o;}df /fVg ;lsG5 .
zdf{sf] @))& ;fndf k|sflzt …dft[Tj / wd{k':tsÚ df dft[Tj / g]kfnL wd{k':ts gfds b'O{ cnu cnu
ljrf/k/s cfVofg ;ª\u|x ul/Psf] 5 . n]vss} JolSt hLjgsf] 36gf;Fu ;Da4 -ltdl;gf, @)$!M(_ dft[Tjdf afnsGof
/dfnfO{ wgsf] nf]en] j[4 k'?if;Fu ljx] ul/lbg', pm PSsfO; jif{d} ljwjf aGg', kl5 p;n] wd{zf:qsf k|sf08 ljåfg\ s[i0f
k|;fbsf] ue{ af]Sg', ue{ k\mofSg elgP klg dft[Tjsf] k|an /x/n] ubf{ ;dfhaf6 lt/is[t ag]/ klg p;n] h]nd} aRrf
hGdfpg' h:tf ljifo k|;ª\u k|:t't u/]/ afn ljjfx / cgd]n ljjfxsf] lj/f]w clg ljwjf ljjfxsf] :jLs[ltsf] ck]Iff
ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} :jf:gL dbf{{ nf]Ug]n] csL{ :jf:gL Nofpg eP :jf:gLn] klg csf]{ nf]Ug] /f]Hg] 5'6 kfpg' k5{ eGg] h:tf
gf/L ;dfgtfsf k|an ts{x¿ klg oxfF p7fOPsf 5g\ .
…g]kfnL wd{k':tsÚdf eujfg\ zª\s/sf] ;efkltTjdf Ps ;ef cfof]hgf u/L dg', s[i0f, Jof;, k/f;/x¿nfO{
wd{sf kIfdf / 6fN;6fo / dfS;{nfO{ ;dfh ;'wf/sf kIfdf af]Ng nufOPsf] 5 . o:t} dfsf{]gL, Uoflnlnof], Go'6g h:tf
j}1flgsx¿sf] ts{ klg cfPsf 5g\ . cGTodf ;efkltn] ;dfh ;'wf/ / j}1flgssf kIfdf cfk\mgf] cledt lbP/ s[ltsf]
cltsfNklgs ljifo 6'ª\UofOPsf] 5 . o;af6 wd{sf gfddf ePsf ljs[lt gª\UofpFb} j}1flgs ef}ltsjfbL j}rfl/stf
k|;f/ ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . oL b'a} /rgf ljrf/ k|ltkfbgsf b[li6n] dxTTjsf /x] klg pkGof; eg] aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\
-k|wfg, @)$(M*$_ . n]vsn] lognfO{ oyfy{jfbL qmflGtsf/L ;fdflhs syfsf ¿kdf lnP klg oL cfw'lgs syf eGg
;'xfpFg] klg b]lvGgg\ . j:t'tM oL :jtGq j}rfl/s n]vgsf] a9L glhs b]lvG5g\ . o;f] eP klg logdf cfVofg ;"qsf]
pkof]u klg b]lvFbf kf]v/]nL cfVofg n]vg cf/Desf b[li6n] eg] logsf] dxTTj gsfg{ ;lsGg . log} /rgfsf] k[i7e"lddf
d'lStgfyn] wfld{s tyf g}lts ¿kaf6 leqleq} vf]ls|Fb} uPsf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ljifo t'NofO{ @)!! ;fndf
…sf] c5't <Ú gfds ;'wf/jfbL pkGof; k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . o;df sfdL, bd}, ;fsL{ h:tf hfltnfO{ c5't 7fg]/ 3[0ff
ug{], gf/LnfO{ k'?if ;/x clwsf/ lbg grfxg], 3f]/ k/Dk/fjfbL t/ leqleq} cfk\mgL efG;] afx'gL :ofgLnfO{ hah{:tL
ule{0fL t'Nofpg] clg p;nfO{ snsTtf nuL k};fsf] nf]e b]vfP/ bd}F;Fu 6fF;f] nufpg] b]j]Gb|, lj1fgdf :gfts tx;Dd
cWoog u/]sf] eP klg afa' h:t} 3f]/ k/Dk/fjfbL b]j]Gb|sf] 5f]/f] vu]Gb| / ;De|fGt kl/jf/df hGd] x's{]/ vu]Gb|sL kTgL
ag]sL eP klg ;De|fGt ju{sf] gf/L zf]if0f / cGo cGofo cTofrf/sf] eG8fkmf]/ ug]{, ;fdflhs ljs[lt lj;ª\ultnfO{
lgw{Ss gª\Uofpg], k/Dkl/t unt d"No dfGotfnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ¿kdf ljb|f]x ug{ vf]Hg], ;dtfjfbL dfofsf] rl/qnfO{
ljz]if dxTTjsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;} s|ddf a|fDx0f kl/jf/sL ljwjf OlGb/f kl5 OGb'/f bldgL ag]sf] syf,
p;;Fu dfofsf] afa' / ;;'/fn] u/]sf] of}g ;DaGwsf sf/0f hlGdPsf ph]nL / uf]/]sf] hGd syf, 3/flgofF ;['ldqfn]
cfk\mgf] xnL uug] ;fsL{;Fu cj}w ;DaGw ufF;L hGdfPsf] ;Gtfg kl08t /ljnfn bjf8L / p;sf] k|sf08 ljåTtfsf]
syf, b'?rf kf]l8gL;Fu ;Ns]sf] t'n;L nfnsf] syf, /fddfof sldgLsf] lha|f] r':g em'TtL v]Ng] /fds[i0f, l87\7f Zofd
axfb'/ e08f/L, d'lvof g/ axfb'/ u'?ª\sf] syf, bfgjL/ cfk\mg} alxgL;Fu ;lNsP/ hlGdPsf] /tgsf] syf, u'?Ho"n]
cfk\mg} efph"af6 hGdfPsf] 6Lsf/fd h};L cflbsf] syf v'Nb} cfPsf 5g\ . ltgn] ;dfhsf g}lts jf 5't egfpFbf
dflg;x¿sf] rl/qnfO{ /fd|};Fu gª\UofPsf 5g\ . dfofn] cfk\mgf afa', ;;'/f] / nf]Ug]sf] /x:odo b'Zrl/q klxNofpFb}
76
uPkl5 ;a}nfO{ r/d 3[0ff u/]sL 5 . nf]Ug]n] dfkm dfu] klg dfkmL glbO{ nf]Ug] g} Tofu]/ cnu} a;]sL 5 . otf /fi6«df
g]kfn blnt ls;fg dhb'/sf] ;/sf/ u7g eP/ uug] ;fsL{ u[xdGqL ag]sf], To;kl5 hfltk|yf eª\u ul/Psf] / a8f
xflsd vu]Gb|sf 7fpFdf ;]t] ;'gf/ lgo'St ePsf] k|;ª\u k|s6 x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . tL ;a} s'/f yfxf kfP/ vu]Gb|n] cfTdxTof
u/]kl5 pkGof; 6'ª\luPsf] 5 .
o;/L ;dfhdf 5't 7flgPsfx¿ c5'tsf / c5't 7flgPsfx¿ 5'ts} ;Gtfg ePsf] jf:tljstf jf j0f{
zª\s/sf] l:ylt, ;fdflhs g}ltstf vf]s|f] aGb} uPsf] cj:yf, ;De|fGt kl/jf/df b]lvPsf] r/d of}g cg}ltstf /
cdfgjLotfsf] k|ltls|of :j¿k hghfltx¿df cfPsf] hfu/0fsf] nx/, gf/Lx¿df pTkGg ePsf] ljb|f]x r]t / cGttM
pgLx¿s} ljhosf] l:ylt h:tf s'/f b]vfP/ pkGof;n] ;fdflhs s|flGtnfO{ d'vl/t ug{ vf]h]sf] kfOG5 . pkGof;df
b]lvg] s]xL k|;ª\u -blnt ls;fg dhb'/sf] ;/sf/ u7g, ;'ldqfsf] xnL uug] ;fsL{ u[xdGqL / ;]t] ;'gf/ a8f xflsd
ag]sf h:tf s'/f_ :jfefljstfsf b[li6n] Tolt ;xh ag]sf 5}gg\ . cf}kGofl;s ;ª\u7gsf] ;Gt'ng / lzNk kl/isf/df
klg w]/} g} sdL sdhf]/L b]lvG5g\ tfklg tTsfnLg ;dfhdf 68\sf/f] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5'jf5'tsf] efjgf, ;fdfGo x'g]
vfg]n] ljkGg ju{k|lt b]vfpg] r/d 3[0ff, ;DkGg ju{sf] vf]s|f] of}g g}ltstf, gf/L zf]if0fsf ljljw ¿k h:tf k/Dkl/t
;fdGtL ;dfhsf s';+:sf/nfO{ o;n] j}1flgs tsf{l>t j}rfl/stfsf ;fy lgld6\ofGg kfg{] h'g qmflGtsf/L r]tgf
;~rf/ u/]sf] 5 Tof] kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf ;Gbe{df dfq} geO{ l;ª\uf] g]kfnL pkGof;sf] ;Gbe{df klg pNn]vgLo ag]/
/x]sf] 5 lsgeg] oxL ;fn k|sflzt x[bo rGb| l;+x k|wfgsf] ax' rlr{t pkGof; …:jf:gLdfG5]’sf] ljb|f]x r]t jf To;df
/x]sf k/Dkl/t 3]/fdf a:g grfxg] d}ofgfgL / j;GtLsf] ljb|f]xL rl/q eGbf cfk\mgf] afa', ;;'/f] / nf]Ug]sf] b'Zrl/q
gª\UofP/ ;dfhdf b]vfpg] clg ltgnfO{ 5f8]/ cnUu} a:g] …sf] c5't <Ú sL dfofsf] rl/q cem ;'b[9 j}rfl/s r]t
;lxtsf] jf s|flGtsf/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
zdf{sf] csf{] s[lt …ukmÚdf klg ljb]zL ;xof]usf] b'?kof]u, k|zf;g, cbfnt, dfn / ;]gfsf pRrkb:y
sd{rf/L / k|f]km];/x¿n] ug{] u/]sf] e|i6frf/sf af/]df ukm ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} …lxGb" ;+:s[[lt / cfw'lgstfÚ df lxGb"
;+:s[ltsf] cj}1flgstf dfly k|xf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df n]vs :ki6tM dfS;{jfbL j}rfl/stfsf] lgs6 aGb} k|s6 ePsf
5g\ . oL b'a} n]vssf :jtGq ljrf/k/s s[lt x'g\ . s]xLn] e|djz lognfO{ klg pkGof;s} ¿kdf rrf{ u/]sf] kfOG5
t/ oL pkGof; rflxF xf]Ogg\ .
of] ;a} rrf{sf] lgrf]8df s] eGGf ;lsG5 eg] d'lStgfy zdf{ clxn];Ddsf] zf]wvf]h cg';f/ kf]v/]nL k|yd
pkGof;sf/ x'g\ . logsf] Psdfq dxTTjk"0f{ pkGof; ‘sf] c5't <’ xf] . o;sf] d"n k|j[lTt ;'wf/jfbL j}rfl/stf xf] .
of] cWofTdjfbsf] ljk/Lt j}1flgs ef}ltsjfbL r]tgfl>t ag]/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 / To;sf dfWodn] pkGof;df k/Dkl/t
cWofTd r]tgfl>t ;fdGtL g]kfnL ;dfhsf 5'jf5't, gf/L zf]if0f h:tf ljljw c;ª\ultk|lt ;zSt ;'wf/ jf ljb|f]x
r]tsf] ;~rf/ ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] o:tf] ;'wf/jfbL /rgfTds ljb|f]x g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fs} ;Gbe{df klg pNn]vgLo
ag]/ /x]sf] 5 .
o; k|j[lTtsf csf{ pkGof;sf/ e'jg]Zj/ sf]O/fnfsf] …j}s'07 dxnÚ df cfk\mgf] dft[e"ld g]kfnnfO{ g} j}s'07
dxn agfpg] pb\b]Zon] cg]sg c:jfefljs sNkgf a'lgPsf] 5 . o;sf] rl/q ljwfgdf …¿kdtLÚ pkGof;sf] k|ToIf
k|efj -ljz]iftM¿kdtLsf /ljnfn / a/fn k'qLsf] 5fk tld/ / rgdtLdf_ kfOG5 . o;df b]lvg] cltsfNklgstf,
cfbz{jfb / kb\o efiffsf] k|of]un] o;nfO{ dfWolds sfnLg ub\ofVofgsf] lgs6 t'NofPsf] 5 . sf]O/fnfsf] csf{]
pkGof; ‘;To ;Gb]z / ljwjf hLjg’ df klg cfw'lgs pkGof; n]vgsf] ljwfut ;r]ttf gb]lvP klg k|z:t ljwjf
kfq -lszf]/L, rsf]/L, ;'zLnf, d]lbgL cflb_ k|of]u u/]/ pgLx¿sf] Joyfdo syf dfkm{t ljwjf ljjfxsf] :jLs[lt lbOPsf]
5 . o;sf] :jLs[lt d'lStgfysf] h:tf] j}1flgs r]tgfdf cfwfl/t geO{ cWofTd r]tgfd} cfwfl/t b]lvG5 . o;sf]
dxTTjk"0f{ k'?if rl/q e"b]j klg cWofTdk|lt cf:yfzLn 5 . To;}n] sf]O/fnfsf] ;'wf/jfbL j}rfl/stf cWofTd bz{gsf]
cfnf]sdf lgld{t b]lvG5 . o:t} cfWoflTds cfbz{sf] j}rfl/stfaf6 d's'Gb z/0f pkfWofon] ‘j/bfg’ pkGof; n]v]sf]
kfOG5 . o;df s]nfbLsf clx+;fjfbL j}i0fj dxf/fh eujt z/0f b]jfrfo{nfO{ z}jdfuL{ df+;fxf/Lx¿n] k|z:t b'Mv lbP
77
klg kl5 ltgnfO{ k|zf;g / ;dfhn] bl08t ug{ vf]Hbf pgn] pN6} zq'nfO{ ceosf] j/bfg lbPsf] pbf/tfsf] syf ljifo
j:t'sf ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 pkGof;df unt JolStnfO{ b'Mvsf lglDt b08 xf]Og x[bo kl/jt{g u/fpg'
k5{ eGg] …¿kdtLÚsf] h:t} ;'wf/jfbL cfbz{ :yfkgf ug{ vf]lhPsf] a'lemG5 . cf}kGofl;s snfsf b[li6n] eg] sf]O/fnf
/ pkfWofosf pkGof; pNn]vgLo aGg ;s]sf b]lvGgg\ .
#=@ z[ª\ufl/stf
x'g t ;a}h;f] pkGof;df s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf z[ª\ufl/s k|]dsyf /xG5 g} t/ sltko pkGof;df cGo kIfnfO{
sd dxTTj lbO{ o'jf o'jtLsf] efj's k|]dnfO{ dfq} k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 . ljz]if u/L ;fdfGo vfn]
:jR5GbtfjfbL cfbz{jfbL pkGof; n]vgdf o:tf] k|j[lTt a9L kfOG5 . o:tf pkGof;n] sd af}l4s :t/sf jf ;fdfGo
kf7ssf] dg a9L tfGb5g\ lsgeg] u"9 jf k|an j}rfl/stf / snfTds 3gTjsf] cf]haf6 o:tf pkGof; k|foM d'St
b]lvG5g\ . kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf/ tLy{ hª\unL, ab|L ljgf]b k|tLs, ;'j0f{ sf]O/fnf, h; axfb'/ u'?ª\ / e"ld/fh
j:tfsf]6Ldf o:tf] k|j[lTt /x]sf] 5 tfklg tL k"/} ;txL k|]ddf dfq} eg] cfwfl/t b]lvGgg\ . k|]d syfsf] cf/f]x cj/f]xsf]
k|;ª\udf ltgdf ;dfh lg/LIf0fsf] k|oTg klg /fd|} b]lvG5 . o;n] ubf{ j}rfl/stf / snfTdstfsf b[li6n] b'a{n b]lvPsf
o:tf z[ª\ufl/s k|]d k|an pkGof; klg ;flxTo ;r]t kf7snfO{ s]xL xb;Dd cfkm"lt/ tfGg ;kmn b]lvG5g\ . ljz]if
u/L tLy{ hª\unL / jb|L ljgf]b k|tLssf] n]vg o; b[li6n] s]xL dxTTjsf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
hª\unLsf] klxnf] pkGof; ‘hLjgsf] Ps efu’df d"ntM o'jf o'jtLsf] jf;gf k|]l/t k|]d / c+ztM ;fdflhs
/Lltl:yltsf] ;txL aofg kfOG5 . tf/fn] ;fg}b]lv clgnnfO{ k|]d u/] klg clgn jL/uGhdf k9\g uPsf] a]nf tf/fsf
afa'n] p;nfO{ cGoq} lax] ul/ lbPsf, lax] ePsf] 5 dlxgfd} /f]uL nf]Ug] d/]/ tf/f ljwjf eO{ dfOt cfPsL, clgn
/ tf/fsf] k|]d km]l/ cufl8 a9]sf], ;f]xL s|ddf tf/fn] clgnsf] ue{ af]s]sL, clgn 8fS6/L k9\g k6gf uPsf] otf
tf/fsf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ePsf] / p;nfO{ clgns} 3/ x'lnPsf], tf/fn] cfk\mgf] c6'6 >d / l;kn] ;f;" ;;'/fsf]
dg kl/jt{g ug{ s]xL ;kmn ePsL, ptf s]6f v]nfpFb} lxF8\g] ;f]xL ufpFsL wgL kl/jf/sL PSnL ;Gtfg k|ltef
;fdfGo kl/jf/sf] k"0f{];Fu efu]/ uf]/v k'/ uP klg p;;Fu ;Gt'i6 geP/ lxF8]sL, p;n] g;{sf] hflu/ vfg yfn]sL,
;f]xL qmddf pm k6gf k'u]sL, ToxfF p;sf] clgn;Fu e]6 ePsf], klxn} klg clgn;Fu /f]dfG; u/]sL PSnL k|ltefn]
ToxfF ;f] sfo{ a9fpFb} nu]sL, pgLx¿ k|]dL k]|ldsfsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf, k|ltefn] clgnsf] ue{ af]s]sL, clgn tf/fsf]
lr7L kfO{ k|ltefnfO{ l56\6} kms{g] jfrf u/L 5'6\6Ldf 3/ cfPsf], 5f]/f] v]nfpFb} u/]sL tf/f;Fu clgnsf rf/ cfFvf
x'Fbf b'a} v';L ePsf h:tf k|]dsf cf/f]x cj/f]xsf ljifo k|;ª\u oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} ljwjf gf/L -tf/f_ n]
ue{ af]Sbf jf wgL 3/sL 5f]/L -k|ltef_ ufpFsf] ;fdfGo s]6f] -k"0f{]_ ;Fu lxF8\bf ufpF3/df x'g] 6Lsf l6Kk0fL klg
oxfF k|;ª\ujz cfPsf 5g\ . 5f]6f]df eGbf pkGof;sf 7fpF 7fpFdf e]l6g] o'jf o'jtLsf efj's k|]dk/s ;+jfb,
pgLx¿sf] of}g pTt]hs Jojxf/ / ;Def]usf] j0f{g h:tf s'/fn] of] ;flxlToseGbf klg Jofj;flos pb\b]Zon]
n]lvPsf] pkGof;sf ¿kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . bf];|f] pkGof; …dfgjtfÚ eg] ;]jfd'vL efjgfsf] s]Gb|Lotfdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] d"n ljifo bLks;Fu ;Da4 5 . of] ;fg}b]lv ;fdflhs ;]jf jf dfgjtfsf] efjgfn] el/Psf] 5 t/
cfk\mg} 3/ kl/jf/ / ;dfh p;sf] cg's"n x'Gg . j}olSts cfly{s pGglt ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf pm ;a}lt/af6 pk]lIft x'G5
/ To;n] p;df lg/fzf a9\b} hfG5 . cGttM hf]uLsf] e]if u|x0f u/]/ pm ;dfhaf6} x/fPsf] ljifo o;df j0f{g ul/Psf]
5 . pkGof; ;fdflhstfsf] aofg ub{} cGTodf cfWoflTds cfbz{tkm{ 8f]l/Psf] 5 . klxnf]df eGbf o;df ;fdflhstf /
j}rfl/stf a9L pkof]u ePsf] x'Fbf ;flxlTos d"Nosf b[li6n] of] s]xL a9L dxTTjsf] b]lvG5 .
ab|L ljgf]b k|tLssf] klxnf] pkGof; ‘:jLsf/’ df k[YjL gf/fo0f SofDk; k9\b} u/]sf o'jf o'jtL -k|tfk / uf}/L_
k|]dL k]|ldsfsf ¿kdf kl/jlt{t ePsf t/ kl5 k]|dLn] c¿sf] s'/f ;'g]/ k|]ldsfk|lt gsf/fTds x'Fb} 6fl9Psf] clg km]l/
kl5 ;a} oyfy{tf af]w u/]/ k'gM pxL k|]ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;'vfGt k|]dsyf cfPsf] 5 . To:t} bf];|f] pkGof; ‘em/]sf]
kft’ df ljgo;Fu k|]d u/L ue{ af]s] klg cleefjssf] s/ann] cs{};Fu lax] u/]/ hfg' k/]sf] s?0ffsf] s?0f hLjg syf
78
ljifo j:t'sf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . pkGof;df k|]dL k|]ldsfsf] ljof]usf] 56k6LnfO{ ljz]if tf/tDo h'6fP/ k|:t't ul/Psf]
5 . s?0ffn] ljjflxt nf]Ug] TofuL k|]dLs} vf]hLdf lxF8\g', k|]dLn] k|]ldsf cs}{sL eO5 eGg] 7fg]/ ljlIfKt h:tf] x'g' clg
kl5 ;dfh ;]jfdf nfUg vf]Hbf ;dfhsf ;fdGt, zf]ifs, k~r, d08n]x¿n] cftª\lst t'Nofpg', k|]ldsf s?0ffn] k|]dLsf]
lrgf]sf ¿kdf /x]sL 5f]/L x'sf{pg w]/} xG8/ Joxf]g'{, ;f]xL s|ddf pm ljlIfKt eP/ dg'{ h:tf b'vfGts k|;ª\u h'6fOPsf]
5 . o;af6 pkGof;df k|]dsf] ;:tf] /f]df~rsf ljk/Lt hLjgsf kL8f, ;Gqf; / lg/fzfjfbL :j/ d'vl/t t'NofOPsf]
5 t/ klxnf]sf ck]Iff o;sf] cf}kGofl;s u7g w]/} vhdlhP/ kf7snfO{ cndndf kf/]sf] 5 .
h; axfb'/ u'?ª\sf] ‘e'nsf] lhGbuL’ df ;Gtf]ifn] zld{nfnfO{ k|]d u/]/ ue{ af]sfP klg cleefjssf] s/ann]
csL{ s]6L ;'sdfof;Fu lax] ug{] e'n u/]sf] oyfy{tf k|:t't ub{} cGttM ;Gtf]ifn] zld{nfnfO{ klg leœofO{ jf ax' ljjfxaf6
pkGof; ;'vdf 6'ª\UofOPsf] 5 . clglR5t ljjfxsf] lgif]w / k|]d ljjfxsf] :jLs[ltsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] o; pkGof;df
;dfhsf] rsf{] cfly{s zf]if0fk|lt klg gfos ;'/hs} dfWodaf6 cfs|f]z k|bz{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ¿k kIf eg] l;sf?
n]vssf] h:tf] b'a{n b]lvG5 .
e"ld/fh j:tfsf]6Lsf] ‘kl/l:ylt’ pkGof;df ;'/h / clgtf clg ?b| / /dfsf] k|]d ljjfx g} d"n ljifo ag]/ cfPsf]
5 . ;fg}df wgL kl/jf/sf] b'Jo{;gL s]6f];Fu lax] ul/ lbPkl5 nf]Ug] b'3{6gfdf k/]/ d/]sf] x'Fbf ljwjf ag]sL clgtf;Fu
;'/hn] k|]d ljjfx -hª\unLsf] …hLjgsf] Ps efu’ pkGof;df h:t}_ u/]sf] 5 eg] clgtfs} gGb /dfn] cGthf{tLo k|]d
ljjfx u/]sL 5 . o; s|ddf pgLx¿n] k/Dkl/t ;ª\sL0f{ ;dfh;Fu klg lgs} ;ª\3if{ ug'{ k/]sf] 5 . o;/L pkGof;n]
cleefjssf] hf]8andf ul/g] k/Dkl/t ljjfxsf] lgif]w tyf k|]d ljjfx, ljwjf ljjfx / cGthf{tLo ljjfxsf] :jLs[ltnfO{
cfk\mgf] d"n ljifo agfPsf] 5 eg] ;fdflhs ;ª\sL0f{tf / zf]if0f bdgsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ ;xfos ljifo t'NofPsf] 5 . o;sf]
k|ltkfbgsf] snf eg] ;fdfGo l;sf? n]vssf] h:t} b'a{n b]lvPsf] 5 .
#=# /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]tgf

