NAME

117: Hydrosta)cs and Stability

Numerical Integra/on

Dr. Md. Mashiur Rahaman

Associate Professor
Department of Naval Architecture & Marine Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Flare
•  Flare is the angle at which a
ship's hull plate or planking departs
from the vertical in an outward
direction with increasing height.

•  A flared hull typically has a deck

area larger than its cross-sectional
area at the waterline.

•  Most vessels have some degree of flare above the waterline.

•  Advantages of hull flare can include improvements in stability,

splash and wash suppression, and dockside utility
Tumblehome
•  Tumblehome is the narrowing
of a ship's hull with greater
distance above the water-line.

•  Expressed more technically, it

is present when the beam at
the uppermost deck is less
than the maximum beam of
the vessel.
Typical value of different
Co-efficient of ship’s
Worked Example for form coefficient
Worked Example (contd.)
Worked Example (contd.)
Trapezoidal rule
•  If the points at which the parallel lines intersect the area
perimeter are joined by straight lines, the area can be
represented approximately by the summa)on of the set of
trapezia so formed (shown in Figure). The area of the shaded
trapezium is:
Trapezoidal rule (contd.)
•  The curve ABC has been replaced by two straight lines, AB and BC
with ordinates y0, y1 and y2 distance h apart. The area is the sum
of the two trapezia so formed:
Notes on Trapezoidal rule
•  The accuracy with which the area under the actual curve is calculated
will depend upon how closely the straight lines mimic the curve. The
accuracy of representa)on can be increased by using a smaller interval
h. Generalizing for n + 1 ordinates the area will be given by:

•  In many cases of ships’ waterplanes it is sufficiently accurate to use

ten divisions with eleven ordinates but it is worth checking by eye
whether the straight lines follow the actual curves reasonably
accurately.

•  Because warship hulls tend to have greater curvature they are usually
represented by twenty divisions with twenty-one ordinates.
Simpson’s rules

•  The trapezoidal rule, using straight lines to replace the actual ship
curves, has limita)ons as to the accuracy achieved.

•  Many naval architectural calcula)ons are carried out using what

are known as Simpson’s rules. In Simpson’s rules the actual curve
is represented by a mathema)cal equa)on of the form:
Simpson’s rules (contd.)
•  The curve, shown in Figure , is represented by three equally spaced ordinates
y0, y1 and y2. It is convenient to choose the origin to be at the base of y1 to
simplify the algebra but the results would be the same wherever the origin is
taken. The curve extends from x=-h to x=+h and the area under it is:
Simpson’s rules (contd.)
It would be convenient to be able to express the area of the Figure
as a simple sum of the ordinates each mul)plied by some factor to
be determined. Assuming that A can be represented by:

This is Simpson’s First Rule or 3 Ordinate Rule.

Simpson’s first rule (cont.)
•  This rule can be generalized to any figure defined by an odd number of
evenly spaced ordinates, by applying the First Rule to ordinates 0 to 2,
2 to 4, 4 to 6 and so on, and then summing the resul)ng answers. This
provides the rule for n + 1 ordinates:
Simpson’s first rule (contd.)
•  For many ship forms it is adequate to divide the length into ten equal
parts using eleven ordinates. When the ends have significant curvature
greater accuracy can be obtained by introducing intermediate
ordinates in those areas, as shown in Figure . The figure gives the
Simpson mul)pliers to be used for each consecu)ve area defined by
three ordinates. The total area is given by:
 ne.
Simpson’s first rule: water plane area calcula)on
Simpson's Rules use ordinates to calculate the waterplane area. The rules also require that one side of the are
calculate
n ordinate is the must be a straight
y-coordinate line. which defines the vertical
of a point
s. • First of all let us recall that an ordinate is the y-
First of all let us recall that an ordinate is the y-coordinate of a point which defines the vertical
coordinate
areas, an ordinate
of a point
is the
which
verticalaxis.
defines the ver)cal
distance between two points
distance from a horizontal
distance from a horizontal axis.
When calculating water plane areas, an ordinate is the vertical distance between two points
n in the diagram below.
on the water plane, as shown in the diagram below.
•  When calcula)ng water plane areas, an ordinate is
dinates in two equal parts. Hence the ordinates on either side of
The midline will divide the ordinates in two equal parts. Hence the ordinates on either side of
the ver)cal
half ordinates distance between two points on the
or semi-ordinates.
the midline are refered to as half ordinates or semi-ordinates.
water plane, as shown in the diagram below.
The shape of the water The shape of the water
plane is symmetrical about
plane is symmetrical about
the midline, therefore it will
the midline, therefore it will be sufficient to calculate the area of one hal
be sufficient to calculate the then
areadouble
of onethehalf of the
answer shape
to find and
the total area
then double the answer to find the total
satisfies area.line
the straight The midline
boundary requirem
Rules.
satisfies the straight line boundary requirement of Simpson's
Rules.
The following steps are common for all three
•  The midline will divide the ordinates in two equal parts. Hence the ordinates on
Simpson's Rules:
either side of the midline are referred to as half ordinates or semi-ordinates.
The following steps are common for all three versions of
1. Divide the water plane into two halves using the midline.
•  The shape of the waterplane is symmetrical about the midline, therefore it will
2. Choose one half to work with.
be sufficient to calculate the area of one half of the shape and then double the
3. Sub-divide the chosen half into area strips or sections of equal width, 'h'.
into two halves4.using
Basedthe midline.
answer to find the total area.
on the number of area sections and hence the number of half ordinates, choose which version of
vided into an even number of strips of equal width, then the area under the cur
Simpson’s first rule: recall
First Rule:

ℎ
For 3 ordinates y1 , y2 and y3 equally spaced at h units:  9 = <y1 + 4?2 + ?3 @
3
ℎ
For 5 ordinates y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 and y5 :  9 = 3<y1 + 4?2 + 2?3 + 4?4 + ?5 @
ℎ
For 7 ordinates:  9 = <y1 + 4?2 + 2?3 + 4?4 + 2?5 + 4?6 + ?7 @ and so on...
3

theNote that 'h' is also called the common interval or CI, and represents the width of
common interval or CI, and represents the width of each of the area sectio
each of the area sec)ons or strips.
etter understand how to use this formula:

gth of a ship's water-plane area is 70 m. The lengths of the e

es commencing from forward are as follows: 0, 5.2, 6.4
 Water plane area calcula)on : example 1
The length of a ship's water-plane area is 70 m. The lengths of the
equidistantly spaced half ordinates commencing from forward are
as follows: 0, 5.2, 6.4, 7.0, 6.0, 4.9, 0.3
Find the area of the water-plane.
water-plane.
Solu/on:

First of all, we need to check if we can apply Simpson's First Rule to

eed calculate the area:
to check if we can apply Simpson's First Rule to calculate the are

atesNumber of ordinates = 7 and since 7 is an odd number, we can use

= 7 and since 7 is an odd number, we can use Simpson's First R
Simpson's First Rule to find the area of this water- plane.

the Next, let us find the value of the common interval 'h' which can be
value of the common interval 'h' which can be calculated by divid
calculated by dividing the length of the water-plane (70m) by the
mbernumber of area sec)ons (6):
of area sections (6):
70 F
ℎ= = 11.7 F
6
 6

Water plane area calcula)on : example (cont.)

The following figure will help us visually represent the information:

Half-ordinates Simpson's Multiplier Area Function

(1)
Half-ordinates Simpson's (2)
Multiplier (3)=(1)x(2)
Area Function
(1) (2) (3)=(1)x(2)
0 1 0
0 1 0
5.2 4 20.8
5.2 4 20.8
6.4 6.4 2 2 12.8 12.8

7.0 7.0 4 4 28.0 28.0

6.0 2 12.0
6.0 2 12.0
4.9 4 19.6
4.9 4 19.6
0.3 1 0.3
0.3 1 0.3
(HIJKL )   N1 93.23

(HIJKL )   N1 93.23

ℎ Table 5.1 11.7 F

2
Area of the water-plane = 2 × × NTable
1 =5.1
2× × 93.23 F = 727.2  F
As noted above, the Simpson's First Rule formula requires that we multiply the half-ordinates by a series of constants
called Simpson's Multipliers.
3 3
 Water plane area calcula)on : example 2
Find the area of a water-plane which is 72 metres long, using
Simpson's First Rule with the following half-ordinates commencing
mple 2: Find the area of a water-plane which is 72 metres long, using Simpson's First Rule
from forward: 0.2, 2.2, 5.0, 5.8, 6.0, 5.9, 4.9, 2.0, 0.2
the following half-ordinates commencing from forward: 0.2, 2.2, 5.0, 5.8, 6.0, 5.9, 4.9
0.2

on:
Solu)on:
We are given 9 half-ordinates and therefore we can use Simpson's First Rule to calculate this water-plane area.
Find the value of "h" :
72
ℎ= = 9 F
8
Draw a diagram:
 Water plane area calcula)on : example 2 (cont.)
ete the table:

Half-ordinates Simpson's Multiplier Area Function

(1) (2) (3)=(1)x(2)

0.2 1 0.2

2.2 4 8.8

5.0 2 10.0

5.8 4 23.2

6.0 2 12.0

5.9 4 23.6

4.9 2 9.8

2.0 4 8.0

0.2 1 0.2

(HIJKL )   N1 95.8

ℎ 9 F
Area of the water-plane = 2 × Table
× N5.2
1 =2× × 95.8 F = 574.8  F2
3 3
ate the area:
Water plane area calcula)on : example 3
The lengths of the half-ordinates of an 80 m long water-plane
commencing from forward as follows: 0, 3.6, 5.0, 5.3, 4.8, 0.5. There
is a 2.8 m long half-ordinate right midway between the last two
half-ordinates. Find the area of the water-plane.
 Water plane area calcula)on : example 3 (cont.)
Solu)on:
he lengths
of the half-ordinates of an 80 m long water-plane commencing from
In this case
lows: there
0, 3.6, are 4.8,
5.0, 5.3, two 0.5
different values of 'h' to consider. The
8 m long half-ordinate right midway between the last two half-ordinates. Find the
green area (Area 1) has 4 strips whose 'h' value is twice that of the 2
lane.
strips in the blue area (Area 2). To obtain the total water-plane area,
we can divide the water-plane into 2 parts, apply Simpson's First
ase there are two different values of 'h' to consider. The green area (Area 1) has 4 strips whose 'h' valu
at ofRule separately to each par)al area, and then add the results to get
the 2 strips in the blue area (Area 2). To obtain the total water-plane area, we can divide the wat
arts,the total area of water-plane.
apply Simpson's First Rule separately to each partial area, and then add the results to get the tota
ane.

value of h :
80 F
 80 F
Water plane area calcula)on : example 3 (cont.)
ℎ=
5
= 16 F

e value of h :
Area 1:
Complete the table : 80 F
ℎ= = 16 F
Find the value of h : 80 F
5

Half-ordinates ℎ= = 16 F
Simpson's Multiplier 80 F
te the table : 5
(1) (2) ℎ= =
5
Half-ordinates 0 Simpson's Multiplier 1 Area Function
(1) (2) (3)=(1)*(2)
3.6 4
Complete
0 the table : 1 0
5.0 2
ates 3.6 Simpson's
4 Multiplier 14.4
5.3 2 (2) 4
5.0 Half-ordinates Simpson's
10.0 M
5.3 4.8 (1) 4 1 21.2 (2)
1
4.8 1 4.8
(HIJKL )   N1
0 4 50.4
1
(HIJKL )   N1

3.6
Calculate the partial green area (Area 1): 2 4
e the partial green area (Area 1): ℎ 16 F
× N1 = 2 × 3 × 50.4 F = 537.6  F 2
5.0 ℎ Area =16 F
Area = 2 × × N = 2 ×
2×4 3
× 50.4 F = 537.6  F2
2
3 1 3
 ℎ 16 F
× N1 = 2 ×
Area = 2 × 3 16 F × 50.4 F = 537.
Water plane area calcula)on : example 3 (cont.)
ℎ=
2
= 8 F
3
16 F
Complete
Area 2:the table: ℎ= = 8 F
16 F2
Find
e the table: the value of h : ℎ= = 8 FSimpson's Multiplier
Half-ordinates 2
(1) (2)
Half-ordinates Simpson's Multiplier Area Function
(1) 4.8 (2) 1 (3)=(1)*(2)

4.8 1 4.8
es 2.8 Simpson's Multiplier 4 Area F
2.8 (2) 4 11.2 (3)=
0.5 1
0.5 1 0.5
1 (HIJKL )   N2 4
(HIJKL )   N2 16.5
4 1
Calculate the partial blue area (Area 2):
e the partial blue area (Area 2):
ℎ Area 1= 2 × 0
ℎ 8 F
8 F × N = 2 × × 16.5 F = 88  F2
2 2
Area = 2 × × N2 = 2 × 3 × 16.5 F = 88  F3
3 3
Hence,
(HIJKL+ 9VWK 2   FN22+ 88 F2 = 625.6 F2
) = 537.6  1
HIJKL 9VWK = 9VWK 1
HIJKL 9VWK = 9VWK 1 + 9VWK 2 = 537.6 F + 88 F = 625.6 F2
2 2

e area (Area 2):

ℎ 8 F