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Lesson 4 Type of Errors

This document discusses different types of errors in measurement: gross errors, systematic errors, and random errors. It provides examples and remedies for each. Gross errors are due to human mistakes like incorrect readings. Systematic errors include instrumental errors from device mechanics and misuse of instruments. Random errors remain even after removing systematic errors. The document emphasizes using calibrated instruments, maintaining constant environmental conditions, and taking multiple readings to improve measurement accuracy and precision.

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Rachel Villasis
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1K views3 pages

Lesson 4 Type of Errors

This document discusses different types of errors in measurement: gross errors, systematic errors, and random errors. It provides examples and remedies for each. Gross errors are due to human mistakes like incorrect readings. Systematic errors include instrumental errors from device mechanics and misuse of instruments. Random errors remain even after removing systematic errors. The document emphasizes using calibrated instruments, maintaining constant environmental conditions, and taking multiple readings to improve measurement accuracy and precision.

Uploaded by

Rachel Villasis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 2 TYPES OF ERRORS o The errors occur in the instrument because of the

fault of the operator.


Types of Error in Measurement o A good instrument is used in an unintelligent way
1. Gross Error may give an enormous result.
2. Systematic Error
3. Random Error o The improper practices may cause permanent
damage to the instrument,

1. Gross Errors Remedies:


o Proper steps to be followed while handling the
- The gross error occur because of the human
instrument.
mistakes.

- Gross: blunder because of lack of knowledge,


 Loading Error
lack of focus, misuse of laboratory instrument.
Cause:
- For example: consider a person using the
instruments take the wrong reading or they can o It is the most common type of error which caused by
record the incorrect data. the instrument in measurement work.

- Remedies: The reading should be take very o The program is loading which causes error or fast
carefully. change of data.

o The error caused by the loading effect can be


overcome by using meter intelligently.
2. Systematic Error

- Mainly classified into three categories: Remedies:

 Instrumental Error o Use of the calibrated instrument can reduce this


type of error.
Causes:

o Such type of errors is inbuilt in instruments because  Enviromental Error


of their mechanical structure.
Cause:
o They may be due to manufacturing, calibration or
operation of the device. o These errors are due to the external condition of the
measuring devices.
o These errors may cause the error to read too low or
too high. o Such type of error mainly occur due to the effect of
temperature, pressure, humidity, dust vibration or
because of the magnetic or electrostatic field.
Remedies:
o If the instrument uses the weak spring then it gives
the high value of measuring quantity. Remedies:
o The arrangement should be made to made keep the
o The error occurs in the instrument because of the
condition as constant as possible.
friction or hysterises.
o Place
 Misuse of Instrument
Cause:  Observational Error
Causes: Precision
o Such type of errors are due to wrong o The closeness with which results of replicate
observations of the reading. analyses of a sample agree. It is a measure of
dispersion or scattering around the mean value and
o There are many sources of observational error. usually expressed in terms of standard deviation,
standard error or a range (difference between
o Thus an error occurs (because of the parallax) highest and lowest result).
unless the line of vision of the observer is
exactly above the pointer.

Remedies:
o To minimize the parallax error, highly accurate
meters are provided with mirrored scales.

3. Random Error
Causes:
o The error which is caused by sudden change in the
atmosphere conditions, such as type of error is
called random error.

o These type of error remain even after the removal of


the systematic error. Hence, such type id called
residual.

Remedies:
o Taking two or more reading for the measured value
can reduce this type of error.

Accuracy

o The "trueness" or the closeness of the analytical


result to the "true" value. It is constituted by a
combination Of random and systematic errors
(precision and bias) and cannot be quantified
directly.

o The level of success in your experiments mainly


relies on your ability to make accurate
measurements. Preferably, the measurement
gathered from laboratory activities must be both
correct and reproducible.

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