cfVofg jf pkGof;df /fhgLltnfO{ ljifo j:t' t'Nofpg] k|rng k|foM ;j{q kfOG5 . g]kfnL pkGof;df @))^
;fndf k|sflzt ‘j;GtL’ pkGof;af6} P]ltxfl;s /fhgLlts ljifon] :ki6 k|j]z kfPsf] xf] . To;kl5 b]zdf ljsl;t
ljleGg /fhgLlts Joj:yf -ax'bn, lgb{nLo k~rfot, ax'bn, sfª\u|];, sDo'lg:6 cflb_ sf kIf ljkIfdf cfwfl/t eP/
/fhgLlt ljifos pkGof; n]Vg] kl/kf6L yf]/} g} eP klg b]vf kb{} cfPsf] 5 . x'g t k|foM w]/}h;f] pkGof;n] ;dsfnLg
/fhgLlts c;ª\ult / To;n] ;dfh / /fi6«sf ljleGg If]qdf kf/]sf] b'ik|efjnfO{ ck|ToIf k|:t't u/]s} x'G5g\ t/
/fhgLlts pkGof;df To;sf] k|ToIf k|:t'lt b]lvG5 . o:tf pkGof;df ;dfhsf cGo ;d:of cfP klg tL /fhgLlts
ljifosf kIf / ljkIfd} pEofOPsf x'G5g\ . ljz]if u/L dfS;{jfbL jf k|ultjfbL n]vg otftkm{ 8f]l/Psf] b]lvG5 tfklg
u}/dfS;{jfbLn] klg /fhgLlts pkGof; n]v]sf] b]lvG5 . of] klg Ps lsl;dsf] j}rfl/s n]vg g} xf] t/ kf]v/]nL
pkGof;nfO{ x]bf{ of] dfgjLo jf ;fdflhs ljifodf eGbf ljz'4 /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] kIf ljkIfdf a9L s]lGb|t /x]sf]
kfOG5 .
/fhgLltnfO{ ljifo agfP/ pkGof; n]Vg] kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf/df d'VotM e"klt 9sfn sdn, ef:s/ / 3gZofd
9sfn b]lvG5g\ . e"klt 9sfn …sdn’n] g]kfn -:ofª\hf, a'6jn, e}/xjf_ / ef/t -snsTtf, ;'gf}nL, bflh{lnª\_ sf]
ef}uf]lns kl/j]]zdf cfwfl/t /x]/ ‘:jb]l;Psf hf]8L’ pkGof; n]v]sf] kfOG5 . o;df /fd axfb'/ / k|]ddfofsf] syf s]Gb|Lo
ljifo j:t'sf ¿kdf cfPsf] 5 . tTsfnLg k~rfotL Joj:yfn] ;+/If0f u/]sf] ;fdGtL ;dfhsf] gfOs] ;fx' s[i0feStsf]
s'l6n zf]if0fsf] rs|df k/]/ ljb]z k;]sf /fd axfb'/ / k|]ddfofn] ef/tdf klg u'G8fx¿sf] rk]6fdf k/L cg]sg xG8/
Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 . kl5 cGofo cTofrf/sf] lj/f]wL, dfgjtfjfbL lbg]zn] pgLx¿sf] p4f/ u/]/ k'gld{ng u/fO lbPsf] 5 .
lbg]zs} ;Dks{n] /fd axfb'/ ljb|f]xL ;ª\u7gdf ;ls|o x'Fb} hfG5 / kl5 ;fyLx¿sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ :jb]z kmls{G5 . h]
h:tf] b'Mv ug'{ k/] klg cfk\mg} b]zdf ug{] eg]/ /fd axfb'/sf] hf]8L g]kfn cfPkl5 pgLx¿ nufot kLl8t hgtf p4f/
;ldltsf dflg;x¿nfO{ k~rfotsf ;~rfnsx¿n] cg]sg ltu8d /r]/ b'Mv lbg yfNb5g\ . g]kfn p7fpm cleofg
79
-;fb[Zo ufkm{ cleofg;Fu_ sf gfddf k~rx¿n] cfk\mgf lj/f]wL ;vfk kfg{] k|oTg u5{g\ . ;f]xL s|ddf s[i0feSt ;fx"n]
/fd axfb'/nfO{ ljif VjfP/ dfg{] of]hgf u/] klg Tof] ;kmn geP kl5 pN6} p;}nfO{ k|zf;g nufP/ y'gfpF5 . To:tf ljleGg
cTofrf/sf] k|ltls|of :j¿k :ofª\hfdf bz xhf/ hgtfsf] h'n'; lg:s]/ cfGbf]ng ;kmntfsf] lzv/df k'u]sf], To;kl5
hgtfn] :jtGqtfk"j{s afFRg] clwsf/ kfPsf h:tf l:ylt b]vfP/ pkGof; 6'ª\UofOPsf] 5 . o;/L @)#^ ;fnsf]
cfGbf]ngsf] k[i7e"ld / To;sf] ;kmntfsf] /fhgLlts ;Gbe{nfO{ ljifo agfP/ @)#& ;fndf k|sflzt o; pkGof;n]
d"ntM ;dsfnLg /fhgLlt / c+ztM g]kfnL ;dfhsf ljljw ;fdflhs ;ª\sL0f{tfnfO{ k|:t't ug{] /rgfTds sfd u/]sf]
5 t/ o;sf] ljifo ;ª\u7g / cGo /rgf lzNkdf vf;} kl/dfh{g x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf cf}kGofl;s snfsf b[li6n] s[lt
Tolt v“lbnf] eg] x'g ;s]sf] kfOGg .
ef:s/ -÷ejfgL k|;fb kf08]_ sf] klxnf] pkGof; ‘xfF8Lsf] slgsf’df k~rfot sfnLg ljljw lj;ª\ultx¿nfO{
gª\UofpFb} ;f] zf;g Joj:yfk|lt tLj| /f]if d'vl/t ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . o; s|ddf tTsfnLg ;dfhdf b]lvPsf sfdrf]/
/ sld;gvf]/ sd{rf/L, w'tfxf, 7ufxf / t:s/ Jofkf/L, ;+j]bgfz"Go tyf dfgjtf lj/f]wL 8fS6/, >d / gf/L cl:dtf
zf]ifs 7]s]bf/, ljleGg ljt08f l;h{gf ub{} lxF8\g] d08n]x¿ / tL ;a}sf ;+/Ifs ag]sf k|x/L k|zf;gsf b'lg{otn] el/Psf
ljleGg ultljlwnfO{ ljifo j:t'sf ¿kdf aofg ul/Psf] 5 .
bf];|f] pkGof; ‘aGbL cfjfh’df k~rfot sfnsf ljleGg aGbLx¿sf] Joyfdo syfnfO{ ljifo j:t'sf ¿kdf
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; s|ddf w]/}h;f] /fhg}lts aGbLn] Joxf]/]sf] kL8fnfO{ pkGof;n]] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . o:tf
aGbLdf yf]/} sfª\u|]; / w]/} sDo'lg:6 kf6L{k|lt k|lta4 b]lvG5g\ . pkGof;sf] ljifon] aGbLx¿sf] kL8f dfkm{t k~rfot
Joj:yfk|lt r/d 3[0ff t ;j{q k|s6 u/]s} 5 ;fy} 7fpF 7fpFdf sfª\u|];k|ltsf] ?vf] cfs|f]z JoSt ug{ klg kl5 k/]sf]
5}g -k[=&% / !$)–$#_ . pkGof; æslDgi6 aGg' eg]sf] ;dfhsf] ;aeGbf pTs[i6 cj:yfdf k'Ug' === xf]Æ -k[=!##_ eGg]
j}rfl/s lgisif{df s]lGb|t /x]/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 t/ To;nfO{ kl/kf]if0f ug{] ;fdflhs jf Jofjxfl/s ;Gbe{ h'6fpglt/
Tolt nfu]sf] kfO“b}g .
t];|f] pkGof; …cd/ a:tLÚ d'VotM sDo'lg:6 kf6L{leqsf] cfGtl/s 3ftk|lt3ftsf] /fhgLltdf s]lGb|t 5 . leGgleGg
cfGtl/s dte]bsf sf/0f /fhf k/:t, sfª\u|]; k/:t, ;+zf]wg k/:t, pbf/jfbL, ;'wf/jfbL, g/dkGyL, u/dkGyL h:tf
wf/fdf ljeflht x'Fb} uPsf] g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{dWo] of] k'/fgf s|flGtsf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\u7g;Fu ;Da4 /x]sf] 5 . o;df
;jf{xf/fs/0f ug{] kf6L{ k|:tfjsf af/]df 5nkmn x'Fbf ljleGg wf/0ff cfP klg To;nfO{ klxnf] k6s s]Gb|Lo sld6Ldf
nfu" ug{] lg0f{o ePsf] / ;f]xL lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf kfFr ;b:o -bjf{g, ;+3if{, /]jt, dGbf/ / u?8_
cfcfk\mg} lsl;dn] ls|ofzLn ePsf] syf cnu cnu kfFr kl/R5]bdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 -yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu kf}8]n, @)%%M
@^–#% .
rf}yf] pkGof; …crDdsf] km};nfÚ df /f0ff zf;g !)$ jif{ / k~rfot zf;g #) jif{;Dd l6Sg'sf k5fl8 tL
zf;sdf ;fRrLs} Gofo lk|otfsf] efjgf klg /x]sf] lyof] eGg] cfZfosf] ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] b]zsf] ljutsf]
/f0ff zf;g / k~rfot Joj:yfsf] ck|ToIf jsfnt ub{} k'gM :yflkt ax'bnLo Joj:yfk|lt tLj| /f]if k|s6 u/]sf] kfOG5
-yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu – kf}8]n, @)%& M @–#_ .
kfFrf}F pkGof; ‘;dk{0f’df ljb|f]xL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{df nfu]sf] k|]d To; kf6L{sf] cltzo dxTTjfsfª\IfL / pb\b08
k|j[lTtsf sf/0f sfª\u|];df k;] klg kl5 ljb|f]xLx¿sf] ;Dks{df cfO{ cfTdfnf]rgf ;lxt k'gM ;f]xL kf6L{df ;dk{0f ePsf]
ljifo k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} o;df Pdfn] / sfª\u|]; kf6L{nfO{ ;s];Ddsf] pl5tf] sfF9\g] / xb};Dd ufnL ug{] sfd
klg ePsf] 5 .
o;/L ;du|df x]bf{ ef:s/sf ;a} pkGof;sf] ljifo /fhgLlt g} blvG5 . logsf] rf}yf] pkGof; afx]s c¿
;a}df dfS;{jfbL /fhg}lts bz{gsf] ulx/f] 5fk kfOG5 . Tof] 5fk klxnf] pkGof;df cln Jofks dfgjtfjfbL bz{gsf]
cg's"n ag]/ cfPsf] 5 eg] bf];|f]df sDo''lg:6 kf6L{ ;fk]If agfP/ k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . t];|f]df sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] Pp6f
wf/;Fu ;ª\s'rg ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 eg] kfFrf}Fdf ;f] ;ª\s'rgnfO{ s]xL km'sfpFb} ljb|f]xL sDo'lg:6;Fu ;Da4 t'NofP/
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k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . rf}yf] pkGof;df eg] cGo pkGof;sf] :yfkgfeGbf ljk/Lt j}rfl/stf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . o;n] ef:s/sf]
/fhg}lts j}rfl/s cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ b]vfPsf] 5 . cf}kGofl;s u7gsf b[li6n] bf];|f] / kfFrf}F pkGof; s]xL Jojl:yt b]lvP
klg c¿sf] u7g b'a{n b]lvG5 . ¿kk|ltsf] pbf;Lgtf t pgL cfkm}n] pkGof;sf] e"ldsfdf :ki6tM ;sf/]sf klg 5g\ .
csf{] s'/f ef:s/sf ljleGg pkGof;sf] e"ldsfdf JoSt sltko lj/f]wfef; / cfu|xk"0f{ wf/0ff clg cfk\mg} sygL /
s/gLlarsf] tfnd]nsf] cefj klg ljrf/0fLo aGg k'u]sf 5g\ .
3gZofd 9sfnsf] ‘ufpFleq’ pkGof;df n]vs cfkm" hGd] x's{]/ b]v] ef]u]sf] u|fdL0f kl/j]z -:ofª\hf lhNnfsf]
cfFwLvf]nfsf] ;]/f]km]/f]_ df k~rotL /fhgLltn] lgDTofPsf] cGofo cTofrf/, zf]if0f bdgsf] l:yltnfO{ ljifoa4 ug{
vf]lhPsf] 5 . k|z:t} kfq k|of]u ul/Psf] o;df j;Gt ;'j]bLnfO{ zf]ifs ;fdGtsf] r]k'jfdf k/]sf], ljkGg ju{sf] t/ :jtGqtf
cfsfª\IfL gfos rl/qsf ¿kdf / ?b|gfynfO{ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] cf8df ufpFdf cGofo cTofrf/sf] cftª\s dRrfpg]
k/Dkl/t ;fdGtsf] k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf pkl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof; d'VotM oL b'O{ gfos / vn gfossf] ls|of
k|ltls|of;Fu ;Da4 eP/ cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . oxL s|ddf k~rfotL /fhgLltsf s'¿ktf pb\3fl6t x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . To;
afx]s u|fdL0f ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿df b]lvg] ljleGg cGw ljZjf;, cfly{s bl/b|tf, ljb]zL ;]gfdf etL{ x'g] rng, gf/Lk|ltsf]
;ª\sL0f{ ;f]r, ljkGgnfO{ s]xL x'g] vfg]n] xb};Dd x]Kg] k|j[lTt h:tf k|z:t ;fdflhs s';+:sf/x¿nfO{ klg pkGof;sf]
ljifo j:t'df ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o:t} e|i6 sd{rf/L /dfsfGt, wd{sf gfddf 7uL ub}{ lxF8\g] jf kfv08 k|bz{g ug{] sdn
k|;fb h:tf cGo rl/q klg k|s6 ePsf 5g\ . jf:tjdf pkGof;df w]/} s'/f cfPsf 5g\ t/ tL ;'Jojl:yt x'g ;s]sf
5}gg\ . of]hgfxLg 9ª\udf w]/} s'/f y'kfg{ vf]Hbf jf rogfTds l;k gb]lvFbf 36gf k|;ª\u, kfq / kl/j]znfO{ ;ª\ultk"0f{
9ª\udf gf6sLs[t u/]/ k|:t't ug{ g;Sbf clg efiffz}nLdf klg df}lns cfsif{0f k|s6 gx'Fbf o;sf] ¿k kIf b'a{n
b]lvPsf] 5 .
bf];|f] pkGof; ‘/ftf] cfsfz’df d'VotM dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf] k[i7e"ld / o'4 k|f/De ePkl5sf] /fhg}lts
kl/j]znfO{ ljifo j:t'sf ¿kdf pkl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . cl3Nnf]df eGbf o;df /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]t k|v/ ag]sf] 5 .
o:t} o;sf] ;ª\u7g / ¿k kIfdf klg cl3Nnf]df eGbf ljz]if Vofn k'¥ofOPsf] b]lvG5 t/ o;sf] cltlj:t[lt kf7ssf
nflu u?ª\uf] af]em ag]sf] 5 . o;df g]kfnL jfdkGyLx¿sf] emfkf cfGbf]ngb]lv @)%* ;fn -;ª\s6f sfn_ k"j{sf]
kl/j]znfO{ ;d]6\g vf]lhP klg @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ng cufl8sf] ;Gbe{ k[i7e"ldsf ¿kdf ;ª\If]kdf cfPsf] 5 eg]
To;kl5sf] /fhgLlts ;Gbe{nfO{ g} d"n ljifo agfOPsf] 5 . @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ngn] NofPsf] kl/jt{gkl5 b]zdf
b]lvPsf] sfª\u|];sf] huhuL, sfª\u|];leq k'/fgf k|lta4 t/ ljkGg dflg;n] ;f+;bsf] l6s6 gkfO{ gj k|j]zLx¿n] l6s6
kfPsf] l:ylt, zf;g ;Ttfdf pgLx¿s} xlnd'nL, ;Ttf kl/jt{gkl5 hgtfn] ck]Iff u/]sf w]/} s'/fx¿ k'/f gx'Fbf ljleGg
sf]0faf6 lj/f]w a9\b} uPsf], dfcf]jfbL jfdkGyLx¿n] To;nfO{ ;zSt ¿kdf p7fpg yfn]sf t/ gj sfª\u|];L -dl0fsfGt_
/ k'/fgf sfª\u|];L -of]u]Gb|_ x¿n] To;nfO{ k'ln; k|zf;g nufP/ ?vf] 9ª\udf bdg ug{ yfn]sf, bdg emg\ emg\ a9\b}
hfFbf ljb|f]xLx¿ klg emg\ emg\ ;ª\ul7t x'g yfn]sf, dfcf]jfbLx¿n] ufpF3/df hF'jftf;, hfF8/S;L h:tf b'Jo{;g x6fP/,
gf/Lx¿dflysf] cGofo cTofrf/x¿sf] lj/f]w u/]/ jf ;fdGtL k|j[lTtx¿sf] eG8fkmf]/ u/]/ hgtfnfO{ ;ª\ul7t ub}{
nu]sf, pgLx¿n] ;fª\u7lgs zlSt lj:tf/ ub{} nu]/ ljleGg cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{ yfn]kl5 ;/sf/n] ævf]h / df/ jf
vf]h, 3]/ / df/Æ h:tf cleofg ;~rfng u/]/ s|"/tfk"j{s bdg ug{ yfn]sf], dfcf]jfbLx¿n] klg 5fkfdf/ o'4 ljsf;
ub{} nu]sf, ufpF ufpFdf /x]sf k''ln; rf}sLdfly cfs|d0f u/]/ ltgnfO{ lj:yflkt t'NofPsf, a}s -s[lif ljsf;_ n'6\g],
:yfgLo PsfO -uflj;, j8f_ sf ejgx¿ Wj:t kfg{], cfk\mgf lj?4 plEeg] jf ;'/fsL ug{]x¿nfO{ r]tfjgL lbg], gdfg]
ef}lts sf/jfxL -xftv'6\6f efFRg] jf dfg{]_ ug{], u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf dfWodn] jfd a'l4hLjLnfO{ ljb]zL -cd]l/sL,
a]nfotL_ ;fd|fHojfbLx¿n] e|i6 t'NofO lbPsf x'Fbf ltgnfO{ cfk\mgf] k|efj If]qaf6 nv]6\g], b'u{d If]]qsf 7'n} k|x/L
rf}sLdf cfs|d0f u/L k|x/LnfO{ cfk\mgf] sAhfdf lng], k|z:t xftxltof/ n'6\g], ufpF / lhNnf hg;/sf/ u7g ug{],
k/Dkl/t b;}F gdfGg], ;fF:s[lts s|flGtdf cu|;/ x'g], kmfu'g ! nfO{ gofF jif{ / !$–@! nfO{ anLbfg lbjzsf ¿kdf
dgfpg] h:tf dfcf]jfbLsf /fhgLlts sfo{snfknfO{ o;n] ljifo j:t' t'NofPsf] 5 . lhNnf hg ;/sf/ u7gsf]
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pT;fx;Fu} pkGof; 6'ª\UofOPsf] 5 .

