I.

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this exercise, students must be able to:

a) Create, alter and drop tables
b) Verify that tables exist
c) Set a table to read-only and read/write status
d) Manage constraints
e) Add, modify and drop columns
f) Perform flashback operations

II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION

CREATE TABLE Statement

 This statement is one of the DDL statements that are a subset of the SQL statements
used to create, modify, or remove Oracle database structures.

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE [schema.]table
(column datatype [DEFAULT expr] [, …]);

Constraints
The Oracle server uses constraints to prevent invalid data entry into tables.

You can use constraints to do the following:

 Enforce rules on the data in a table whenever a row is inserted, updated, or
deleted from that table. The constraint must be satisfied for the operation to succeed.
 Prevent the deletion of a table if there are dependencies from other tables.
 Provide rules for Oracle tools, such as Oracle Developer.

Data Integrity Constraints

Constraint Description
NOT NULL Specifies that the column cannot contain a null value

UNIQUE Specifies a column or combination of columns whose values

must be unique for all rows in the table
PRIMARY KEY Uniquely identifies each row of the table
FOREIGN KEY Establishes and enforces a referential integrity between the
column and a column of the referenced table such that values
in one table match values in another table.
CHECK Specifies a condition that must be true
Defining Constraints

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE [schema.]table
(column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[column_constraint],
…
[table_constraint] [, …]);

 Column-level constraint syntax:

Syntax:
column [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type,

 Table-level constraint syntax:

Syntax:
column, …
[CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type
(column, …),

Creating a Table Using a Subquery

 Match the number of specified columns to the number of subquery columns.
 Define columns with column names and default values.

Syntax:
CREATE TABLE table
[(column, column…)]
AS subquery;

Read-Only Tables
You can use the ALTER TABLE syntax to:
 Put a table into read-only mode, which prevents DDL or DML changes during table
maintenance
 Put the table back into read/write mode

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table READ ONLY;
ALTER TABLE table READ WRITE;

Dropping a Table
 Moves a table to the recycle bin
 Removes the table and all its data entirely if the PURGE clause is specified

Syntax:
 DROP TABLE table [PURGE];
Inserting Data into the Table

 With this syntax, only one row is inserted at a time

Syntax:
INSERT INTO table [(column [, column…])]
VALUES (value [, value…]);

 Copying rows from another table

Syntax:
INSERT INTO table [(column [, column…])]
subquery;

ALTER TABLE Statement

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table
ADD (column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[, column datatype]…);

ALTER TABLE table

MODIFY (column datatype [DEFAULT expr]
[, column datatype]…);

ALTER TABLE table

DROP (column);

Adding a Constraint

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table
ADD (CONSTRAINT constraint_name] type column_name;

Dropping a Constraint

Syntax:
ALTER TABLE table
DROP PRIMARY KEY | UNIQUE (column) |
CONSTRAINT constraint [CASCADE];

FLASHBACK TABLE Statement

Syntax:
FLASHBACK TABLE [schema.]table [, [schema.]table]…
 TO {TIMESTAMP | SCN} expr;
III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Overview

In this exercise, you are to create new tables by using the CREATE TABLE statement,
ALTER TABLE command to modify columns and add constraints, and confirm that the new
table was added to the database. You will also set the status of a table as READ ONLY and
then revert to READ/WRITE.

Note: You will use the DEPARTMENTS and EMPLOYEES table in the HR schema.
Use a qualifier to query data from the table in the HR schema.

Syntax: <schema>.table Example: HR.DEPARTMENTS

Task

Write the equivalent SQL statements for the steps that follow.

Step 1: Create the DEPT table based on the following table instance chart. Enter the
syntax in the SQL Worksheet. Then, execute the statement to create the table.

Column name ID NAME

Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2
Length 7 25

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Step 2: Confirm that the table is created. Sample output is as follows:

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Step 3: Populate the DEPT table with data from the DEPARTMENTS table. Include only
columns that you need.

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Step 4: Create the EMP2 table based on the following table instance chart. Enter the
syntax in the SQL Worksheet. Then, execute the statement to create the table.

Column name ID LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME DEPT_ID

Data type NUMBER VARCHAR2 VARCHAR2 NUMBER
Length 7 25 25 7

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Step 5: Confirm that the table is created. Sample output is as follows.

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Step 6: Modify the EMP2 table to allow for longer employee last names.

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Step 7: Confirm your modification. Sample output is as follows.

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Step 8: Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the structure of the EMPLOYEES
table. Include only the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and
DEPARTMENT_ID columns. Name the columns in your new table ID, FIRST_NAME,
LAST_NAME, SALARY, and DEPT_ID, respectively.

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Step 9: Alter the EMPLOYEES2 table status to read-only.

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Step 10: Try to insert the following row in the EMPLOYEES2 table:

You get the following error message:

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Step 11: Revert the EMPLOYEES2 table to the read/write status. Now, try to insert the
same row again. You should get the following messages:

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Step 12: Drop the EMP2 table.

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Step 13: Query the recycle bin to see whether the table is present. Sample output is as
follows.

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Step 14: Restore the EMP2 table to a state before the DROP statement.

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Step 15: Drop the first name column from the EMPLOYEES2 table.

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Step 14: Confirm your modification by checking the description of the table. Sample
output is as follows.
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Step 15: Add a table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint to the EMP table on the ID
column. The constraint should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_emp_id_pk

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Step 16: Create a PRIMARY KEY constraint to the DEPT table using the ID column.
The constraint should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_dept_id_pk.

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Step 17: Add a foreign key reference on the EMP2 table that ensures that the employee is
not assigned to a nonexistent department. Name the constraint my_emp_dept_id_fk.

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Step 18: Modify the EMP2 table. Add a COMMISSION column of the NUMBER data
type, precision 2, scale 2. Add a constraint to the COMMISSION column that ensures
that a commission value is greater than zero.

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Step 19: Drop the EMP2 and DEPT tables so that they cannot be restored.

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Step 20: Verify the recycle bin.

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What do you observe?______________________________________________________

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IV. QUESTION AND ANSWER:

1. Explain why you encountered an error message in Step 10 after you inserted a row into
the EMPLOYEES2 table.
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2. What is the purpose of modifying the status of your table to READ ONLY or
READ/WRITE mode?
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