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Network Design and Engineering: Aung Htein Maw Professor Ahmaw@uit - Edu.mm

This document discusses network design and engineering. It covers dynamic routing protocols including interior gateway protocols (IGP) like OSPF and exterior gateway protocols (EGP) like BGP. BGP is used for interdomain routing between autonomous systems (AS). The document examines concepts like autonomous systems, route propagation, and loop-free routing between ASes. It also discusses route integration between interdomain and intradomain routing to balance optimality and scalability in large networks.

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52 views26 pages

Network Design and Engineering: Aung Htein Maw Professor Ahmaw@uit - Edu.mm

This document discusses network design and engineering. It covers dynamic routing protocols including interior gateway protocols (IGP) like OSPF and exterior gateway protocols (EGP) like BGP. BGP is used for interdomain routing between autonomous systems (AS). The document examines concepts like autonomous systems, route propagation, and loop-free routing between ASes. It also discusses route integration between interdomain and intradomain routing to balance optimality and scalability in large networks.

Uploaded by

Kay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Design and Engineering

AUNG HTEIN MAW


Professor
[email protected]
Advanced Internetworking:
1. Global Internet

Review on Dynamic Routing

Interdomain Routing (BGP)

Route Integration
Review on Dynamic Routing

The purpose of dynamic routing protocols includes:

Discovery of remote networks.

Maintaining up-to-date routing information.

Ability to find a new best path if current path is no


longer available.

Choosing the best path to destination networks.

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Review on Dynamic Routing

Dynamic Routing Protocols

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP) Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)

Distance Vector Routing Link-State Routing Path-Vector Routing


Protocols Protocols Protocols

RIP EIGRP OSPF IS-IS BGP

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Review on Dynamic Routing

Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)


- Used for routing within an Autonomous System (AS).
- RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS.

Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)


- Used for routing between Autonomous Systems.
- BGP.

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Review on Dynamic Routing

Distance vector means that routes are advertised by


providing two characteristics:

Distance - Identifies how far it is to the destination


network based on a metric such as hop count, cost,
bandwidth, delay.

Vector - Specifies the direction of the next-hop router


or exit interface to reach the destination.

RIPv, RIPv2, IGRP Cisco proprietary(obsolete),


EIGRP.

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Review on Dynamic Routing

A link-State router uses the link-state information


received from other routers:

to create a topology map.

to select the best path to all destination networks


in the topology.

Link-state routing protocols do not use periodic


updates.

updates are only sent when there is a change in the


topology

OSPF and IS-IS

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Review on Dynamic Routing

The tree structure of the Internet in 1990

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Review on Dynamic Routing

Single-Area OSPF

• All routers contained in one area


• Called the backbone area
• Known as Area 0
• Used in smaller networks with few routers

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Review on Dynamic Routing

Multiarea OSPF

• Designed using a hierarchical scheme


• All areas connect to area 0
• More commonly seen with numerous areas around area 0 (like a daisy
or aster)
• Routers that connect area 0 to another area is known as an Area
Border Router (ABR)
• Used in large networks
• Multiple areas reduces processing and memory overhead
• A failure in one area does not affect other areas

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Review on Dynamic Routing

The issues of scalability in routing in the Internet

The features and characteristics of dynamic


routing protocols

Routers in routing areas

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Advanced Internetworking:
1 Global Internet

Review on Dynamic Routing

Interdomain Routing (BGP)

Route Integration
Interdomain Routing (BGP)

A network with two autonomous system

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Interdomain Routing (BGP)

Idea: Provide an additional way to hierarchically


aggregate routing information is a large internet.
Improves scalability

Divide the routing problem in two parts:


Routing within a single autonomous system
Routing between autonomous systems

Two-level route propagation hierarchy


Inter-domain routing protocol
Intra-domain routing protocol

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Interdomain Routing (BGP)

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)


 Assumes that the Internet is an arbitrarily
interconnected set of ASs.
 Today’s Internet consists of an interconnection
of multiple backbone networks (they are
usually called service provider networks, and
they are operated by private companies rather
than the government)
 Sites are connected to each other in arbitrary
ways

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Interdomain Routing (BGP)

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Interdomain Routing (BGP)

local traffic as traffic that originates at or


terminates on nodes within an AS.

transit traffic as traffic that passes through an AS.

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Interdomain Routing (BGP)

Stub AS: an AS that has only a single connection to one


other AS; such an AS will only carry local traffic.

Multihomed AS: an AS that has connections to more


than one other AS, but refuses to carry transit traffic.

Transit AS: an AS that has connections to more than


one other AS, and is designed to carry both transit
and local traffic.

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Interdomain Routing (BGP)

The goal of Inter-domain routing is to find any path to


the intended destination that is loop free

concerned with reachability than optimality

Finding path anywhere close to optimal is considered


to be a great achievement

WHY???

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Interdomain Routing (BGP)

Speaker
Speaker forforASbackbone network
2 advertises thentoadvertises
reachability P and Q
Network 128.96,
Networks 128.96,192.4.153, 192.4.32,
192.4.153, and 192.4.3,
192.4.32, can be can
and 192.4.3 reached
be
directly from
reached alongAS 2.
the path <AS 1, AS 2>.
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Interdomain Routing (BGP)

Concepts of Autonomous Systems

The idea of route propagation with BGP

Loop free running in ASs

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Advanced Internetworking:
1 Global Internet

Review on Dynamic Routing

Interdomain Routing (BGP)

Route Integration
Route Integration

A trade-off between some sort of


optimality and scalability.
When hierarchy is introduced,
information is hidden from some
nodes in the network, hindering
their ability to make perfectly
optimal decisions.
However, information hiding is
essential to scalability, since it saves
all nodes from having global
knowledge.
It is invariably true in large
networks that scalability is a more
pressing design goal than perfect Backbone area
optimality.
Area border router (ABR)

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Route Integration

Provider-Customer

Customer-Provider

Peer

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Route Integration

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Route Integration

The issues of scalability in the network design

AS relationships and policies

Route integration of interdomain and


intradomain

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