pkGof; dfcf]jfbLsf] kIfw/ ag]/ k|s6 ePsf] 5 . k~rfotL ;Ttf ktgkl5sf] ax'bnLo ;/sf/n] hg efjgf
cg'¿ksf hg lxtsf/L sfo{ vf;} ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg', dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] k|oTgnfO{ /fhg}lts 9ª\udf ;Rofpglt/
gnfuL k'ln; k|zf;gnfO{ lhDdf lbg', k'ln; k|zf;gn] To;nfO{ cljj]sL 9ª\udf bdg ug{ vf]Hbf emg\ emg\ rls{g', To;n]
ljb|f]xLx¿nfO{ ;ª\u7g lj:tf/ / k|efj km}nfpg w]/} ;lhnf] x'g' -k[=!(&_ h:tf g]kfnL /fhgLltsf s]xL kIfnfO{ o;n]
af}l4s OdfGbf/Lsf ;fy k|:t't u/] klg c¿ w]/} kIfdf ;f] OdfGbfl/tf sfod /fVg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ ;flxTosf
cfk\mg} lsl;dsf cg'zf;g / cfu|xsf] lnsdf k|s6 x'g' kbf{sf k|z:t n]vsLo jfWotfn] o;nfO{ Psfª\uL :jKg b|i6f h:tf]
aGg' k/]sf] x'g ;S5 . gq hg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] s'a'l4 / k|x/L k|zf;gsf] aa{/tf b]Vg] n]vsLo r]tgfn] dfcf]jfbLaf6
l;h{gf ul/Psf] gj aa{/tfsf] qf;bLotf klg k|z:t b]Vg' / cg'ej ug'{ g} kg{] xf] . x'g t pkGof;sf] gfos clj/ndf
obfsbf b]lvg] To;k|ltsf] tfls{s ;ts{tf, kf6L{sf] tnlt/ -5fkfdf/ bnsf] sdfG8/_ sf] pb\b08 emk6 l;+xnfO{ >d
lzlj/df k7fOPsf] k|;ª\u / pkGof;s} csf{] n]vs kfqn] k|:t't u/]sf s]xL cjwf/0ffaf6 To;nfO{ n]vsLo r]tgfn]
b]v]sf] xf] eGg] ;fdfGo ;ª\s]t t ul/Psf] 5 t/ Tof] ;ª\s]t csf{] ;Gbe{sf] ;fk]Iftfdf gfd dfqsf] ag]s]f 5 . n]vsåf/f
hfgL hfgL jf ghfg]/ jf hfg]/ klg kl/l:yltjz ul/Psf] o:tf] Ps sf]0fsf] dfq} ;3Gf k|:t'ltn] pkGof;nfO{ Jofks
dfgjtfjfbL :t/df p7\g lbPsf] b]lvGg . cln Jofks b[li6n] x]bf{ lgs} >d nufP/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;dsfnLg hl6n
/fhgLlts ;Gbe{df cfwfl/t o;sf] o:tf] Psfª\uLkgn] o;sf] dfq} cjd"Nog geO{ g]kfnL pkGof; ;flxTos} ;d[l4df
gx''g kg{] vlt ePsf] 5 . t/ ;fF3'/f] 3]/fdf /dfpg]x¿sf nflu TolTt ;ª\s]t klg a9L x'g ;S5 / olTt ;ª\s]t u/]
afkt n]vsn] kf6L{ klª\taf6 rsf{] bjfj v]Kg' kg{] l:ylt lgdf{0f x'g klg ;S5 . h] xf];\ of] pkGof;sf/sf] sdhf]/LeGbf
klg ;Lldt bfo/fsf] kf6L{ ;flxTo lgdf{0f ug]{ jf kf6L{ lgb{]lzt ;flxTo lgdf{0f ug{] ;a}h;f] n]vssf] sdhf]/L xf] . ;f}Gbo{
juL{oeGbf cem ;ª\s'lrt 3]/f -kf6L{sf] wf/ ljz]ifdf_ df ;Lldt ug{] k|oTg lgZro g} cnUu} ljjfbsf] ljifo xf] tfklg
s] rflxF eGg ;lsG5 eg] l;h{gf hlt ;fF3'/f] :jfy{k"0f{ 3]/fdf hsl8G5 Tof] Tolt g} cg'bf/ / Psfª\uL alg /x]sf] x'G5 .
o;sf] of] Psfª\uL kIfnfO{ 5f8]/ x]g{] xf] eg] 9sfnsf] klxnf] pkGof;eGbf o;df pkGof; ljwf r]tgf a9L
:ki6 ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTodf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xsf] kIfw/ eO{ v'n]/ n]lvPsf] of] klxnf] df]6f] pkGof; klg xf] .
o;n] g]kfnL /fhg}lts Oltxf;sf] Pp6f ;Gqf;k"0f{ If0fnfO{ Psfª\uL ¿kd} eP klg pkGo:t u/]/ kl5Nnf k':tfnfO{
;'/lIft t'NofO lbPsf] 5 . o;sf] cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] j}rfl/stf, tfls{stf, juL{o kIfw/tf, eljiok|ltsf] cfzfjfbLtf, jt{dfg
gj n]vgsf c:ki6, b'af{]Wo / cz[ª\vlnt n]vgsf ;fk]Iftfdf :ki6, af]Wo / z[ª\vlnt h:tf s'/f pNn]vgLo g} dfGg
;lsG5 . o;f] eGbfeGb} klg o;df b]lvg] Ps} lsl;dsf] sYo ;ª\s]ts k|;ª\ux¿sf] k'g?lSt jf rogfTds l;ksf]
b'a{ntf, tYo k|If]k0fdf 7fpF 7fpFdf b]lvg] sNkgf / snfz"Go z'istf, rl/qsf] :t/nfO{ Vofn gu/L asfOPsf nfdf nfdf
j}rfl/s ;Defif0f, JolSt / ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿s} b}lglGbgLx¿af6 cleJoª\Uo x'g g;s]sf] ljrf/, ;/ntf /x] klg ;flxlTos
;/;tf vf;} ljsf; ug{ g;lsPsf] efiff h:tf s'/fn] ;ª\u|lGyt o; a[xt\ sfosf] pkGof; :jtGq kf7ssf nflu Tolt w]/}
?lrs/ aGg g;Sg] s6' oyfy{ klg oxfF la;{g ;lsGg . csf]{ s'/f o;n] k|:t't u/]sf] ;dsfnLg kl/j]zsf] eofjx ;Gbe{
kf]v/fs} csf{ pkGof;sf/ ;?eStsf] o;eGbf b'O{ jif{ cufl8 -@)%* ;fndf_ k|sfzg ePsf] …;do qf;bLÚ pkGof;df
klg cfO ;s]sf] b]lvG5 . ;?e?Stn] To;df /fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf b]vf kb}{ uPsf] wd{, /fhgLlt h:tf cg]sg axgfdf
x'g] u/]sf] g/jwsf] eofjxtfnfO{ Jofks dfgjtfjfbL r]tgfn] e/]/ k|of]uzLn lzNk ;lxt k|s6 u/]sf] kfOG5 -yk
hfgsf/Lsf nflu o;} n]vsf] zLif{s #=$_ t/ of] ;Lldt /fhgLlts ;Gbe{df dfq} c8]sf] 5 . o;sf] df}lnstf jf ;Ldf
h] eg] klg ToxL ag]sf] 5 .
9sfns} ;dodf @)%& ;fndf ;'s'd zdf{sf] ‘;ª\3if{zLn o'jfsf] 8fo/L’ gfds n3' s[lt b]vf k/]sf] 5 . %x&Æ
cfsf/sf hDdf $( k[i7df lj:tfl/t o;df lgDg a}tlgs lkpgsf] kL8fnfO{ 8fo/Lsf] z}nLdf hDdf ( kl/R5]bdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . lkpgsf] hflu/ klg 5'6] kl5 ;'dg hgo'4df nfu]/ ;lxb ePsf] x'“bf ldqk|lt zdf{n] o; s[lt dfkm{t >4f
JoSt ug{ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . n]vsn] o;nfO{ n3' pkGof; eg] klg jf:tjdf o;df ljifonfO{ To;/L pkGo:t ul/Psf]
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kfO“b}g . o;sf] cg'e"lt :jo+ n]vsnfO{ klg /x]sf] s'/f pkGof;s} æd]/f egfOÆ df ;sf/]sf 5g\ . To;}n] cfk\mgf] ;lxb
ldqk|lt ljz[ª\vlnt zAb >4f g} o;df a9L b]lvPsf] 5 .
o;kl5 g]kfn k|sfz clwsf/Ln] ‘u0ftGqsf] uh{g’ -P]ltxfl;s pkGof;_ k|sflzt u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;df @)%*
;fnsf] /fhb/af/ xTofsf08 / @)^@÷)^# sf] hg cfGbf]ng–@ sf sf/0f /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] ljjz eO{ lj3l6t ;+;bnfO{
k'g:yf{kgfåf/f ;Ttf cfGbf]ngsdL{nfO{ a'emfPsf] 36gf k|;ª\u k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;df tTsfnLg 36gfx¿sf
ljj/0f k|z:t k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . tL ljj/0f tTsfnLg kq klqsfx¿df cfP cg';f/s} 5g\ . 36gf k|;ª\ux¿nfO{
cfVofgLs/0f ug{ Tolt ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;n] ubf{ s[ltsf sltko :yn klqsfdf kqsf/x¿n] k|:t't u/]sf l/kf]6{ h:tf
ag]sf 5g\ . of] s'/f n]vs :jo+n] æcfk\mgf s'/fÆdf ;sf/]sf] klg kfOG5 .
l8dfO ;fOhsf hDdf !$) k[i7 -e"ldsf, dGtJo afx]s_ sf] o; s[ltdf b'O{ v08 5g\ . klxnf] v08 -k[=!–(*_ df
/fhb/af/ xTofsf08 / To;sf af/]df ePsf 6Lsf l6Kk0fLx¿ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] bf];|f] v08 -k[=((–!$) ;Dd_ df hg
cfGbf]ng–@ sf] ;Gbe{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] v08sf] ljifo gf} kl/R5]bdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 eg] bf];|f] v08 ;ft
kl/R5]bdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 . s[ltdf ljifonfO{ cfVofgLs/0f ug{ b]ljzf / hgdtnfO{ gflosf gfossf ¿kdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . o'jf k':tfsf oL b'a} /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf ljkIfdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . ljz]iftM @)%* ;fnsf] /fhb/af/ xTofsf08kl5
g]kfnL hg dfg;df 5fPsf] /fhtGqk|ltsf] 3[0ffsf] efj d'vl/t x'“b} uP/ hg cfGbf]ng–@ df cleJoSt ePsf] 5 . hg
cfGbf]ng–@ cGttM u0ftGqsf kIfdf plEePsf] 5 . To;}sf nflu uf]Gua'df gfos hgdt ;lxb ag]sf] lyof] eg] gflosf
lbljzf klg hg cfGbf]ngsL 3fOt] ag]sL 5 . o:tf ;lxb / 3fOt] w]/} ag]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ ;a}sf] sfdgf æg]kfndf ;ª\3Lo
u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf];\, xfdL d/] klg of] b]z af“lr /xf];\ -k[=!$)_Æ eGg] g} b]lvG5 . pkGof;df k|;ª\ujz cd]l/sL
/fi6«klt ?ha]N6 / pgsL k|]ldsf ld:;Lsf] k|]d sxfgL klg cfPsf] 5 . ljz]if u/L /fhb/af/ xTofsf08;“u} g]kfnL ;~rf/
hut\df 5fPsf w]/} ;"rgf / To:t} hg cfGbf]ng–@ sf 36gf ;Gbe{x¿ o;df ;/n / k|jfxk"0f{ z}nLdf ;+of]lht ul/Psf]
5 . ltgdf n]vsLo cGtb{[li6 jf dfgjLo ;+j]bgfsf s'/f jf ;"Id b[li63gTj kof{Kt yKg ;s]sf eP s[lt ;dsfnLg
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;nfO{ ;'/lIft ug{] cem ;an pkGof; aGg] lyof] . t/ n]vg sfnsf] ;'?d} To; lsl;dsf]
;Ifdtf k|fo w]/}df kfOGg / klg /fhtGq lj/f]wL u0ftGqsf] uh{g ug{] ;dsfnLg P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ cf}kGofl;s ¿kdf
ljGo:t u/]/ ;'/lIft ug{ vf]Hg] o;sf] ;sf/fTds k|oTg /x]sf] 5 .
#=$ k|of]uzLntf
;flxTo l;h{gfTds j:t' ePsf] x'Fbf of] df}lns x'G5 jf x'g' k5{ . df}lnstf k/Dkl/t n]vg 9fFrfd} /x]/ jf
To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]/ klg k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] eP klg sltko ;dy{zfnL ;h{s k/Dkl/t 9fFrf / 9/f{leqsf]
df}lnstfaf6 ;Gt'i6 x'Ggg\ / cfkm"leqsf] /rgfTds ljb|f]x phfu/ ug{ pgLx¿n] gofF gofF ljifo / lzNksf] ;Gwfg
ub{5g\ . cfw'lgs g]kfnL ;flxTosf ;a} ljwfdf o:tf] k|j[lTtsf] pkof]u b]lvG5 . kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgdf o;nfO{
cy{k"0f{ 9ª\udf leœofpg] / ljsf; ug{] sfd ;?eSt -@)!#_ af6 ePsf] kfOG5 .
;?eStsf] klxnf] pkGof; ‘Ps cljgjsf] cfTdsyf’ g} k|yd k|of]uzLn n3' pkGof; xf] . o;sf] ljifo
j}1flgs 5 eg] k|:t'lt :j}/ sfNklgs b]lvG5 . o;df j}1flgs r]tgfdf cfwfl/t lxdo'usf] syf l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; s|ddf cf0fljs o'4sf sf/0f k[YjLdf dflg;n] cfkm" / cfk\mgf] ;Eotf ;+:s[lt k|foM ;a} ;dfKt kf/] klg p;}åf/f
lgld{t ljleGg cljgj -s[lqd t/ ;+j]bgzLn P Snf;sf dfgj_ / ofdf -of}gu|lGy /lxt, sd ;+j]bgzLn t/ alnof la
Snf;sf oflGqs dfgj_ x¿ cl:tTjdf /x]sf, cljgj !)) n] pgLx¿lar ;dGjo u/]/ ;dfhsf] ljsf; ug{ / cfk\mgf
hgs dflg;nfO{ O{Zj/sf ¿kdf :yflkt ug{ rfx]sf]] t/ ;fgfltgf s'/fdf em}Femu8f a9\b} uP/ cGttM pgLx¿lar b]j
/ bfgjsf] h:tf] hftLo cl:tTjsf] 7"nf] ;+xf/ dlRrPsf], b]jnf]s / c;'/ nf]s em}F pgLx¿n] klg km/s km/s a:tL
a;fn]sf, cljgjx¿lar klg a]nfa]nfdf ;Ttf ;ª\3if{ b]lvPsf], emu8fsf] lap Pp6f gf/L -cljgj %)_ nfO{ b'O{ k|]dL
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-cljgj &) / ofdf $!_ n]] rfxg' t/ Pp6fn] eufP/ nfg'af6 ;'? ePsf] h:tf k|;ª\ux¿ ljifo j:t'sf ¿kdf ;+of]hg
ul/Psf] 5 .
o;n] dfgj ljsf; s|ddf b]lvPsf l;h{gf / ;+xf/sf ljleGg 36gf s|d / dfgj r]tgfsf] :jfyL{, d}dTtf /
;ª\sL0f{ :jefjnfO{ clg /f0ff sfnb]lv ;'? ePsf] ;Ttf ;ª\3if{ / To;n] lgdf{0feGbf ljgfz a9L leœofPsf] g]kfnLx¿sf]
b'Mvb oyfy{nfO{ klg ck|ToIf Wjlgt u/]sf] kfOG5 . rGb|dfdf cf}b\of]lus a:tL a;fNg', cGo u|xx¿sf] ef}lts
;Dkbfsf] bf]xg sfo{ k|f/De x'g', JolSt cjr]tg dg;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lsg] k|ljlw ljsf; x'g' h:tf s'/fn] lj1fgsf]
efjL ;Defjgfsf] ;ª\s]t ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} pkof]lutfsf] dxfofqfaf6 lg/fz ePsf] cljgj !)) d[To'sf] dxfofqfdf
lgl:sPkl5 lxpFn] k'l/P/ d[To'sf] ;ª\3f/df k'u] klg lj1fg / k|ljlwn] ;';DkGg ax' /fli6«o cg';Gwfg bnn] p;sf] p4f/
ug{ ;dy{ x'g'n] Psflt/ lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; hLjgsf nflu clezfk geO{ j/bfg g} xf] eGg] tYo Joª\Uo ePsf] 5
eg] csf{lt/ n]vssf] hLjgjfbL b[li6 klg k|ltWjlgt ePsf] 5 . lgZro g} o;sf] j}1flgs r]t ;lxtsf] :j}/ sfNklgs
ljifo sltko 7fpFdf c:ki6, b'af{]Wo / a9L af}l4s ag]sf] 5 tfklg Tof] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf s|ddf b]lvPsf
sltko ;ª\sL0f{ åGåk"0f{ oyfy{tf / dfgjsf] eidf;'/ jf If'b| dgf]j[lTts} cleJo~hs ag]/ cfPsf] x'Fbf k|of]uzLn /fd|}
snfsf ¿kdf ;+:yflkt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf ck|ToIf ;ª\s]tx¿n] kf7s cfkm}nfO{ klg k|z:t cg'sNkgf ug{] cfwf/
e"ld lgdf{0f ul/ lbPsf] 5 . h:tf] dg / dl:tisaf6 j:t' l;h{gf ul/G5 To;df ;f]xL u'0f k|;f/ x'G5 eGg] ;Gbe{nfO{
dfgj / p;}af6 l;lh{t cljgj / ofdfsf ls|ofsnfk dfkm{t k|:t't ul/Psf] o; pkGof;df l;h{gzLn dflg;nfO{
k|ydtM cfk\mg} dg / dl:tissf] kl/isf/ ug{ ;r]t u/fOPsf] 5 . ;fy} dg / dl:tissf] jf lj1fg / O{Zj/Lo ljZjf;sf]
;+Zn]if0f jf ;a} hfltx¿larsf] ;dGjosf] ck]Iff klg o;df b]lvG5 . o:tf ;a} kIfsf] ;dGjosf/L r]tgf ;+:yflkt
ug{ ;Sg] kl/isf/k"0f{ dg / dl:tissf] ck]Iff ug{] j}rfl/stf / gjLg lzNksf] ;+Zn]if0fsf sf/0f ;?eStsf] of] klxnf]
pkGof; eP klg g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fd} pNn]vgLo k|of]uzLn lj1fg pkGof; aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
bf];|f] pkGof; ‘kfun a:tL’df klg j}rfl/stf / :j}/ sfNklgstfn] cem a9L dxTTj kfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;df
b]lvg] kfun a:tL oyfy{ ;dfh xf]Og . ToxfF b]lvg] Jojl:yt / ;dtfd'vL cfbz{ ;dfh jf To; ;dfhsf kfqx¿sf
ljleGg ljlzi6 sfo{snfk klg cGo ;dfhsf oyfy{ xf]Ogg\ . tL ;a} :j}/ sfNklgs x'g\ . tL ;fdflhs oyfy{eGbf
leGg 5g\ . leGg t'Nofpg' g} To; a:tLsf] hgs, ;~rfns / lgoGqs k|zfGtsf] pb\b]Zo b]lvG5 . To;af6 pkGof;df
jt{dfg oyfy{ hLjgsf] ck"0f{tfnfO{ /fd|};Fu k|ltWjlgt ul/Psf] 5 . Tof] ck"0f{tfsf] ;ª\s]t g]kfnL ;dfhdf dfq} ;Lldt
geO{ ljZjJofkL ag]sf] 5 .
pkGof; dfyf{ / k|zfGTfsf] b'3{l6t k|]d syf jf egf}F k|zfGtsf] cx+jfbL / dfyf{sf] k|]djfbL bz{gsf] åGå
;ª\3if{sf] syf af]s]/ 7'nf] gbL au] em}F cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . lardf cGo cy{k"0f{ k|;ª\ux¿ klg ylkFb} cfPsf 5g\ . tL ;a}n]
k|sf/fGt/n] ;du| dfgj r]tgf / p;sf] k|j[lTtdf b]lvPsf c;ª\ult, q'l6 / s'¿ktfnfO{ Joª\Uo u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
pkGof;sf] Jolt/]sL Jo~hgf -;b\b]nfO{ kfun l;4 ug{] ;dfh_ n] emg\ To;nfO{ a9L cfsif{s / dd{:kzL{ t'NofO lbPsf]
5 . o; afx]s o;df b]lvg] cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] af}l4stf, tfls{stf, åGåfTdstf, s't"xntf, ;"lStdotf, kfqsf] cfcfk\mg}
lsl;dsf ts{k"0f{ lghfTdstf h:tf s'/fn] o;sf] cf}kGofl;s snf w]/} dfly p7fPsf 5g\ .
t];|f] pkGof; ‘t?gL v]tL’df ;dfhdf ljsl;t e6\6L ;+:s[lt / k'?if k|wfg ;dfhsf k'?ifx¿sf] gf/Lk|ltsf]
xLgtd dgf]j[lTtnfO{ cleJol~ht ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . o;}sf nflu k'?ifn] kTgLnfO{ lslgPsL t?gL v]tsf ¿kdf /
kTgLaf6 hlGdPsf 5f]/Lx¿nfO{ kmfObfsf lglDt a]lrg] af]6 lj?jfsf ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] jf gf/LnfO{ k'?if pkef]Uo j:t'
dfq 7fGg] u/]sf] jf:tljstfnfO{ k|tLsfTds sygåf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;} s|ddf pkGof;sf] cGTolt/ k|]dLsf] dd{
/ dxTTj ga'e\mg] h8 ;dfhk|lt k|]dL kfqsf dfWodaf6 cfs|f]z klg k|s6 ePsf] 5 . k|]dL kfq / p;sf] k|tLIff/t k|]d
bz{gsf] l;h{gfn] pkGof;nfO{ xn'ª\uf] x'gaf6 w]/} g} hf]ufPsf] 5 .
rf}yf] pkGof; ‘;do qf;bL’df bf];|f]df h:t} ;'?sf s]xL kl/R5]b -!–!#_ df ;fdflhs oyfy{tfnfO{ k|ToIf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;kl5 :j}/ sfNklgstfsf] pkof]u ub{} jt{dfg o'u hLjgsf] ljb|"k oyfy{nfO{ cleJol~ht ug{ vf]lhPsf]
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5 . pkGof;n] d'VotM @)$* b]lv @)%* k"j{sf] g]kfnL ;dfhsf / c+ztM nfdf] ;dodf ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf cGt/f{li6«o
If]qsf qf;b kl/l:yltnfO{ ljifoa4 u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; s|ddf ;dfh lbg k|ltlbg ;+j]bgfz"Go aGb} uPsf] x'Fbf pkGof;df
To:tf qf;b kl/l:yltnfO{ Psbd} v/f] / d'v/ lsl;dn] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF b]lvg] ;dfhsf k'?if dfq} gf/L kL8s
geO{ gf/L klg k'?if kL8s 5g\ . k|]d ljjfx u/]sf dfofsf] hf]8L / ;fu/sf] hf]8Ln] nfdf] hLjg latfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
dfofnfO{ p;sf] k|]dLn] / ;fu/nfO{ p;sL k]|ldsfn] wf]sf lbPsf 5g\ . kmntM dfof / ;fu/n] cfcfk\mgf k]|dL k|]ldsfnfO{
luF8]/ ;Gtfg ;lxt 3[0ff nf]ssf] ljr/0f ug{ k'u]sf, ToxfF 5f]/f5f]/Ln] x}/fg kfg{ yfNbf / k};fsf] nf]e a9\b} hfFbf cfk\mg}
;Gtfg To; g/eIfL ;dfhsf s;fOnfO{ a]lr lbPsf, To;kl5 hLjge/ k5'tf]df k/]sf, cGttM To; ;dfhsf] aa{/
zf;ssf] rk]6fdf k/]/ ;fu/ d/]sf] / dfof af}nfPsL h:tf hLjgsf qf;b :j}/ sNkgfsf] k|of]u u/]/ pkGof; a'lgPsf]
5 . g/eIfL 3[0ff nf]ssf] jwzfnf, ljleGg df;' k;ndf lxGb", d'l:nd, af}4, ls|l:rog, sfnf, uf]/f, cfo{, d+uf]n h:tf
hflt, wd{, j0f{, ;Dk|bfosf AjfOn/ s'v'/f v'OnfP/ em'08fP h:tf cnu cnu l;ª\uf l;ª\uf nf;, To:t} of}gfª\u dfq} a]Rg
/flvPsf k;nx¿, ;fj{hlgs cbfntn] 9'ª\uf xfgL xfgL jf z/L/sf] df;' sf6L sf6L dfg{] egL u/]sf km};nf / ;f]xL
cg';f/sf] cfr/0f h:tf cg]sg :j}/ sNkgfn] pkGof;df eofgs / jLeT; efjwf/f k|jflxt ePsf] 5 . 7fpF 7fpFdf
kf7snfO{ n]vsaf6 olt xb;Ddsf] ljb|"k sNkgf klg ug{ ;Dej x'G5 eGg] nfU5 t/ pkGof; k|sflzt eO ;s]kl5
emg\ emg\ o; d'n'sdf dfgjtf lj/f]wL gj aa{/tf 5/k:6 ePsf] b]Vbf, ;'Gbf / ck|ToIftM Joxf]g'{ klg kbf{ pkGof;sf
ljb|"k :j}/ sNkgf oyfy{s} k|lt¿k ag]sf kfOG5g\ . xf], pkGof;sf sltko 36gf k|;ª\ux¿sf] ;+of]hgdf gx'g kg{]
s]xL q'l6 ePsf 5g\ t/ ;dsfnLg ljb|"k oyfy{nfO{ o;n] hlt glhsaf6 cfTd;ft u/L To;sf] lgZz]if lrq lvRg
h'g lzNk ;Gwfg u/]sf] 5 Tof] lgZro g} g]kfnL pkGof;sf nflu pNn]vgLo pknlAw ag]/ /xg] 5 .
e"ld/fh a:tfsf]6Lsf] @)^* ;fndf k|sflzt ‘lgdf{]rg’ pkGof; k|of]zLntfsf] csf{] pbfx/0f ag]sf] 5 . l8dfO
;fOhsf hDdf !#* k[i7 -e"ldsf, dGtJo afx]s_ df km}lnPsf] o; pkGof;df k|;ª\u kl/jt{gsf nflu lrGx k|of]u klg
ul/Psf] 5 . pkGof;sf] ljifo ;dsfnLg o'u hLjgsf ;fgfltgf 36gf k|;ª\ux¿sf] ;ª\sng h:tf] ag]sf] 5 . o;
s|ddf d kfq jf k[YjLsf] cfk\mgf] hLjg j[TtfGt jf p;n] cfk\mgf hLjgdf b]v] ef]u]sf ljljw 36gf k|;ª\u hf]8\b} hf]8\b}
nu]/ pkGof;sf] cfsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . oxL s|ddf /fHokIfsf] HofbtL jf ;]gfsf] s|"/tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ b]v]/ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{k|lt
em'sfj ePsf] cu|xl/ jf cu|ufdL rl/q dfcf]jfbLdf nfu]/ hª\un k;]sf] 5 t/ Toxf“ klg sdfG8/sf] s|"/tfk"0f{ Jojxf/,
p;sf] cfly{s ckf/blz{tf / dfgjLotfz"Go ;ª\u7gsf] ultljlw b]v]ef]u]/ kl5 cnlUuPsf] 5 . To;kl5 p;sf] ;ª\ut
cWofTdjfbL :jfdLlt/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . :jfdLsf cfWoflTds b[li6sf]0fn] p;nfO{ a9L tfg]sf] 5 / pm dfS;{jfbsf] ck"0f{tf
b]Vg yfN5 . dfS;{jfbL ef}ltsjfb / cWofTdsf] k\mo'hg u/]/ gof“ b[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf{0f p;sf] sfDo ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
To;}sf nflu pm :jfdLsf kl5 nfu]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf w]/} dfS;{jfbLx¿sf] cGttM x'g] j}rfl/s 9NsfOnfO{ o;n] k|ltlglwTj
u/]sf] 5 . pkGof;df cu|ufdLs} rl/q lgdf{0fsf s|ddf dfcf]jfbL åGå sfnLg kl/j]z tflgPsf] 5 . dfcf]jfbLdf nfu]sf
OdfGbf/ ljKnjsf] /fHo kIfn] u/]sf] xTof, bf]/Defsf] ;fd"lxs xTof, dfcf]jfbLn] dRrfPsf ufp“3/sf eft] sf/jfxL,
;f+:s[lts cftª\s -uf]? sf6]/ vfg]_, lzIfs d'lStgfysf] xTof, lrtjgsf] df8Ldf ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs a; g/ ;+xf/
h:tf w]/} k|;ª\u ;fGble{s agfP/ NofOPsf] 5 . o:t} uf]ljGb /fh e6\6/fO{sf] ‘;'s/ftsf kfOnf’ pkGof;sf] d[To"Gd'vL
cgGt kfqnfO{ hLjgjfbL agfP/ ljlgdf{0f ul/Psf] klg 5 . kf]v/fsf] kl/j]z / Toxf“ e]l6PsL Plngf;“usf] ;ª\utn]
pm kl/jlt{t eP/ Plngf;“u ljjfx u/L cfk\mgf] ufp“ kms{]sf] 5 / Toxf“ nf]Ug] :jf:gL b'a} sn]hdf k9fP/ u[x:yL hLjg
ljtfO /x]sf] b]vfOPsf] 5 .
oL afx]s pkGof;df o'jfk':tfsf] b[li6sf]0f / hLjg z}nL, ljjz gf/Lx¿n] cjnDag u/]sf] of}g k];f,
d÷k[YjLsf bf]sfgdf cfpg] yl/yl/sf kfq / ltgsf cgf}7f cgf}7f rl/q, d kfqs} afNo tyf lszf]/ sfnLg p6\k6\ofª\,
o'jfsfndf p;n] u/]sf] k9fO n]vfOsf] kf}/v / hflu/ gkfO{ a]/f]huf/ eP/ a:g' kbf{sf s'07f h:tf s'/fx¿ pkGof;df
cfPsf 5g\ . o:t} :j}/ sfNklgs df}gsf]6sf] s]xL rrf{ klg /x]sf] 5 . pkGof;df w]/} yf]s 5g\ t/ tL k|sL0f{ 5g\ . d,
cu|ufdL / cgGtsf] syf klg 6'ª\luPsf] 5}g . pkGof;sf] cGTodf lbOPsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ of] t pkGof; n]vgsf]
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k[i7e"ld dfq} xf] . æd}n] cem} b]Vg' 5 . d}n] km]l/ n]Vg' 5 . cu|ufdLsf] k'g/fudg / cgGtsf] eljio s'g ¿kdf b]lvG5 .
To;nfO{ d a'l4sf] cf“vLe\mofndf x[bosf] b'/lag nufP/ x]l/ /x]sf] x'g] 5' -k[=!#*_Æ eGg] n]vssf] egfOn] klg vf;
pkGof; ca n]lvg] 5 eGg] a'lemG5 .
a:tfsf]6Ln] klxnf] pkGof;df eGbf o;df /fd|} u'0ffTds km8\sf] df/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;dsfnLg g]kfnL pkGof;
n]vg k/Dk/fnfO{ k9]]/ o;sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] n]vgdf cufl8sf] eGbf b[li6 3gTj klg w]/} ;d[4 aGb}
uPsf] 5 . Tof] s'/f o; pkGof;df b]lvg] :jfdL / cgGtsf] rl/q lgdf{0faf6 ;xh} af]w ug{ ;lsG5 . cfVofgaf6
clwcfVofgtkm{sf] k|oTg klg oxf“ b]lvG5 .
o;sf] lgdf{0fdf kl5Nnf g]kfnL pkGof;x¿sf] k|ToIf k/f]If k|efj b]lvG5 . h:t} oxf“sf df}gsf]6sf k|]da:tL,
e|da:tLsf ;Gbe{ ‘kfun a:tL’df, 5f]/f5f]/L rfx]sf] a]nfdf afa'cfdfn] dfg{ kfpg' k5{ eGg] ;Gbe{ ‘;do qf;bL’df,
kfq !, @, #, $ sf ;Gbe{ ‘km'nsf] cftª\s’df, oyfy{ kfq k|of]u / kfq k'glg{df0fsf] ;Gbe{ …z/0ffyL{Ú df b]Vg ;lsG5 .
/fd|f] n]vgaf6 l;s]/ cem /fd|f] agfpg] k|oTg x'g' kb{5 t/ cem /fd|f] agfpg ;S5' eGg] cfTd ljZjf; pkGof;sf/df
cem} alg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . To;sf] b/f] cfwf/ eg]sf] h;sf] pkGof;sf] kfqsf] ljlgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 p;}af6 k|z+;fTds
e"ldsf n]vfP/ cfk"m ;'/lIft ePsf] cg'ej ug{ vf]Hg' xf] . t/ oxf“ t e"ldsf n]vsn] $) k|ltzt n]vg t cfk\mgf]
lgb{]zgn] ag]sf] bfaL u/]sf] b]lvG5 -k[=3_ . To; cl3 g} k9]/ /fo lbg]x¿n] klg To;/L g} bfaL ug{] xf] eg] pkGof;sf/sf]
b[li6sf]0f slt k|ltztdf v'lDrg] xf] ljrf/0fLo ag]sf] 5 . csf{] s'/f e6\6/fO{n] eg] em}“ o; pkGof;sf] vf; kIf eg]sf]
cgGt kfqsf] gj lgdf{0f dfq} eg] xf]Og . Tof] t pkGof;sf] nueu @% k|ltzt dfq} xf] . To:t} e6\6/fO{sf] cfTd
lj1fkg -h:t}–cem d]/f] k|sfzf]Gd'v ‘;'s/ftsf] 8fo/L’n] sqf] cf“wL a]x/L pTkGg unf{ -k[=5_Æ_ / :jfy{jz ul/Psf]
dgf]ut k|z+;fn] k|z+;s / k|z+l;t b'a} emg\ xn'ª\lug] sfd ePsf] 5 .
pkGof;sf] sys d kfqsf] 7fp“ 7fp“sf] cNnf/]kg, pTtfpnf] ldhf; / p;sf] cufl8sf] p6\k6\ofª rl/q / p;n]
a'Gg vf]h]sf] uDeL/ j}rfl/s ljifosf] pkGof;lar klg tfnd]n ePsf] 5}g . p;sf] af]nLsf] 7f8f] :j¿kn] kf7snfO{ 7fp“
7fp“df lahfp“5 . To:t} Ot/ k|;ª\ux¿ klg cu|ufdL, cgGt / …d’ kfqs} hLjg ;Gbe{;“u a9L ;fGble{s agfP/ k|:t't
ug{ ;s]sf eP o;n] cem /fd|f] cf}kGofl;s k|jfx sfod ug{ ;SYof] . pkGof;df w]/} s'/f y'kfg{ vf]Hg] t/ s'g}sf] k"0f{tf
gb]lvg] 6's|] kf/fn] cf}kGofl;s t[lKt kf7sn] kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . x'g t kl5Nnf clwcfVofg h'g eflifs v]n eg]/
/dfOnf];“u ;do sf6\g] ljifo dfq} agfpg] k|rng klg 5 . pkGof; k'/} To:tf] klg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o:tf sltko
kl/;Ldf o;df b]lvPsf 5g\ tfklg kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vg k/Dk/fdf of] lgZro g} gof“ afGsLsf] pkGof; ag]sf] 5 .
åGå sfnLg kl/j]z, j}rfl/stfsf] k|of]u, dfcf]jfbL ;ª\3if{k|lt cfsif{0f / ljsif{0f h:tf s'/fx¿ o; cl3sf kf]v/]nL
pkGof;x¿df ;xh} b]Vg ;lsG5 . tL afx]s o;df k"j{ kfqsf] gj lgdf{0f jf ljlgdf{0f / 5f]6f 5f]6f syf pkGof;df
x'Ng] -kfq !, @==_ sfd kf]v/]nL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf klxnf] k6s ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] cf}kGofl;s afGsL klg gof“
ag]sf] 5 .
#=% j}rfl/stf
ljrf/sf] k|of]u ;a}h;f] pkGof;df ul/G5 . kf]v/]nL /fhgLlts ljb|f]x s]Gb|L / k|of]uzLn pkGof;df o;sf] /fd|}
k|of]u ePsf] 5 tfklg ltgdf ;fdflhs ljifo / z}lNks k|of]u klg plTts} dxTTjsf ag]/ cfPsf 5g\ . ;?eStsf]
…kfun a:tLÚ df cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] z"GojfbL bz{g / k|]d bz{gsf] k|of]u b]Vg ;lsG5 t/ To;df klg j}rfl/stf;“u
z}lNks k|of]u plTts} dxTTjsf] ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . ljrf/sf] dfq} k|wfgtf ePsf pkGof; @)^& / @)^* ;fndf s|dzM
/jLGb| dfsfh" / bLks k/fh'nLn] n]v]sf] kfOG5 .
/jLGb| dfsfh"sf] ‘;'dg’ pkGof; l8dfO ;fOhsf hDdf &@ k[i7sf] 5 . o;df ljifonfO{ @# kl/R5]bdf ljefhg
u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . sn]h k9\b} u/]sf] ;'dg ;fu/ t[i0ff gfdsL sn]hsL s]6Lsf] ¿k ;f}Gbo{ b]v]/ e't'Ss x'G5 /
Psf]xf]/f] p;nfO{ kfpg cg]s k|oTg u5{ t/ t[i0ff p;sf] k|]daf6 slTt k|efljt x'Gg . /fd|L s]6L ePsL x'“bf p;nfO{ k]|dkq
86
n]Vg]x¿ klg y'k|} x'G5g\ . p;sf af/]df x'g] gx'g] s'/f sf6\g]x¿ klg k|z:t b]lvG5g\ t/ t[i0ff l8Knf]df pTtL0f{ gu/];Dd
lax]sf af/]df s'g} s'/f ;f]Rg] kIfdf b]lvGg / p;sf lktfn] klg k9]/ ;Ifd aGg vf]h]sL 5f]/Lsf] rfxgfnfO{ g} 6]jf
lbG5g\ . Ps lbg k':tsfnodf a;]/ kl9 /x]sL t[i0ffnfO{ k5\ofp“b} ;'dg p;s} ;fd' k'U5 / cfk\mgf] k|]d lgj]bg u5{ .
t/ t[i0ff ;'dgsf] Jojxf/af6 s|'4 x'G5] / l/;n] e'Ge'lgP/ efUg vf]Hbf v'6\6fdf ;f/L clNemP/ n8\5] . l;;fsf 6's|fdfly
p;sf] cg'xf/ k/]sf] x'“bf /StfDo] x'G5] . pkrf/kl5 ;Gr eP klg p;sf] cg'xf/ s'¿k x'G5 . To; 36gfkl5 pm sn]h
hfg 5f8\5] . s'¿k b]lvPkl5 p;nfO{ ljjfxsf lglDt sf]xL dfUg klg cfp“b}gg\ . æt[i0ffsf] hLjgdf v'l;ofnL 5fPg
-k[=@!_Æ eGb} pkGof;df p;sf] k|;ª\u 6'GUofOG5 .
To;kl5 ;'dg klg k9\g 5f8\5 . lax] ug{] ljrf/ klg TofU5 . ;dfh / hLjgsf af/]df k|jrg ub{} lx“8\5 .
pm sn]h k9\bf g} lgs} h]x]Gbf/ / tfls{s lyof] . pm ;a} wd{ ;Dk|bfok|lt ;b\efj /fVg], ;dtfjfbL, dfgjtfjfbL,
pbf/jfbL b[li6sf]0f /fVg] JolStsf ¿kdf b]lvg yfN5 . ;ftf}“ kl/R5]b jf k[i7 @# kl5 cGTo;Dd nueu lg/Gt/ p;sf
b[li6sf]0f÷k|jrg÷pkb]zsf] Psfnfk pkGof;df cfPsf 5g\ . ;'dgsf] k|z+;s …d’ kfqn] s]xL 7fp“df ;+jfb t af]n]sf]
5 t/ Tof] ;f/} yf]/} 5 .
pkGof;sf] b'O{ ltxfO c+z ;'dgs} hLjg bz{g;“u ;Da4 syg 5g\ t/ tL Tolt Jojl:yt / Ps ljifos geO{
cg]s ljifos jf k|sL0f{ k|s[ltsf 5g\ . To;}n] sltko 7fp“df tL lj/f]wfef; o'St klg b]lvG5g\ . ;fk]If ;Tosf] cf>o lnP/
tL ;a} lj/f]wfef;sf] k'li6 ug{ vf]lhPsf] klg 5 . clGtd @# kl/R5]bdf æ;+;f/df o'4sf sf/0fn] eGbf k|]dsf sf/0fn] w]/}
xfgL gf]S;fgL ePsf] 5 -k[=&)_Æ eGb} k|]dkL8fsf] df/s k|s[ltnfO{ cf}“NofOPsf] 5 . To:t} dfG5] c?nfO{ x“;fpg klg g;Sg]
cy{xLg hf]s/df kl/0ft ePsf] ;Gbe{ klg NofOPsf] 5 . o;/L ;dfh / hLjgsf c;ª\ultx¿nfO{ j}rfl/s ¿kdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] o; s[ltdf cfVofgLs[t ljifo eg] Tolt b]lvGg . ePsf] ljifo klg lard} cw'/} h:tf] ag]/ /x]sf] 5 . s[ltsf] @# cf}“
kl/R5]bsf] ;'dg ;fu/sf] k|]dkL8f bz{gn] t[i0ff;“usf] p;sf] la5f]8sf] kL8f x[bosf] s'gfdf af“sL g} /x]sf] ;ª\s]t
ub{5 . h] xf];\ ;'dgn] JolSt t[i0ff;“usf] jf k|]ldsf;“usf] k|]ddf cfk"m c;kmn ePkl5 To;nfO{ Jofks dfgj k|]ddf
kl/jlt{t ub{} nu]sf] 5 . sltko 7fp“df ;'dgsf] b[li6sf]0f;“u pkGof;sf/sf] JolStTj ;fl6Psf] klg b]lvG5 . To:t}
;'dgsf] kl5Nnf] JofVof cg';f/ p;sL k"j{ k|]ldsf t[i0ff Ifl0fs t[i0ffsf tfTko{sf ¿kdf klg cly{g] b]lvG5] . oL ;a}
;Gbe{ x]bf{ /jLGb| dfsfh"sf] of] pkGof; /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6fsf] j}rfl/s pkGof;s} k/Dk/fsf] b]lvG5 tfklg b]jsf]6fsf]
h:tf] uDeL/ bfz{lgstfsf] cf]h eg] o;df e]l6Gg .
bLks k/fh'nLsf] ‘/fHosf] cGTo xf];\’ pkGof; /fhgLlts Joj:yf ljifos 5 . of] l8dfO ;fOhsf hDdf ()
k[i7 -e"ldsf, dGtJo cflb afx]s_ df km}lnPsf] 5 / o;df ljifonfO{ !% kl/R5]bdf Jojl:yt u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
o;sf] k|:t'lt k|yd k'?if z}nLdf 5 . …d’ kfq SofDk; k9\b} u/]sf] /fd|f] ljb\oyL{ xf] . pm b]zdf b]lvPsf] x/]s If]qsf]
clt/fhgLlts/0faf6 c;Gt'i6 5 . ljz]iftM SofDk;df x'g] kf6L{x¿sf] eft[ ;ª\u7gsf ultljlwn] SofDk; g} /fhgLlts
k|lzIf0f s]Gb| aGg k'u]sf], cfd ljb\ofyL{x¿sf ;femf lxtsf s'/f x'g g;s]sf, /fHo hlxn] klg x'g]vfg] ju{s} ;+/If0fdf
nfu]sf] -k[=$$_, /fHo ;+oGqn] zlStsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] h:tf s'/f b]v] e]u]sf x'“bf /fHos} cGTo x'g' kg{] ljrf/ ;~rf/df
nfu]sf] 5 . pm JolStsf] :t/f]Gglt u/]/ cfTdjfbsf] ljsf; ug{ rfxG5 . p;sf] ljrf/k|lt cfd ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] ?lr
a9\b} uPsfn] kf6L{x¿sf eft[ ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf /x]sf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] / kf6L{x¿sf] :jfy{df afwf kg{ yfn]sfn] pgLx¿
…d’ sf ljkIfdf b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . …d’ kIfw/ ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ ef}lts sf/afxLsf] wDsL lbg] / d/0ff;Gg x'g] u/]/
cfs|d0f ug{] sfd klg x'g yfN5 . pgLx¿sf] cfs|d0fn] /lj uDeL/ ¿kdf 3fOt] eO{ cfOl;o'df egf{ klg ul/Psf] 5 .
k/LIff lbg hfg nfu]sf] …d’ :jo+nfO{ e"ldut ;ª\u7gsf dflg;x¿n] ckx/0f klg u/]sf 5g\ .
pkGof; …d’ s} ckx/0fsf] k|;ª\uaf6 yfngL ePsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sdL{ k|bLk ;/sf] cys kxnaf6 …d’
aNntNn 5'6]sf] 5 . p;nfO{ ckx/0f ug{]x¿ ef/tLo d"nsf x'G5g\ . ckx/0f u/]/ nluPsf] If]q t/fO{ x'G5 . ckx/0faf6
5'6\bf …d’ nfO{ p;sf cg'ofoL jf ;xsdL{ ljb\ofyL{x¿n] cla/ hfqf g} u/]/ nfG5g\ . ;f]xL s|ddf ckx/0f lsg ul/of]
eGg] s'/f …d’ n] :ki6 kfg{] s|ddf k"j{:d[ltsf ¿kdf pkGof;df 36gfx¿sf] aofg ub{} nluPsf] 5 . ckx/0fsf sf/0f
87
…d’ sf] c/fHojfbL, cfTdjfbL j}rfl/stfaf6 eoeLt /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] sd{ g} b]lvG5 . ljrf/nfO{ j}rfl/s ¿kd}
k/f:t ug{ g;s]kl5 kf6L{x¿n] u/]sf] l3g nfUbf] v]nsf ¿kdf To;nfO{ ;ª\s]t ul/Psf] 5 .
kf6L{x¿ ;Ttf :jfy{sf nflu h:tf];'s} 3[l0ft v]n v]Ng tTk/ x'G5g\ . /fHo g} zlSt :jfy{sf nlu b'?kof]u
ul/G5 . SofDk;sf] ljb\ofyL{ r'gfjdf g} em8ksf] l;h{gf u/L dfG5] g} dfl/G5 . /fHon] tnaf/ jf aGb'ssf] efiff dfq}
;'G5 . zlSt /fi6«x¿ klg z:qf:qsf] xf]8afhLdf 5g\ . /fHon] g} lag nfb]g agfPsf] / ;dfKt klg kf/]sf] xf] . /fHo
cfkm} af]S;L / cfkm} wfdL aG5 -k[=#^_ . ;'s/ftnfO{ ljif lknfpg] / O;f dl;xnfO{ ;'nL r9fpg] sfd klg /fHon] g}
u/]sf] xf] -k[=#*_ . /fHosf] xltof/ jf tfst hgtfs} lj?4 k|of]u x'G5 -k[=#&_ . /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] gfd nf]stGq
eP klg To;sf ;~rfns nf]stflGqs x'“b}gg\ -k[=**_ . /fhgLlt g}ltstf ljxLg ag]sf] 5 . bnLo cfsfª\Iff j}olSts
cx+sf/ k'li6sf nflu dfq} ePsf] 5 . ;+;f/el/ To;n] o'4s} lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] elgPsf] 5–
dfgj Oltxf;sf] rf/ xhf/ jif{sf] sfnv08df d'l:snn] b'O{ ;o jif{ klg ljZjn] zflGtsf] :jf; km]g{
gkfPsf] tYo e]l6G5 . o'4df lat]sf] af“sL ltg xhf/ cf7 ;o jif{eGbf a9L ;dosf] eofgstf /
aLeT;tf 36\bf] geO{ a9\bf] g} kfOPsf] 5 . ha;Dd dflg;x¿ cfkm"leqsf] a'4nfO{ lrGg ;xL af6f]df
kms{b}gg\ ta;Dd d"NoxLg sf}8Lx¿ xTofpgsf] nflu ;+;f/df o'4 hf/L /xG5 ==== -k[=*@_ .
/fHo /Stkft / lx+;fn] hGdfPsf] ;Gtfg xf] . To;}n] /fHodf /x]/ zflGt / clx+;fsf] sNkgf ug{' s]an
e|fds ;kgf dfq xf] -k[=*@_ .
ls;fg hf] v]tx¿df d/Ld/L cGg kmnfp“5g\, pxL ef]sf] 5 . dhb'/ hf] x/]s pb\oddf xf8 3f]6\5 pxL
gfª\uf] 5 . 7fn' g]tfx¿ h;sf] sfd s]an efif0f e'Sg' dfq xf], c¿ s]xL sfd ub{}gg\ . pgLx¿;“u s'g}
lrhsf] s]xL sdL b]lv“b}g . tkfO{+nfO{ nfUb}g /fHo cfh klg ax' ;ª\Vos hg ;fwf/0fx¿sf lj?4 s]xL
d'7Le/sf 7fn' dflg;x¿sf] if8\oGq dfq} xf] . x]g{' xf];\ t, b]zsf tdfd ef]sf, gfª\uf hgtfx¿sf] bf?0f
l:ylt clg oL ;Ttfs]Gb|L g]tfx¿sf] cfln;fg lhGbuL . sf] k|hftGq < sf] ;dfhjfbL < sf] hgjfbL < sf]
xf] hgtfsf] ;]js < sf] xf] ;j{xf/f < cfk\mgf] cs't ;DklTtsf] s]xL c+z dfq} eP klg /fli6«os/0f u/L
ul/aL pGd"ng ug'{ k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5g\ tkfO{sf 3u8fg ;dfhjfbL g]tfx¿n] -k[=**_ <
ctM o:tf] /fHosf] cGTo x'g' k5{ . ca afx'an jf z:qf:qsf] jf emG8fjfnx¿sf] s|flGt xf]Og cflTds s|flGt
x'g' k5{ . cfTdf ch/ / cd/ 5 eGg] s'/f uLtfn] :yflkt ul/ ;s]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ z:qf:qsf] o'4n] ;dfKt kfg{ ;St}g
eGb} pkGof; ;dfKt ePsf] 5 .
o;/L pkGof;n] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] dfq} geO{ ;+;f/el/ g} s'¿k ag]sf] /fhgLlt / /fHo Joj:yfsf] lg¿k0f
ub{} To:tf] /fHosf] cGTo x'g' k5{ eGg] 3f]if0ff ug'{sf ;fy} /fHo ljxLg ;dfhsf] sNkgf u/]sf] 5 hxf“ ;dfhsf k|To]s
;b:o æ;dfg ;x cl:tTjk"0f{ ;xsfo{ / ;xof]udf af“Rg ?rfp“5g\ -k[=$(_ .Æ To:t}–
/fHon] ug{] eg]sf ;a} sfo{x¿ ;dfhsf ;ª\ul7t :j}lR5s :jod\ ;]jL ;+:yfx¿n] k|To]s dflg;sf] k|ToIf
;+nUgtfdf ;xsfo{d"ns tl/sfaf6 /fHon] eGbf /fd|f], 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L ¿kaf6 ug{ ;S5g\ . Toxf“
/fHon] hgtfdfly nfb\g] zlStsf] cefj x'G5, o;sf] cy{ zflGt, cdg r}g / lgod Joj:yfsf] cGTo
x}g a? ;dfgtf, k|]d / cfTdLotfsf] pbo xf] -k[=$(_ .
of] c/fhstfjfbL bfz{lgs jfs'lgg / k|f]wfn] eg] h:tf] O{Zj/ lj/f]wL wf/ klg xf]Og -k[=$*_ . a? clx+;fTds
/fHo ljxLg ;dfhsf] sNkgf ug{] ufGwL / 6N;6fosf] ;f]rsf] lgs6 5 -k[=^@_ . æof] Tof] jfb xf] hxf“ ;a} jfbx¿sf]
cGTokl5 o;sf] ;'?jft x'G5 – of] ;a}eGbf k/sf] cfTdjfb xf] -k[=$*_ .Æ o;sf] Wo]o wd{jfb xf]Og . of] k|To]s k|f0fLdf
/x]sf] cfTdfsf] sNof0fdf s]lGb|t 5 . of] ;a} k|f0fLdf ;dfgtf, k|]d / cfTdLotf ljsf; u/fpg s]lGb|t x'G5 .
jf:tjdf pkGof;sf/ k/fh'nLsf] of] Ps lsl;dsf] o'6f]lkof xf] h'g dfS;{jfbn] ;fDojfbL r/0fdf jf ufGwLn]
/fd/fHosf] sNkgfdf k|:t't u/]sf klg 5g\ . o:t} pkGof;df b]lvg] c/fHojfbsf] ;Gbe{ o;k"j{sf] hubLz l3ld/]sf]
‘;flatL’ pkGof;df cfPsf] k|;ª\u xf] -kf}8]n, @)^* vM%*_ . To;nfO{ k/fh'nLn] cfk\mg} lsl;dn] yk lj:tf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
88
;du|df eGbf bLks k/fh'nLsf] of] klxnf] pkGof; g}ltstfxLg /fhgLltsf sf/0f s'¿k ag]sf] ;dsfnLg
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ k|ltlaDas} cf8df Pp6f gjLg / ljrf/ pTt]hs b[li6sf]0f k|If]k0f ug{ s]lGb|t /x]sf] 5 . o;sf]
j}rfl/stf ljjfbxLg geP klg af}l4s kf7sx¿sf nflu lgZro g} of] /fd|} cfsif{0fsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
#=^ gf/LjfbL ;f]r / ljlgdf{0f

kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf/ d'lStgfy zdf{, e'jg]Zj/ sf]O/fnf, ;?eSt nufotsf pkGof;x¿df g]kfnL k'?if k|wfg
;dfhsf gf/Lx¿n] Joxf]g'{ k/]sf sltko Joyfx¿nfO{ k|;ª\ujz k|:t't ul/Psf] b]lvG5 h;sf] rrf{ o;cl3 klg eO
;s]sf] 5 . o:tf sltko pkGof;sf 7fpF 7fpFdf gf/LjfbL ;f]rsf] cleJolSt klg kfOG5 . o:t} e"ld/fh j:tfsf]6Lsf]
…lgdf]{rg’ pkGof;n] ljlgdf{0fsf] k|j[lTtnfO{ kf]v/]nL pkGof;df k|yd k6s cg';/0f u/]sf] 5 . of] k|of]ujfbs} yk
z[ª\vnf klg xf] . o;sf] rrf{ klg o; cl3 g} ePsf] 5 .
#=& ljljw
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf k|j[lTtnfO{ d"n k|j[lTtsf ¿kdf g;sf/L ldl>t k|j[lTtsf] cg';/0f ug{] jf tLeGbf leGg
k|j[lTtsf] cg';/0f ug{] ;a} pkGof;nfO{ o; zLif{sdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . o;df ‘r'nL’, ‘laxfgL / ;fFem’, ‘lj;ª\ut a:tL’,
‘bf];|f] hLjg’ h:tf pkGof; kb{5g\ .
k|z:t k|of]uzLntf k|bz{g ul/;s]sf n]vs ;?eStn] cfk\mgf] kfFrf}F …pkGof; r'nLÚ df km/s k|j[lTt cg';/0f
u/]sf] kfOG5 . cy{xLg g} eP klg jt{dfg o'u hLjgsf] Jo:t kf7ssf] cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] jfWotf / ;ª\s6nfO{ n]vsn]
/fd|} cg'ej u/]/ o;sf] cfsf/ ;flRrs} n3' t'NofPsf 5g\ . clg xfd|f] /fli6«o uf}/jsf] ljifo eP klg ;flxTon] Tolt
w]/} rlr{g g;s]sf] lxdfnL If]qsf] jf ;u/dfyf cf/f]x0fsf] syfnfO{ o;n] ljifo t'NofP/ csf{] k|z+;gLo sfd u/]sf] 5 .
ljifonfO{ gjLg kf/fdf eGg], To;df j}rfl/stf / sljTjsf] ;+Zn]if0f ug{] snfTds l;k klg o;df dgUu] kfOG5 . 5f]6f]df
eGbf ;ª\lIfKttf, j}rfl/s ;3gtf, dfgjtf, ;"lStdotf, k"0f{tf, uf}/jdo /fli6«o k|s[lt k|]d, k|]/0ffbfoL ;fx;Lsf] syf,
z[ª\ufl/stf h:tf ljz]iftfn] el/Psf] o; pkGof;sf] cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] ;flxlTos d"No t 5“b} 5 To;dfly of] cfhsf
lszf]/ lszf]/LnfO{ k9fpg] /fd|f] ;fdu|L klg ag]sf] 5 . o:t} logsf] kl5Nnf] afn pkGof; ‘cFWof/f] sf]7f’ klg k|sflzt
kfOG5 . o;df k|tLsfTds 9ª\udf 5]kf/f], dfs'/f] / eFu]/f eFu]/Lx¿sf /dfOnf syf a'lgPsf] 5 . lszf]/f]Gd'v afn
aflnsfsf nflu of] k7gLo ;fdu|L ag]sf] 5 . afn pkGof; Tolt kof{Kt gePsf] g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/fdf o;n]
cfk\mg} lsl;dsf] P]ltxfl;s :yfg cf]u6]/ a:g] 5 . o;sf] k|tLsfTdstf eg] afn dgf]bzsf nflu hl6n g} ag]sf] 5 .
O{Zj/ kb]{zLsf] ‘laxfgL / ;fFem’ pkGof;sf] zLif{sn] hLjgsf pHofnf / cFWof/f jf ;'v / b'MvnfO{ ;ª\s]t
u/]sf 5g\ . pkGof; ;x/sf] wgf9\o zDe' k|;fbn] jf;gfTds k|]d u/]/ 5f8]sL dfofsf] cFWof/f] / zDe' k|;fbsf] pHofnf]
hLjg ;ª\s]taf6 ;'? ePsf] 5 . kf]v/fsf ;'s'djf;Lx¿sf] a:tL nfnl6g ahf/df a:g] dfofn] lu6\6L s'6\b} a;] klg
Ps lbg p;sf] ldlxg]tL 5f]/f] ;fu/ 8fS6/ ag]/ cfP/ cfk\mgf] ;a} kl/l:ylt ;Dxfn]sf] clg zDe' k|;fbsf] k'nk'NofP/
kfn]sf] PSnf] wgdTtf 5f]/f] ;'dgn] ;f/f cfk\mgf] ;DklTt klg 8'afPsf] / cfkm" klg b'Jo{;gL eO{ ;dfKt x'g nfu]sf]
b]vfOPsf] 5 . oxL s|ddf ;fu/ / zLnfsf] ldngdf 6'lª\uPsf] cfbz{ k|]d ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;n]
pkGof; ;'vfGt ag]sf] 5 . pkGof;sf] 36gf s|d ljsf;sf] :jfefljstfsf b[li6n] 7fpF ljz]ifdf ;Gb]x hlGdP klg
ltgsf] pb\b]Zo s]Gb|L k|jfxk"0f{ k|:t'ltn] kf7snfO{ /fd|};Fu lg/Gt/ cfslif{t ul/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . nugzLn eO{ kl/>d
ug{]n] ;kmntfsf] lzv/ r'd]/} 5f8\5, h:t} wgf9\o eP klg unt af6f]df lxF8\g]sf] cjZo ktg x'G5, lg:jfy{ k|]dn]
cGttM ;'v jf ldng lgDTofpF5 eGGf] h:tf cfbz{ o;df ;+:yflkt ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . kf]v/]nL ;DkGGf / ljkGg ju{sf]
;fdflhs kl/j]zsf] of] pkGof; :jR5GbtfjfbL cfbz{jfbL lzNk ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t eP/ klg ;'u7gsf sf/0f cfsif{s
ag]sf] 5 .
;?ljGb -÷uf]ljGb e08f/L_ sf] ‘lj;ª\ut a:tLx¿’ pkGof; ;dsfnLg lj;ª\ut oyfy{sf] lg¿k0fdf s]lGb|t
89
b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs c;ª\ultk|lt d kfqsf] Psf]xf]/f] syg jf Psfnfkdf g} s[ltsf w]/} k[i7 vlr{Psf 5g\ . Psfnfkdf
tfls{stf, Joª\UofTdstf, t'sfGttf h:tf s'/fsf] lgjf{x t ul/Psf] 5 t/ tL cfVofgLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df geO{ lgaGwfTds
sygsf ¿kdf jf :jtGq syg ;ª\u|x h:tf ag]/ cfPsf 5g\ . o;n] kf7snfO{ ;'?df k|of]uzLntfsf] e|d lbP klg
To;leqsf] /rgfTdstfsf] cefjn] Tof] cy{xLg nx8L k|oTg h:t} ag]sf] 5 . n]vs cfkm}n] o;nfO{ s] agfpg rfx]sf
x'g\ To;df klg :ki6 5}gg\ lsgeg] pkGof;sf] e"ldsfdf o;nfO{ k|of]ujfbL, cltoyfy{jfbL, cl:tTjjfbL, lj;ª\ultjfbL,
c/fhstfjfbL h:tf ljleGg ljz]if0f cfkm}n] lbPsf 5g\ . csf]{ s'/f o;k"j{sf] ;?eStsf] …kfun a:tL’ / To;df k|s6
ePsf] cx+jfbL wf/0ff h:t} ;?ljGbsf] …lj;ª\ut a:tL’ / o;df k|s6 djfbL wf/0fflar ;dfgtf l;h{gf ug{ vf]lhPsf]
5 t/ of] lrGtgxLg ;dfgtf la/fnf]n] af3sf] 8d? aGg vf]h] h:tf] dfq} ePsf] 5 . ljlgdf{0fsf] :t/df p7\g ;s]s]f
5}g .
k|tLIff afuL -÷/fdrGb| a/fn_ sf] ‘bf];|f] hLjg’ pkGof;df Psflt/ @)$^ ;fnsf] s|flGtkl5 b]lvPsf ljleGg
cGofo cTofrf/ / To;}nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{] k'ln; k|zf;gk|lt tLj| /f]if k|s6 ub{} ;dfhjfbLx¿ Ps eP/ k'gM /fhgLlts s|flGt
ug'{ kg{] -k[=#!_ s'/f cufl8 ;fl/Psf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ pkGof;sf gfos gflosf -k|zfGt / zflngf_ n] Joxf]/]sf] ljleGg
kl/l:ylt dfkm{t ax'kTgLsf] cjwf/0ffk|lt klg -…e'nsf] lhGbuL’df h:t}_ ;Ddlt hgfOPsf] 5 . lj/f]wfef;k"0f{ b[li6sf]0f
/ b'a{Nf lzNksf sf/0f of] nx8df ul/Psf] l;h{gf h:tf] ag]sf] 5 . o:t} pkGof;sf/df xl/s[i0f a~h/fn] ;fgf]ltgf]
/f]huf/Lsf nflu klg ef/t} k:g' k/]sf] u|fdL0f g]kfnL ;dfhsf g]kfnLx¿sf ljleGg b'v];f jf c;ª\ultx¿nfO{ dgf]x/,
;Gt], ;]tL, km'n', l;h{gf, /fdeSt h:tf kfqx¿;Fu ;Da4 u/]/ ‘hLjg hut’ gfds n3' pkGof; n]Vg] /x/ u/]sf]
kfOG5 eg] If]q axfb'/ s'Fj/n] ‘;+of]u egf}F jf efUo’ pkGof;df d'VotM 6'x'/f afn aflnsf -pd]z, ;fljqL / xl/
s'df/L_ ;Fu ;DalGwt t'NofP/ u|fdL0f g]kfnL ;dfhsf] z}lIfs b'/j:yf, gf/L zf]if0f, k/Dkl/t cGw ljZjf; k|:t't ug{
vf]h]sf 5g\ . o:t} s[i0f pbf;Lsf] ‘k/laGbf’ pkGof;df Psflt/ b]zdf b]lvPsf t:s/, ck/fwLx¿ -hf]g, cledfg_ sf]
b'Zrs|nfO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ To; b'Zrs|df kmF;]sf k/laGbf -gflosf_ / ;'wL/ -gfos_ sf] ljb|f]x / pgLx¿sf]
k]|d k|;ª\u klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oL ;a}n] ;fdflhs oyfy{nfO{ g} l6k]/ ;'wf/jfbL :j/ k|:t't ug{ rfx] klg pkGof;
n]vgsf] Go"gtd l;k cfh{g ug{ c;dy{ ;f/} l;sf? k|s[ltsf b]lvG5g\ . pbf;Ln] t cem cy{xLg gfª\uf] lrq lbP/
cfnfsfFrf kf7s nf]Eofpglt/ nfu]sf 5g\ . o:t} k|df]b d'NdLn] cfTdxTofdf cu|;/ dflg; -/fdeSt_ nfO{ loz'sf]
hLjgk|]d syf ;'gfP/ arfOPsf] syf a'g]/ ‘Tof] gla;{g] /ft’ gfds n3' pkGof; n]Vg] /x/ u/]sf 5g\ t/ of] pkGof;
gagL wd{ k|rf/sf] ;fdu|L ag]sf] 5 .
log} ;'wfjfbL b[li6sf]0f, z[ª\ufl/stf, /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]tgf, k|of]uzLntf, j}rfl/stf, gf/LjfbL ;f]r,
ljlgdf{0f, afn tyf lszf]/ s]Gb|L n]vg h:tf s'/f g} kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf d"n k|j[lTt lgwf{l/t x'g cfPsf 5g\ .
$= pk;+xf/
k|:t't zf]wd"ns n]v kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgsf] n]vfhf]vf ub{} ltgsf d"n k|j[lTtx¿sf] lg¿k0fdf s]lGb|t
/x]sf] 5 . o; s|ddf o;sf] d'Vo ;d:of kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgsf] yfngL / Tof] @)^* ;fn;Dd s] s;/L ljsf;
x'“b} cfof] clg To;sf d"n k|j[lTt s] s:tf 5g\ eGg] s'/f lgSof{}n ug{' /x]sf] x'“bf tL ;d:ofx¿sf] tYo ;ª\ut ;dfwfg
vf]Hg' o; zf]wsf] pb\b]Zo ag]sf] 5 . kf]v/fdf @)!! ;fndf pkGof; n]vgsf] vf; yfngL ePkl5 @)^* ;fn;Dd
n]Vb} cfPsf b'O{ bh{geGbf a9L pkGof;sf/sf ltg bh{geGbf a9L cf}kGofl;s s[ltx¿sf] s|da4 ljj/0f oxf“ k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 . To;kl5 kf]v/]nL pkGof;nfO{ ltgsf d"n k|j[lTtsf cfwf/df juL{s/0f u/L ;ª\lIfKt ljZn]if0f ug{] sfd
ePsf] 5 . o:tf] ljZn]if0fkl5 b]lvPsf x/]s k|j[lTt;Fu ;Da4 dxTTjk"0f{ pkGof; / ltgsf j}lzi6\onfO{ kf]v/]nL
pkGof; n]vgsf] pknlAwsf ¿kdf lnP/ ltgnfO{ s]xL lj:tf/df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
@)!! ;fnaf6 ;'? ePsf] kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgn] xfn;Dd cfwf zts latfPsf] 5 t/ o:tf pkGof;nfO{
x]bf{ pkGof; n]vg ;'? ePsf] ltg bzs;Dd klg vf;} u'0f :t/Lo pkGof; hGdg g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . @)$# ;fnkl5 g}
90
o; If]qsf] vf; ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] e]l6G5 . To;kl5 eg] w]/} g} pkGof; n]lVFfb} cfPsf 5g\ . o:tf pkGof;df ;'wf/jfbL
b[li6sf]0f, z[ª\ufl/stf, /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]t, k|of]uzLntf, j}rfl/stf, gf/LjfbL ;f]r, ljlgdf{0f h:tf ljleGg k|j[lTtx¿sf]
k|of]u ePsf] 5 . d'lStgfy zdf{n] ;'?d} pNn]vgLo ;'wf/jfbL j}rfl/s pkGof; n]v]kl5 To;nfO{ ;f]xL k|j[lTtsf jf
k|]dk/s k|j[lTtsf] cg';/0f ug{] pkGof;sf/x¿n] cfk\mg} lsl;dn] cufl8 a9fpg vf]h] t/ tL j}rfl/s / snf d"Nosf
b[li6n] klg vf;} pNn]vgLo b]lvPgg\ . ltgsf ;fk]Iftfdf /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]t ePsf pkGof;n] a? Ps lsl;dsf] cy{k"0f{
j}rfl/stf / ;dfhsf unt d"No dfGotfk|ltsf] cfs|f]z k|b{zg u/]/ kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf] ljsf;nfO{ a9L dxTTjsf]
t'NofP . oxL s|ddf ;?eStn] d'VotM k|of]zLn / c+ztM k/Dkl/t b'a} 9fFrfsf] pkof]u u/L kf]v/]nL pkGof;nfO{
ljljwtf / u'0f :t/Lotfsf] /fd|f] prfO k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} @)^* ;fndf /fhgLlts gj j}rfl/stf /
ljlgdf{0fsf] pkof]u u/]/ kf]v/]nL pkGof;df cy{k"0f{ ljljwtf yk]sf] b]lvG5 .
$=! kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf pknlAw

kf]v/]nL pkGof;nfO{ ;du|df x]bf{ oxfF cfVofg n]vgsf] k|f¿k @))& ;fndf g} d'lStgfy zdf{sf] ‘dft[Tj /
wd{k':ts’af6 ePsf] kfOP klg pkGof; n]vgsf] :ki6 yfngL @)!! ;fndf k|sflzt zdf{s} ‘sf] c5't <’ pkGof;af6
ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] pkGof; lzNk ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] ;an geP klg cu|ufdL j}rfl/stf / tfls{stfsf b[li6n] ;du|
g]kfnL pkGof;sf] k/Dk/fd} pNn]vgLo ag]sf] 5 . logsf] ;'wf/jfbL j}rfl/stf j}1flgs ef}ltstfjfbdf cfwfl/t /x]sf]
5 t/ logLkl5sf e'jg]Zj/ sf]O/fnf / d's'Gb z/0fsf] n]vg cWofTdjfbdf cfl>t 5 . cWofTdjfbL j}rfl/stf k|:t't
ug{] sf]O/fnfdf lxGb" cWofTd bz{gs} cf8df eP klg ljwjf ljjfxsf] :jLs[lt k|bfg ug{] ;fx; b]lvPsf] 5 t/ d's'Gb
z/0fdf To:tf] cu|ufdL r]tgf geO{ pN6} lxGb" wdf{jnDjLleqs} j}i0fj dfuL{nfO{ dfq} cfbz{ l;4 ug{] wfld{s ;ª\sL0f{tf
lrxfPsf] 5 . cf}kGofl;s lzNk / ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] klg oL b'a} -sf]O/fnf / pkfWofo_ zdf{eGbf pkNnf] dxTTjsf b]lvGgg\ .
To;}n] sf:sLdf cfVofg jf pkGof; n]vgsf] yfngL ug{] / To;df ;zQm ¿kdf lj1fg ;Ddt ;'wf/jfbL j}rfl/stf
k|:t't ug{] klxnf] JolStsf] >]o zdf{nfO{ g} pknAw ePsf] 5 . pkGof;df lzNk ;+/rgfnfO{ sd dxTTj lbO{ lj1fg ;Ddt
j}rfl/stf k|bz{g ug{] logsf] n]vgsf] k|ToIf ck|ToIf k|efj kl5Nnf w]/} pkGof;sf/df klg k/sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] zdf{
kf]v/]nL pkGof; n]vgsf] bl/nf] cfwf/lznfsf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf 5g\ .
kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf] yfngL;Fu} b]lvPsf] ;'wf/jfbL j}rfl/stfkl5 b]lvg] csf]{ k|j[lTt z[ª\ufl/stf xf] . o;sf]
yfngL tLy{ hª\unLsf] hLjgsf] Ps efuaf6 ePkl5 s]xL pkGof;x¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ t/ o:tf pkGof;df o'jf o'jtLsf
efj's df+;n k|]dnfO{ a9L dxTTj lbOPsf] 5 . Ifl0fs dgf]/~hg jf Jofj;flostfsf pb\b]Zon] g} o:tf pkGof;
n]lvPsf x'Fbf ltgdf ;flxlTos d"No uf}0f ag]sf] 5 tfklg hª\unL / ab|L ljgf]b k|tLssf] n]vg eg] ;fdflhs
c;ª\ultlt/ klg s]xL 8f]l/Psf] 5 . To;nfO{ ;fdfGo pknlAw dfGg ;lsG5 .
kf]v/]nL pkGof;n]vgsf] csf{] dxTTjk"0f{ k|j[lTt /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]t xf] . o;sf] yfngL e"klt 9sfnn], w]/}
pkGof; n]vL ljsf; ug{] sfd ef:s/n] / df]6f] pkGof; n]vL /fhgLlts ljb|f]xsf] :j/ p/fNg] k|oTg 3gZofd 9sfnn]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; k|j[lTtsf pkGof; ;ª\Vof / cfsf/ b'a} b[li6n] c¿eGbf ;d[4 b]lvG5g\ . o;df dfS;{jfbL -ef:s/
/ 3gZofd_ / u}x| dfS;{jfbL -e"klt_ b'O{ wf/ /x]sf 5g\ . b'a}n] tTsfnLg ;TtfkIfsf HofbtLx¿sf] 68\sf/f] 9ª\udf
lj/f]w u/] klg dfS;{jfbLx¿df /fhgLlts ljb|f]x r]t a9L b]lvG5 . To;dWo] klg dfcf]jfbLk|lt k|lta4 n]vg a9L ;fFw'/f]
/ rsf{] 5 . ¿keGbf cGtj{:t'd} a9L hf]8 lbg] o:tf ;a}h;f] pkGof; lzNk ;+/rgfsf b[li6n] b'a{n} b]lvPsf 5g\ .
kf]v/]nL pkGof;df u'0f :t/Lotfsf b[li6n] b]lvg] ;a}eGbf dxTTjk"0f{ k|j[lTt eg]sf] k|of]uzLn pkGof; n]vg
xf] . o;sf] yfngL / ljsf; b'a} ;?eStn] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . logsf kl5nf b'O{ pkGof; afx]s c¿ rf/} pkGof; k|of]uzLn
k|j[lTtdf cfwfl/t 5g\ . ;a}df :j}/ sNkgfsf] cy{k"0f{ k|of]u 5 . klxnf]df j}1flgs ljsf;df cfwfl/t eljio r]tgf,
bf];|f]df cx+df cfl>t z"Gojfb / k|]djfbL hLjg bz{g, t];|f]df k'?if k|wfg ;dfhsf] gf/Lk|ltsf] tLj| pk]Iffk|ltsf] 68\sf/f]
k|tLsfTds /f]if / k|]d bz{g, rf}yf]df /fhgLlt, If]qLotf, hflt, wd{, j0f{, ;Dk|bfo cflbsf gfddf l;h{gf ePsf] g/eIfL
91
;dfh / To;sf] gj aa{/tfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ;Gqf; h:tf s'/f gjLg lzNkåf/f k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . klxnf] / bf];|f]df
ljrf/sf] k|antf kfOG5 eg] t];|f] / rf}yf]df ;fdflhs s'¿ktfnfO{ a9L df/s agfP/ k|:t't ug{] lzNk ;Gwfgsf]
Psfu|tf a9L e]l6G5 . klxnf] / bf];|f]dWo] bf];|f] alnof] 5 eg] t];|f] / rf}yf]dWo] rf}yf] a9L ;zSt ag]sf] 5 . oL -…kfnu
a:tL’ / …;do qf;bL’_ kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf ;Gbe{df dfq} geO{ g]kfnL k|of]uzLn pkGof;sf ;Gbe{df klg pNn]vgLo
:yfg cfh{g ug{ ;Ifd b]lvG5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df ljlgdf{0fsf] k|of]usf b[li6n] e"ld/fh a:tfsf]6Lsf] …lgdf{]rg’ pkGof;
klg dxTTjsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . To:t} j}rfl/stfsf b[li6n] bLks k/fh'nLsf] …/fHosf] cGTo xf];\’ pkGof; klg pNn]vgLo
ag]/ /x]sf] 5 . gf/LjfbL ;f]rsf b[li6n] …sf] c5't <’, …;To ;Gb]z / ljwjf hLjg’, …t?gL v]tL’, …;do qf;bL’ -cl3Nnf]
c+zdf_ h:tf pkGof; dxTTjsf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
ljljw efjwf/fsf pNn]vgLo pkGof;df ;?eSts} ‘r'nL’ / ‘cFWof/f] sf]7f’ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . k|an pT;fxsf]
efjdf cfwfl/t ‘r'nL’ df ;fdflhstf, oyfy{tf, /fli6«o k|s[lt k|]d, ;fxl;s /f]df~r, af}l4stf, sljtfTdstf h:tf
k|j[lTtx¿sf] cGt/ ld>0f /x]sf] 5 eg] ‘cFWof/f] sf]7f’ gfds afn pkGof;df k|tLsfTds 9ª\udf afnlzIff k|;f/
ul/Psf] 5 . oL afx]s c¿ w]/}sf] k|oTg k|f/lDes jf l;sf? g} b]lvG5 .
$=@ kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf r'gf}tL

kf]v/f pkTosfdf clxn] w]/} ;|i6fx¿ pkGof; n]vgdf ;ls|o g} kfOPsf 5g\ t/ w]/}h;f] ;|i6fn] pkGof;
l;h{gfdf ck]lIft ;kmntf cfh{g ug{ eg] ;s]sf] e]l6Gg . o:tf] x'g'df syfdf /fd|f];Fu xft ga;L pkGof; n]Vg] cft'/tf
b]vfpg', k"j{ k/Dk/fsf pkGof;x¿sf] Go"gtd klg hfgsf/L g/fVg', ljleGg hLjg bz{g, dflg;, ;dfh / o'usf] ulx/f]
cWoog lg/LIf0flt/ rf;f] gb]vfpg', rf;f] /fVg]x¿n] klg cfkm"n] 7DofPsf s'/fnfO{ s;/L eGbf a9L cfsif{s / w]/}
kf7ssf] dg 5'g] lsl;dsf] x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] cGj]if0fdf gnfUg', cGtb{[li6 ;lxtsf] sNkgfzLntf w]/}df gkfOg' h:tf
sdL sdhf]/L b]lvPsf 5g\ . x'g t l;h{gf eGg] s'/f zf:q k9]/ jf s;};Fu l;s]/ ug{ ;lsg] xf]Og, of] t :jtM cGtb{[li6
ljsf; eP/ k|s6 x'g] s'/f xf] klg elgG5 t/ Jo'TklTt / cEof; klg l;h{gfsf sf/0f x'g\ eGg] wf/0ff k|frLg sfnaf6}
:jLs[t 5 . jt{dfg ;dosf w]/}h;f] l;h{gfTds n]vg k|flte Ifdtfdf eGbf Jo'TklTt / cEof;df g} cfwfl/t b]lvG5g\ .
pkGof; klg To;af6 d'St 5}g . emg\ o;df t ;dfh ;ª\ut, lj1fg ;ª\ut, o'u hLjg ;ª\ut j:t' / j:t' u7gsf]
k|ljlw sf}zn k|r'/ pkof]u x'g] x'Fbf k|z:t lrGtg dgg / To;sf] l;h{gfTds cGt/ ;ª\u|Gyg ck]lIft /xG5 g} . To;}n]
b[li6sf]0fsf] Jofkstf, snfk|ltsf] lgi7f, P]ltxfl;s r]t ;lxtsf] yk df}lnstf, ;d;fdlostf, sygsf] ;3gtf jf
;ª\lIfKttf h:tf s'/f cfhsf ;|i6fsf yk r'gf}tL x'g\ . To;}n] jt{dfgsf kf]v/]nL pkGof; ;|i6fsf] otftkm{ klg Wofg
hfg' cfjZos 5 . cfzf u/f}F jt{dfgsf] rsf]{ k|lt:kwL{ o'udf ;ls|o xfd|f ;|i6fx¿n] cfpFbf lbgdf cfk\mgf] cl:tTj
;+/If0fsf nflu klg o'u hLjg ;'xfpFbf] Jofks dfgjtfjfbL r]tgf ;lxtsf] gjLgtd ljifo / kl/is[t lzNk ;+Zn]if0f
u/L pNn]vgLo pkGof; l;h{gf ub{} hfg]5g\ .
k|d'v ;Gbe{ u|Gy

clwsf/L, OGb| ljnf; -@)^!_= klZrdL ;flxTo l;4fGt= nlnt k'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
pbf;L, s[i0f -@)$&_= k/laGbf= kf]v/f M ;ljg af:tf]nf .
s'Fj/, If]q axfb'/ -@)%(_= ;+of]u egf}F jf efUo= kf]v/f M v]d axfb'/ s'Fj/ / cGo .
s'8\8f]g, h]=P= -;g\ !((!_= l8S:g]/L ckm ln6]/]/L 6d{ PG8 ln6]//L Yof]/L= t];|f] ;+, nG8g M k]Gu'Og u|'k.
sf]O/fnf, e'jg]Zj/ -@)!#_= j}s'07 dxn= kf]v/f M n]vs :jo+ .
—————–—————– -@)!#_= ;To ;Gb]z ljwjf hLjg= kf]v/f M v8\ub]jL sf]O/fnf .
If]qL, ;"o{ -@)^)_= ækf]v/]nL k'/fgf ;flxTosf/x¿Æ, k|1f k/fu= kf]v/f M klZrdf~rn jfª\do kl/ifb\ .
vgfn, s'n k|;fb -@)$(_= ækf]v/]nL ub\\o ;flxTo lrgf/L / d"Nofª\sgÆ, ldt]/L= @ M @, -k';_, k[=!!–@) / @# .
92
u'?ª\, h; axfb'/ -@)$%_= e'nsf] lhGbuL= sf:sL M l;/dfof u'?ª\ .

uf}td, s[i0f -@)%)_= cfw'lgs cfnf]rgf M cg]s ¿k cg]s k7g= nlnt k'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)^$_= pQ/ cfw'lgs lh1f;f= sf7df8f}F M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns];g .
uf}td, b]jL -@)$(_= k|ultjfb M k/Dk/f / dfGotf= sf7df8f}+ M >LdtL d'gf uf}td .
hª\unL, tLy{ -@)#$_= hLjgsf] Ps efu= kf]v/f M n]vs :jod\ .
—————–—————– -@)#%_= dfgjtf= kf]v/f M n]vs :jod\ .
h}g, /jLGb| s'df/ -;g\ !(&@_= pkGof; l;4fGt cf}/ ;+/rgf= lbNnL M g];gn klAnl;ª xfp; .
608g, k|tfk gf/fo0f -@)@@_= lxGbL pkGof; snf= nvgpm M lxGbL ;ldlt ;"rgf ljefu .
9sfn, 3gZofd -@)$&_= ufpFleq= sf7df8f}F M aGbgf k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)^)_= /ftf] cfsfz= sf7df8f}F M k|ultzLn cWoog s]Gb| .
9sfn, e"klt -@)#&_= :jb]l;Psf hf]8L= jf/f0f;L M e6\6/fO{ aGw' k|sfzg .
ltdl;gf, d'lStgfy -@)$!_= d'lStgfy ltdl;gf= nlnt k'/ M ;ª\u|x k|sfzg .
lqkf7L, jf;'b]j -@)$*_= kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f= -klxnf] efu_, t];|f] ;+=, nlnt k'/ M ;femf k|sfzg.
—————–—————– -@)$(_= kfZrfTo ;dfnf]rgfsf] ;}4flGts k/Dk/f efu @= t];|f] ;+=, nlnt k'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
gf/+u, uf]kLrGb -;g\ @)))_= ;+/rgfjfb pQ/ ;+/rgfjfb Pj+ k|fRo sfJozf:q= cg'=–b]j]z, lbNnL M ;flxTo csfb]dL .
g]kfn, 3gZofd -;g\ !(*&_= cfVofgsf s'/f= l;nu9L M g]kfnL ;flxTo k|rf/s ;ldlt .
krf}/L, ;'wLz -;g\ @)))_= pQ/ cfw'lgs ;flxlTos ljdz{= bf]=;+=, lbNnL M jf0fL k|sfzg .
kb{]zL, O{Zj/ -@)$$_= laxfgL / ;fFem= kf]v/f M >LdtL nIdL u'?ª\ .
kf08]o, d}g]h/ -;g\ !(*(_= ;flxTos] ;dfh zf:q sL e"ldsf= r08Lu9 M xl/of0ff ;flxTo csfbdL .
kf}8]n, lji0f' k|;fb -@)%%_= æcd/ a:tL pkGof;sf] ljifo j:t' / /rgf lzNkÆ lzIff rf}tf/L= %M% -kf]v/f M lzIff
dxfljBfno_= k[=@^–#% .
——————– -@)^!_= æ;?eStsf] cf}kGofl;s ofqfsf] ult, :j?k / k|j[lTtÆ ;dsfnLg ;flxTo !%M!, k"0f{fª\s %%,
-sflt{s d+l;/ k';_, k[= !)(–!@!
——————– -@)%&_= æcrDdsf] km};nf M Ps lj8Dagfk"0f{ l;h{gfÆ, kf]v/]nL= -b}lgs klqsf, sflTts @# ut]_, k[=# .
————– -@)^*s_= pkGof; ;dfnf]rgf= sf7df8f}F M e'F8L k'/f0f k|sfzg .
——————– -@)^*v_= hubLz l3ld/]sf ;flxlTos s[ltx¿sf] cg'zLng= /fd]5fk M hubLz l3ld/] k|lti7fg .
k|tLs, jb|L ljgf]b -@)#$_= :jLsf/= kf]v/f M ;ª\sNk k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)$^_= em/]sf] kft= kf]v/f M ;fFrf] s'/f k|sfzg .
k|wfg, s[i0f rGb| l;+x -@)%@_= g]kfnL pkGof; / pkGof;sf/= nlnt k'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
kmS;, /fNkm -;g\ !(*)_= pkGof; cf}/ nf]s hLjg= goL lbNnL M lkk'N; klAnl;+u xfp; k|f=ln= .
a/fn Clif/fh, -@)$*_, æk|ultjfbL g]kfnL pkGof;sf d"n k|j[lTtÆ, sf7df8f}+ M g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo lzIf0f ljefusf]
ljb\of jfl/lw, zf]w k|aGw .
e6\6/fO{, uf]ljGb /fh -@)^!_= cfVofgsf] pQ/ cfw'lgs ko{jnf]sg= sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts e08f/ .
—————–—————– -@)^$_= pQ/ cfw'lgs ljdz{= sf7df8f}F M df]8g{ a'S; .
ef:s/ -@)$$_= xfF8Lsf slgsf= sf7df8f}F M ljdn ljgf]b .
—————–—————– -@)$^_= aGbL cfjfh= sf7df8f}F M ljdn ljgf]b .
—————–—————– -@)%#_= cd/ a:tL= kf]v/f M z['e k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)%^_= crDdsf] km};nf= kf]v/f M z'e k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)%&_= ;dk{0f= sf7df8f}F M lg/Gt/ k|sfzg .
93
d'NdL, k|df]b -@)%)_= Tof] gla;{g] /ft= sf7df8f}F M ;l/sf/ k|sfzg .

/fO{, OGb| axfb'/ -@)$)_= ;flxTosf] ckx/0f M dfS;{jflbs k|lta4tf= bflh{lnª\u M ;+of]u k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)%)_= pkGof;sf cfwf/x¿= bf]=;+=, nlnt k'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
/fo, uf]kfn -;g\ !(&#_= pkGof;sf lzNk= k6gf M ljxf/ lxGbL u|Gy csfbdL .
j~h/f, xl/s[i0f -@)%@_= hLjg hut= kf]v/f M n]vs :jod\ .
jdf{, wL/]Gb| -;Dkf=_ -;g\ !(*%_= lxGbL ;flxTo sf]z= t];|f] ;+= jf/f0f;L M 1fg d08n lnld6]8 .
jfuL, k|tLIff -@)%%_= bf];|f] hLjg= kf]v/f M n]vs :jod\ .
zdf{, d'lStgfy -@))&_= dft[Tj / wd{k':ts= sf7df8f}F M n]vs :jod\ .
—————–—————– -@)!!_= sf] c5't <= kf]v/f M OGb|dfg, rGb|dfg z]/rg .
zdf{= df]xg /fh -@)$(–)%)_= æpkGof; lzIf0fÆ jfª\do= -k"0ff{ª\s ^_, k[= !–^ .
—————–—————– -@)%%_= ;dsfnLg ;dfnf]rgf l;4fGt / k|of]u= sf7df8f}F M g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg .
—————–—————– -@)^^_= cfw'lgs tyf pQ/ cfw'lgs kf7sd}qL ;dfnf]rgf= sf7df8f}F M Sj]:6 klAns];g .
>Ljf:tj, k/dfgGb -;g\ !((%_= pkGof; sf k'gh{Gd= gofF lbNnL M jf0fL k|sfzg .
>]i7, bof/fd / df]xg /fh zdf{ -@)$)_= g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;ª\lIfKt Oltxf;= bf];|f] ;+=, nlnt k'/ M ;femf k|sfzg .
>]i7, bof/fd -@)^^_= clegj syf zf:q= sf7df8f} M kfn'jf k|sfzg k|f=ln= .
;?eSt -@)$$_= Ps cljgjsf] cfTdsyf= kf]v/f M kf]v/f h]l;h .
—————–—————– -@)$*_= kfun a:tL= sf7df8f}F M ef/åfh k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)%#_= t?gL v]tL= sf7df8f}F M /Tg k':ts k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)%*_= ;do qf;bL= sf7df8f}F M ;To df+ d]df]l/on 6«i6 .
—————–—————– -@)^)_= cFWof/f] sf]7f= lj/f6gu/ M jlgtf k|sfzg .
—————–—————– -@)^)_= r'nL= kf]v/f M kf]v/]nL o'jf ;f+:s[lts kl/jf/ .
;?ljGb -@)%!_= lj;ª\ut a:tLx¿= kf]v/f M o'jf ;flxTo ;bg .
l;+xn, zlz e"if0f -@)#*_= pkGof; sf :j¿k= Ujflno/ M s}nfz k':ts ;bg .
;'j]bL, /fh]Gb| -@)%#_= g]kfnL pkGof; k/Dk/f / k|j[lTt= jf/f0f;L M e"ldsf k|sfzg .
94
ax'eflifs sIffdf g]kfnL lzIf0f M ;d:of / ;dfwfg

lji0f'k|;fb zdf{
;f/–k|:t't n]v ax'eflifs sIffdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ubf{ cfOkg]{ ;d:of / ;dfwfgdf s]lGb|t 5 . o;sf
nflu k':tsfnoLo ljlwaf6 låtLo ;|f]tsf ;fdu|L ;ª\sng u/L ltgsf] cWoog ljZn]if0fsf ;fy lgisif{df
k'Ug] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . ljljw dft[efifL ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] sIff ax'eflifs sIff xf] . g]kfn ax'efifL
/ ax'hflt d'n's ePsf sf/0f g]kfnsf u|fdL0feGbf ;x/L If]qdf ax'eflifs sIff a9L b]lvG5g\ . o:tf]
sIffdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] eflifs jftfj/0f k|fKt gu/]sf ljb\ofyL{x¿df
;Dk|]if0fLotfsf] cefj x'g', sIffdf lzIfsn] k|of]u ug]{ g]kfnL efiff s;}sf nflu clt ;/n / s;}sf nflu
sl7g cg'ej x'g', ;a} ljb\ofyL{sf] dft[efiff;Dd lzIfssf] kx'Fr gx'g' h:tf ;d:of ax'eflifs sIffdf
g]kfnL lzIf0f ubf{ cfOk5{g\ eg] eflifs k[i7e"ld / Ifdtfsf cfwf/df ljb\ofyL{nfO{ juL{s/0f u/L ;f]xL
cg';f/sf lzIf0f ;fdu|L, ljlw tyf kf7\oj:t' k|of]usf ;fy pTk|]/0ff / ;anLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ax'eflifs
sIffdf g]kfnL lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .
d'Vo zAbx¿ M ax'eflifs sIff, ;Dk|]if0fLotf, dft[efiff, k|ToIf ljlw, >'lteflifs kb\wlt .
!= k[i7e"ld
cWoog tyf cg'ejsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k JolStsf] hLjgdf cfpg] :yfoL kl/jt{g g} lzIff xf], l;sfO xf] . l;sfO
hGd;Fu} ;'? x'G5 / lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . efiff dfgjLo j:t' xf] . o;sf] l;sfO klg kl/jf/af6} ;'? x'G5 eg] ;fyL;FuL,
;fdflhs jftfj/0f tyf ljb\ofnoaf6 p;sf] efiff l;sfOn] kl/kSjtf kfpFb} u5{ . g]kfn ax'hflt tyf ax'efifL d'n's
xf] . JolStut cfjZostf, ;fdflhs cfjZostf, e]63f6, ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg tyf b}lgs sfo{ Pjd\ cf}krfl/s sfo{sf
nflu JolStn] :jfefljs ¿kdf klxnf] efiffsf cltl/St bf];|f], t];|f] efiff klg l;Sg' kg]{ x'G5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df !@# efiff cl:tTjdf 5g\ eg] cGo / l/kf]6{ gePsf efiff u/]/ of] ;ª\Vof a9\g ;Sg] b]lvG5
-hgu0fgf, @)^* M !^$–!^&_ . g]kfnL dft[efifLsf] ;ª\Vof $$=^# k|ltzt 5 eg] cGo dft[efifL x'g]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof
%%=#& k|ltzt b]lvG5 . o;sf] k|efj ljb\ofno tyf dxfljb\ofnosf sIffx¿df b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)^@ ;Dd /fi6«efiffsf]
;Ddfg kfPsf] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] dfGotf lbPsf] 5 -nfld5fg],
@)^* M %*_ . o;f] x'gfn] klg xfn;Dd g]kfnL efiffsf] clgjfo{ lzIf0f l;sfO ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 .
sIffdf pkl:yt ljb\ofyL{x¿ sf]xL klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL l;Sg cfpg] / sf]xL bf];|f], t];|f] efiffsf
¿kdf g]kfnL l;sfO ug{ cfPsf x'G5g\ . ltdLx¿dWo] s;}n] 3/df g} g]kfnL efiffsf] jftfj/0f kfPsf, s;}n] cln
cln kfPsf / s;}n] kfpFb} gkfPsf x'G5g\ -kf}8]n, @)^^ M #*_ . To;df klg sf]xL u'?ª–g]kfnL, sf]xL du/–g]kfnL,
sf]xL tfdfª–du/–g]kfnL, sf]xL g]jf/–g]kfnL ljb\ofyL{x¿ x'g] u5{g\ . o;/L b'O{eGbf a9L dft[efiffsf] k[i7e"ld ePsf
afnsx¿sf] sIffnfO{ ax'eflifs sIff elgG5 -clwsf/L / zdf{, @)^$ M !*_ . klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf tyf bf];|f] efiffsf
¿kdf g]kfnL lzIf0feGbf ax'eflifs sIff lzIf0f hl6n x'G5 -g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f, @)^% M @)!_ . o:tf sIffx¿df
g]kfnL efiff afx]s cGo ltg, rf/, kfFr efiff;Dd dft[efiff ePsf ljb\ofyL{sf] hd36 x'g ;S5 .
7'nf 7'nf ;x/ ahf/ / gfsfx¿df ax'efifL ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] hd36 x'g ;S5 . vf; u/L sf7df8f}F pkTosf,
kf]v/f, e}/xjf, a'6jn, jL/u~h, g]kfnuGh, dx]Gb|gu/, w/fg cflb ;x/L If]qdf o:tf ljb\ofyL{x¿ kfOG5g\ -zdf{ /
kf}8]n, @)^* M $^_ . o;y{ o:tf ax'eflifs sIffdf g]kfnL lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsx¿ lgs} ;r]t, ;'of]Uo, ;'k|lzlIft /
Odfgbf/ x'g' cfjZos 5 . To:tf] sIffdf ljb\ofyL{sf] eflifs k[i7e"ld / bIftfsf] klxrfg u/L pgLx¿sf q'l6 If]q
klxrfgsf ;fy ljljw lzIf0f ;fdu|L, ljlw / kb\wltsf dfWodaf6 g]kfnL efiffsf] k|efjsf/L / pb\b]Zod"ns lzIf0f
ug'{ s'zn efiff lzIfssf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 .
95
@= cWoogsf] pb\b]Zo
efiff lzIf0f eflifs l;k tyf kIfsf] lzIf0f xf] -clwsf/L, @)%& M @_ . of] afgL lgdf{0fdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
ljleGg efiffnfO{ klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf af]Ng] ljb\ofyL{x¿ ePsf] sIff ax'efifL sIff xf] . vf; u/L ax'eflifs ;dfh /
/fi6«df o:tf sIffx¿ a9L kfOG5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df w]/} sIffx¿ ax'eflifs b]lvG5g\ . o:tf] kl/j]zdf g]kfnL efiff
lzIf0f hl6n Pjd\ r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g] u5{ . o;y{ ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf g]kfnL lzIf0f ubf{ cfOkg]{ ;d:ofx¿sf] vf]hL u/L
ltgsf] plrt ;dfwfgsf ;fy efiff lzIf0f ug{ :ki6 dfu{ lgb]{z ug'{ k|:t't cWoogsf] pb\b]Zo xf] .
#= cWoog ljlw÷k|lj|mof
k|:t't zLif{s;Fu ;DalGwt cWoog sfo{ ug{sf nflu ;j{k|yd ;fdu|L 5gf]6 sfo{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] sfo{
k':tsfnoLo cWoog ljlwdf cfwfl/t eO{ låtLo ;|f]tsf ;fdu|Lx¿ -k':ts tyf ;Gbe{ k':ts cflb_ af6 cfjZos
tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\slnt ;fdu|LnfO{ j0f{gfTds, ljZn]if0ffTds tyf cg';GwfgfTds ljlw÷kb\wltsf]
;xfotfaf6 cg';Gw]o sfo{ k'/f ul/Psf] 5 . k|lj|mof tyf kl/0ffdnfO{ zLif{sLs/0f u/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
$= glthf / 5nkmn
$=! ;d:of
lzIf0f r'gf}tLk"0f{ Pjd\ uf}/jdo sfo{ xf] . lzIfssf] cy{ / lzIf0fsf] dd{ ;fy{s To; a]nf x'G5Ù ha pTkflbt
hgzlSt k|lt:kwL{, rl/qjfg\, o'ufg's"n ;Ifd, of]Uo / g}ltsjfg\ x'G5 . kf7\oj:t'sf] ;xh ;Dk|]if0f, afn dgf]j}1flgs,
ljljw lzIf0f ljlw / kb\wltsf] k|of]u, j}olSts leGgtf, pTk|]/0ff tyf ;anLs/0f h:tf kIfsf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]uljgfsf]
efiff lzIf0f sfo{ ;kmn / k|efjsf/L aGg ;Sb}g .
eflifs k[i7e"ldsf cfwf/df k|foM sIffx¿ Pseflifs, låeflifs / ax'eflifs x'g] u5{g\ . Pseflifs sIffdf Pp6}
dft[efiff ePsf, låeflifs sIffdf b'O{ j6f dft[efiff ePsf ljb\ofyL{ x'G5g\ eg] ax'eflifs sIffdf ljleGg dft[efiff
ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿ x'g] u5{g\ . tL ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf cfk\mgf] dft[efiff x'G5 eg] bf];|f] jf t];|f] efiffsf
¿kdf pgLx¿n] g]kfnL l;s]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf ljb\ofyL{x¿dWo] s]xLn] g]kfnL efiffsf] eflifs jftfj/0f gkfPsf x'gfn]
pgLx¿df ;Dk|]if0fLotfsf] cefj x'G5Ù h;sf sf/0f To:tf ljb\ofyL{x¿ sIff sfo{snfkdf sd ;lj|mo x'G5g\ -g]kfnL
efiff lzIf0f, @)^% M @)@_ . csf{tkm{ ax'eflifs sIffdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsdf ax' efiffsf] 1fg ;Dej
gx'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGo s'/fx¿ t g]kfnL efiffs} dfWodaf6 l;sfpg klg Tolt ufx|f] x'Fb}g t/ ljleGg
efiffefifL ljb\ofyL{sf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts jf cGo o:t} ljlzi6 kIfsf af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg jf Jojx[t
t'Nofpg eg] sl7g cjZo x'G5 . pgLx¿n] tL s'/fnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf cfTd;ft\ ug{ / ;xL ¿kdf cleJoSt ug{df sl7gfO
cg'ej ug{ ;S5g\ . ljb\ofyL{sf] j}olSts Ifdtf a'‰g / pgLx¿sf eflifs q'l6x¿ lg/fs/0f ug{ klg ax'eflifs sIffdf
;d:of g} kg]{ b]lvG5 .
dfWolds tyf pRr dfWolds txdf eGbf tNnf txsf ax'eflifs sIffx¿df g]kfnL lzIf0f ug{ hl6n x'G5Ù
lsgls dflyNnf txdf cfO k'Ubf g]kfnL Ot/ dft[efiff x'g] ljbofyL{x¿ g]kfnL efifftkm{ s]xL xb;Dd glhs x'G5g\ .
cf}krfl/s sIffn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf] ;}b\wflGts / Jofjxfl/s kIftk{m kl/lrt u/fPsf] x'G5 . 5f]6s/Ldf
PsefifL sIffeGbf ax'efifL sIffdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug'{ :jfefj}n] sl7g x'G5 . o:tf sIffdf efiff lzIf0f ug]{
lzIfsn] d"ntM lgDg lnlvt ;d:ofx¿ em]Ng'kg]{ x'g ;S5 M
s_ g]kfnL efiffsf] eflifs jftfj/0f k|fKt gu/]sf jf g]kfnL efiffeGbf cGo efiff klxnf] efiff ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿df
;Dk|]if0fLotfsf] cefj x'g',
v_ ;Dk|]if0fsf] sdLsf sf/0f To:tf ljb\ofyL{x¿ sIff sfo{snfkdf sd ;lj|mo /xg',
u_ lzIfsn] sIffdf Jojxf/ ug]{ g]kfnL efiff s;}sf nflu clt ;/n / s;}sf nflu hl6n cg'ej x'g',
96
3_ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf sf/0f g]kfnL efiffsf] c;Lldt jftfj/0faf6 w]/} ljb\ofyL{x¿ al~rt
x'g' ;fy} To;sf] k|efj lzIf0fdf kg'{,
ª_ ;a} ljb\ofyL{sf] ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts w/ftnsf af/]df lzIfs kl/lrt x'g g;Sg',
r_ ljb\ofyL{x¿lar g} ;f+:s[lts ;fdflhs b[li6n] Pp6} kf7 s;}sf nflu kl/lrt / s;}sf nflu cgf}7f] eOlbgfn]
af]w Ifdtfdf k|z:t cGt/ b]lvg',
5_ a]Unfa]Un} dft[efiff ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ a]Unfa]Un} sIffdf /fvL lzIf0f ug{ ;lsg] jftfj/0f tof/ x'g g;Sg',
h_ låeflifs tyf ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf g]kfnL lzIf0fsf nflu 5'6\6f5'6\6} kf7\o ;fdu|L pknAw x'g g;Sg',
em_ sIffdf ljb\ofyL{ ;ª\Vof w]/} x'g] ePsf sf/0f sltko lzIf0f ljlwx¿ klg ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]udf Nofpg g;Sg',
`_ ljb\ofyL{sf q'l6ut If]qx¿df ljljwtf x'g' / q'l6 ljZn]if0f ug{ hl6n x'g', To:tf q'l6x¿ k|f/lDes, Jojl:yt,
pTt/ Jojl:yt, ;|f]tut, ck"0f{ l;sfOut, ;/nLs/0fut cflb x'g ;S5g\ .
6_ ;a} ljb\ofyL{sf] dft[efiff;Dd lzIfssf] kx'Fr g'k'Ug' ;fy} b]zsf ;a} 7fpFdf ax'efifL lzIfs pknAw x'g g;Sg',
7_ ax'efifL ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] g]kfnL l;sfOdf dft[efiffsf] k|efj kfOg', cflb .
$=@ ;dfwfg
h'g;'s} kl/l:yltsf] klg ;fdgf u/L ;kmntfk"j{s lzIf0f ug'{ s'zn efiff lzIfssf] klxrfg xf] . cEof;
tyf k'g/fj[lTt, :t/0f tyf j|mdab\wtf, :t/Lotf / pko'Sttf, sIff ;xeflutf, eflifs ;demsf] pkof]u, of]hgfab\w
lzIf0f, lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg, Pssflnstf, PsLs[t sfo{j|md, ;xsfo{snfk cflb efiff lzIf0fsf u'0f Pjd\ l;b\wfGt x'g\ .
h'g;'s} k|s[ltsf] efiff lzIf0fdf klg o:tf l;b\wfGtnfO{ ckgfpg} k5{ .
ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf g]kfnL lzIf0fnfO{ ;kmn / k|efjsf/L agfpg o:tf] sIff lzIf0fdf b]lvg] ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgtkm{ ;DalGwt lzIfs ;r]t, of]Uo / Odfgbf/ eO{ ;dlk{t x'g' kb{5 . ;DalGwt kIfsf] ;d]t o;df rf;f]
cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] sIffdf lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfs g} ax'efiffsf] 1ftf eP emg} /fd|f] x'G5 t/ Tof] ;Dej gePdf ;DalGwt
lzIfsnfO{ g} tflnd tyf k|lzIf0f lbO{ sfd rnfpg ;lsG5 / o; j|mddf ljljw efiffefifL ljb\ofyL{x¿sf] klxrfg u/]/
;f]xL cg'¿k ;d"x ljefhg ug]{, ;d"xsf] cfjZostf cg'¿ksf kf7\o ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg kxn ug]{, ;f]xL cg'¿ksf
låeflifs÷ax'eflifs lzIf0f ljlw / k|ljlw /f]h]/ pko'St 9ª\un] lzIf0f ug]{, lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg, cg'udg, pTk|]/0ff /
k[i7kf]if0f k|bfg ug]{, cfjZostf cg';f/sf >Jo, b[Zo kf7\o, :kZo{ lzIf0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug]{, ;Dab\w efiffefifLsf
ljb\ofyL{;Fu lg/Gt/ ;Dks{df /xL q'l6 jf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;lj|mo /xg], efiff lzIf0fsf l;b\wfGtnfO{ ckgfpg] ugf{n]
ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf g]kfnL lzIf0fnfO{ ;kmn / ;fy{s agfpg ;lsG5 -zdf{ / kf}8]n, @)^* M $&_ . o:tf] kl/j]zdf
lzIfsn] p;sf] dft[efiffk|lt g/fd|f] b[li6sf]0f /fVg' x'Fb}g a? dft[efiffaf6} cfjZos kf7\o ;fdu|L / lzIf0f ;fdu|L lnO{
g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 . ljb\ofyL{sf dft[efiffsf cg'ejnfO{ ;d]t g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf
pkof]u ug]{ sfo{ o:tf] sIffdf ckgfpg ;lsG5 -clwsf/L / zdf{, @)^$ M !(_ . h:t} M rf8kj{sf ;Gbe{ / ltgsf
nflu k|o'St x'g] zAbx¿ .
g]kfnL efiffsf] sIff låeflifs, ax'eflifs jf b'j} Ps} 7fpF /x]sf] ;+o'St k|s[ltsf] eP klg To;nfO{ :t/Lo
g]kfnLsf] lzIf0fdf s]lGb|t ug'{k5{ . 3/ kl/jf/df ;d]t g]kfnL efiff clgjfo{ af]Ng nufpg], sIff sf]7fleq dft[efiffdf
s'/f ug{ glbg], ljb\ofno kl/;/leq g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL afx]s c¿ efiffdf s'/f ug{ glbg] Pjd\ ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO /
n]vfO l;ksf] cEof;df ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf ;d]t lzIfssf] ;xof]uL e"ldsf x'g ;Sg' kb{5 -kf}8]n, @)^^
M #*_ . o;df cg'zfl;t / nugzLn ljb\ofyL{ Pjd\ ;xof]uL cleefjs / pko'St ef}lts, z}lIfs, jftfj/0fsf] ;d]t
h?/t kb{5 . o:tf] sIffdf efiff lzIf0f ubf{ k|ToIf ljlw, Jofs/0f cg'jfb ljlw, lgudgfTds kb\wlt, cfudgfTds
kb\wlt, df}g ljlw, >'lteflifs kb\wlt, ;Dk|]if0ffTds kb\wlt, ;d'bfo eflifs l;sfO h:tf lzIf0f ljlw tyf kb\wltsf]
k|of]u cfjZostf cg';f/ ug{ ;lsG5 -g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f, @)^% M @)#–@)^_ . ;du|df ax'eflifs sIffdf g]kfnL
97
efiff lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsn] lgDg lnlvt kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 M
s_ eflifs k[i7e"ld, Ifdtf jf eflifs kl/jf/sf cfwf/df ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug]{,
v_ ljleGg eflifs k[i7e"ld ePsf ljb\ofyL{x¿n] g]kfnL efiff l;Sbf ug]{ ;Defljt q'l6x¿sf] lgSof}{n ug]{,
u_ lzIf0fsf j|mddf ljz]if u/L k|ToIf ljlw, ;+/rgfTds ljlw / ;+1fgfTds ljlwsf] pkof]u plrt lsl;dn] ug]{,
3_ ;Dej eP;Dd ljb\ofyL{x¿sf dft[efiffaf6 klg k|z:t lzIf0f ;fdu|L h'6fpg],
ª_ cEof;fTds sfo{ tyf lg/fs/0ffTds lzIf0fdf hf]8 lbg],
r_ >Jo, b[Zo, kf7\o, :kZo{ h:tf lzIf0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg],
5_ lzIfs ljb\ofyL{ ;DaGw a9L 3lgi7 agfpg k|of; ug]{,
h_ ljb\ofyL{x¿nfO{ ;s];Dd df}lvs / lnlvt eflifs Jojxf/df a9L dfqfdf ;lj|mo agfpg],
em_ ljb\ofyL{x¿sf :t/ cg's"nsf k|ltof]lutfTds eflifs sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{, h:t} M cGtfIf/L, zAb bf}8,
jfbljjfb, ;+jfb, lxHh], e|d0f, pvfg 6'Ssf eGg] cflb .
`_ cfjZostf cg';f/ klxnf] / bf];|f] efiffsf lzIf0f kb\wlt jf ljlwsf] k|of]u ug]{,
6_ efiff lzIf0fsf l;b\wfGt cfjZostf cg's"n cjnDag ug]{, cflb .
%= lgisif{
klxnf] efiffsf ¿kdf tyf bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf eGbf ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf g]kfnL lzIf0f hl6n tyf r'gf}tLk"0f{
x'G5 . ljleGg dft[efiffsf] k[i7e"ld ePsf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug'{ cjZo klg ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . o:tf]
kl/j]zdf lzIfs / ljb\ofyL{larsf] eflifs, ;f+:s[lts tyf wfld{s kl/j]zdf cGt/ b]lvg ;S5Ù h;n] ubf{ ;Dk|]if0fdf
sl7gfO pTkGg eO{ ljb\ofyL{ sIff sfo{snfkdf sfd ;lj|mo x'G5g\ . g]kfnL efiffsf] kl/j]z a9L kfPsf, sd kfPsf /
gkfPsf ljb\ofyL{x¿sf nflu g]kfnL efiffsf] kf7\oj:t' s;}sf nflu hl6n t s;}sf nflu ;fdfGo x'g ;S5 . ax'eflifs
sIff lzIf0fdf b]lvg] o:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu g]kfnL efiff lzIfs ax'eflifs -;Dej eP;Dd_ ;'of]Uo, k|lzlIft
/ ;Ifd tyf ;r]t x'g' k5{ . ljb\ofyL{sf] eflifs k[i7e"ldnfO{ a'em]/ ;f]xL cg's"n efiff lzIf0fsf l;b\wfGtsf cfwf/df
pko'St lzIf0f ljlw, kb\wlt tyf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u u/L pTk|]/0ff tyf k'ga{nsf cfwf/df g]kfnL lzIf0f ug'{ kb{5 .
ljb\ofyL{nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg u/L ljb\ofyL{sf eflifs l;sfOdf b]lvg] q'l6nfO{ lg/fs/0f ub}{ z}Ifl0fs / dgf]j}1flgs
kIfsf] cjnDagsf ;fy ax'eflifs kl/j]zdf g]kfnL lzIf0fnfO{ pb\b]Zod"ns, ;kmn / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .
;Gbe{ ;"rL
clwsf/L, x]dfª\u/fh -@)%&_, g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f, sf7df8f}F M ljb\ofyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
clwsf/L, x]dfª\u/fh / s]bf/k|;fb zdf{ -@)^$_, k|f/lDes g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f, 5}6f}F ;+:s= sf7df8f}F M ljb\ofyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
hgu0fgf -@)^*_, sf7df8f}F M s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu .
9sfn, zflGtk|;fb -@)^@_, g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f, sf7df8f}F M dgsfdgf a'S; PG8 :6];g/L .
g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f -@)^%_, æ;Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t lgDg dfWolds tyf dfWolds lzIfs tflnd :jfWoog ;fdu|LÆ
rf}= ;+= eStk'/ M z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| .
kf}8]n, g]qk|;fb -@)^^_, g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f, sf7df8f}F M k}/jL k|sfzg .
kf}8]n, dfwjk|;fb -@)^&_, bf];|f] efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL lzIf0f, sf7df8f}F M ljb\ofyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
nfld5fg], ofbjk|sfz -@)^*_, k|fof]lus efiff lj1fg, sf7df8f}F M ljb\ofyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
zdf{, s]bf/k|;fb / dfwjk|;fb kf}8]n, -@)^*_, g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{x¿, sf7df8f}F M ljb\ofyL{ k':ts e08f/ .
zdf{, lji0f'k|;fb -@)^(_, efiff lzIf0fsf s]xL ;Gbe{, kf]v/f M l;h{gzLn nf]stflGqs k|lti7fg .
========== -@)&)_, k|fof]lus efiff lj1fg, sf7df8f}F M Sj]:6 klAns];g .
lzIfssf] k];fut ljsf; -l6lk8L_ sfo{j|md k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsf -@)&)_ eStk'/ z}lIfs hgzlSt ljsf; s]Gb| .
98
Authors for this issue
 Amin Palikhe, faculty member of faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University, Janapriya

Multiple Campus.
 Akhila Shrestha, Freelancer.
 Bir Bahadur Karki, faculty member of faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University, Janap-
riya Multiple Campus.
 Bishnu Prasad Sharma, faculty member of faculty of Education, Tribhuvan University,

Janapriya Multiple Campus.
 Bhanu Kandel, faculty member of faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Tribhuvan
University, Janapriya Multiple Campus.
 Devilal Sharma, faculty member of faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University, Janapriya

Multiple Campus.
 Kedar Raj Gautam, Faculty of member of Faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University,

 Laxmisharan Adhikari, faculty member of faculty of Humanities and Social Science,

Tribhuvan University, Janapriya Multiple Campus.
 Prakash Upadhaya, faculty member of faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Tribhuvan
University.
 Pramila Paudel, is a freelancer.
 Vishnu Pd. Paudel, faculty member of faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Tribhuvan
University, Janapriya Multiple Campus.
 Vikash Kumar KC,faculty member of Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University,
99
Guidelines to the Contributors

I. Title page
Title should be brief clear, concise an informative. The maximum length is 120 characters.
Do not include the authority for taxonomic names in the title. The first letter of the word in the
title is capitalized. All the other words, except for proper nouns, are lower case. The author/s'
name should appear just below the title.
II. Abstract
Body of manuscripts should be preceded by an abstract with the maximum length of 200-250
words for a full-length article. It should be clear, concise and complete in its own limits providing
a brief summary of the research including the objective, method, results and major conclusions.
Do not include literature, citations in the abstract. Five to eight key words should be provided at
the botton of the abstract.
III. Main text

Main text should be organized under the following headings:
Introduction should describe significance of the paper beginning with a paragraph of
explanation that describes the problem under investigation (e.g. existing knowledge and gap)
leading to the main research objective and questions.
Data and method section should provide sufficient information so that the research can be
repeated in future. Therefore, a clear description of technical procedures should include: study
area and time, study unit and study plots/transects, study (experimental) design with traeatments,
replications and method of randomization and data analysis procedure.
Results and Discussion generally should be stated concisely and clearly in descriptive,
tabular and graphical forms as needed. This section should address the objective or specific
objectives systematically. Discussion should provide: interpretation of the results without
recapitulation them, comparison of the results and impact of the results on existing knowledge
of the subject.
Conclusion should clearly point out the main finding, which must be justified by the
analysis of data. Preconceived ideas should not override the results and conclusions.
IV. Acknowledgement:
Should be short and specific providing information about various supports (e.g. funding,
supervision, field assistance) received for research.
V. References:
The authors are advised to follows the APA model for in text citation and references.
Some of the references such as reports, journals articles, books chapters, books/proceedings and
thesis or dissertations are given below.
Examples
Journal article - Poos, M.S., Warker, S.C., and Jackon, D.A,(2009). Functional diversity
indices can be driven by methodological choices and species richness.
100
Ecology 90:341-347.
Report - Basnet, K.,(2001). Tarai Arc Landscape Assessment: Biodiversity Component. Report
submitted to WWF Nepal Program, Kathmandu pp 93.
Book - Chand, D., (2000). Nepal's Tourism: uncensored Facts. Pilgrims Books, pp 283.
Book chapter - Basnet, K., (2006) . Effects of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Biodiversity. A
Major Issues of Protected Area management in Nepal, pp 295-308 in C. Korner, E. Spehm,
M. Lieberman, (editors). Land use changes and Biodiversity. USA: S Press, Florida.
Proceeding - Richard C.,K Basnet, J.P. Shah, and Y. Rau 2000 Grassland Ecology and
Management in protected areas of Nepal. Vol. III. ICIMOD, Kathmandu, pp 154.
Thesis and dissertation - Subedi, P.K,(006) Fertility Behavior among Duras: Multidisciplinary
Approaches, Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. E-Ref http://www.mrs.
org/publication/jmr/jmra/2009/sep/020. html(accessed on Jan 2010)
VI. Other details

Space margins, fonts and length: the manuscript should be in English language, typed
in double space on a one sided A4 paper. Title and subtitles should be written respectively in 12
and 10 points bold and text in 10 points in Times new Roman front with 2" margins in all sides.
The length of the manuscript should not exceed 10 pages including figures and tables. Technical
terms, Mathematical symbol. Abbreviations and Acronyms used should be defined where they
first appear in the text, equations, figures and tables.
VII. Citation in the text

Citation in text should be arranged chronologically without coma on anything else
between the author/s and the years of publications but different citations are separated by coma
(see this example - Richard et al. 2009, Pokhrel, 2009). If there are up to six authors, list all of
them and then year of publication. In case of more than six authors, list all of them and then year
of publication. In case of more than six authors , list the first six authors and as et al before the
year of publication.
VIII. Illustration and Figure

Illustration and figures should be appropriately adjusted on the A4 paper. Photographs
and drawings should be large enough for clear reproduction. Drawings should be in dark in.
Figure Caption should appear below the figure.
IX. Tables
Tables with title on the top should appear on suitable place on the text, numbered
consecutively Each table should have an explanation and its contents must appear in the text.
101

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Janapriya

Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies

Janapriya Research and Consultancy Center

Copyright ©JRCC, 2014

Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary studies is an annual, reviewed journal concerened with

Bhanubhakta Caste: A Socio-political Institution in Hindu Society 9-15

Bir Bahadur karki Entrepreneurship Development Programme with Reference To 16-22

Dvilal Sharma POSITION OF JMC GRADUATES: A TRACER STUDY 23-33

Prakash Upadhyay, Qualitative Researches In Social Sciences 54-61

nIdLz/0f clwsf/L gf/Ljfb / ltg 3'DtL pkGof;df gf/LjfbL lrGtg 62-72

lji0f' k|;fb kf}8]n kf]v/]nL pkGof;sf d"n k|j[lTt 73-94

lji0f'k|;fb zdf{ ax'eflifs sIffdf g]kfnL lzIf0f M ;d:of / ;dfwfg 95-98

Knowledge of Reproductive Health Issues among

Data and Method

Results and Discussion

Family Size 1.428*

Caste: A Socio-political Institution in Hindu Society

Discussion and Result

Caste as a Religious Product

Caste as Occupational Creation

Caste as a Cultural Institution

Caste as Social Hierarchy

Caste as a Political Institution

Entrepreneurship Development Programme with Reference To

Data and Methods

Result and Discussion

Table 1: Forms of Cottage and Small Industries

Total in Percentage 87.6% 5.4% 7% 100

Registration Trend of Cottage and Small Industries by Regional

Region Sagarmath 5951 414 552 720 565 747 8949

Conclusion and Suggestion

POSITION OF JMC GRADUATES: A TRACER STUDY

Institutional Arrangements to Conduct the Study

Data and Methods

Graduates Persuasion for Further Study

Academic Inputs towards Quality Measures of JMC and University.

Implications to Institutional Reforms

An Experience Of Executing Value Added Tax (Vat) In

Key Words: Effectiveness, Efficiency in Implementation, Evasion of VAT, Experience, Government

Data and Methods

Table 1: Effectiveness of VAT Officials of IRO, Pokhara According to VAT Registrants

Table 2: Administrative Mechanisms and Tax Procedure of VAT

Figure 2: Satisfactions on Administrative Mechanism and Tax Procedure of VAT

Table 3: Availability of Information and Quality of Document of VAT

Where, TR = Total Response, WV= Weighted Value, MV= Mean Value

Where, TR = Total Response, WV= Weighted Value,

Where, TR = Total Response, WV= Weighted Value,

Fertility Differential Among Lower Caste in Lamachaur VDC,

Key Words: Contraception, Fertility, Literacy, Occupation, Socio-economic,

2. Data and Method

3. Result and Discussion

3.1 Fertility by Age of Women

3.2 Age at Marriage

3.3 Fertility by Literacy

Table 3: Respondents Classified by Literacy According to Number of Children Ever Born

3.4 Fertility by Occupation

Table 4: Respondents Classified by Occupation According to Number of Children Ever Born

0 to 3 36 (60) 24 (40) 60 (100)

Qualitative Researches In Social Sciences