LESSON 3

Module title Apply Safety Practices

Module Classification Common Competencies
No. of LO’s 3
Nominal duration 16 hrs.
TVET Provider SBR Technical Education Training Center Inc.

LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Identify hazardous area

Definition of Terms
Bacteria – simple, one-celled organisms that may or may not be harmful..
Biological hazards- hazards caused by living organisms which include insects,
molds, fungi, viruses, and bacterial contamination.
Ergonomic hazards- hazards are commonly seen in the workplaces which
are improperly designed tools or work areas
Fuel - any substance, which will combine in the presence of heat-that is, a fuel
is “something that will burn”.
Initial triage and tagging- sorting patients into categories of priority for care
and transport based on the severity of injuries and medical emergency.
Leather jacket-is made of chrome leather and prevents the entry of sparks between
the clothes and body.
Mandatory signs- regulatory signs which indicate that an instruction must be
carried out.
Materials handling- a technique which include the art of lifting, placing, storing or
movement of materials through the use of appropriate handling equipment and men.
Physical Hazards- hazard due to the transfer of energy between an object and a
worker.
Prohibition signs- are regulatory signs which indicate that an action or activity is not
allowed.
Protective sleeves are made from leather to protect the arms.
Regulatory Signs- signs contain instructions that need to be complied with them constitutes
an offense under law, standing orders, company policy.
Safety inspection- the process of locating and reporting existing and potential
condition that may cause accidents.
Safety Shoes- safety shoes have heat-resistant soles and impact-resistant toes.
Warning Signs- signs which warn of hazard or hazardous condition that is likely to be
life-threatening.
Welding gloves/gauntlet- made of chrome leather and protects the hands from heat,
spatter, and radiations.
Welding shield/helmet- used to protect our face and eyes from the arc rays
and heat, and the spatter from the molten metal.
Welding spats- made of chrome leather and protects the feet from spatter.

Acronyms

OSHS- Occupational Safety and Health Standards

PPE- Personal Protective Equipment

Pretest LO 1

Directions: Identify the term that is described:

Column A Column B

1. The most common and painful injuries that

occur in the welding shop. a. Welding shields/helmet
b. Occupational safety
2. An immediate care given to a person health standard
who has been injured or suddenly taken illness. c. Burn
d. First aid
3. A symbol used to indicate a potentially e. Caution
hazardous situation which, if not avoided , could f. Hazard
result in death or serious injury.
4. Mandatory rules and standards set and enforced
to eliminate or reduce hazards in the workplace.

5. It is used to protect our face and eyes from

the arc rays and heat and the spatter from the
molten metal.
 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Hazards are identified correctly in accordance with OHS (occupational health and
safety) procedures.
Safety signs and symbols are identified and adhered to in accordance with workplace
safety procedure.

Information Sheet 1.1

Environmental Hazards

1. Physical Hazards. Hazards due to the transfer of energy between an object and a worker.

 Excessive noise
 Inadequate illumination
 Extreme temperature
 Extreme pressure
 Vibration
 Radiation
 Inadequate ventilation
 Cluttered area
 Ignorance or carelessness of the worker

2. Chemical Hazards. These hazards arise from inhaling chemical agents in the form of vapor
gases, dust, fumes, mist, or by skin contact with these materials.

 Mist Fine particles of a liquid float in air

 Gases- substances in gaseous state but are always airborne at room temperature.
 Vapor- results when substances that are liquid at room temperature evaporate.
 Dust- solid harmful substances are ground, cut or crushed by mechanical actions.
 Fumes- gas is condensed in air, chemically changed and becomes fine solid particles
which float in air.

Four Possible Routes of Entry of Chemical Hazards

1. Inhalation- breathing in toxics is the most common and dangerous route.

2. Ingestion- toxics enter through the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Absorption- toxics pass through skin into the bloodstream.
4. Injection- toxics may be injected into the body (needles, ect.)- the least common, yet
most direct route of entry

3. Biological Hazards. Hazards caused by living organisms which include insects, molds,
fungi, viruses, and bacterial contamination; from defects in sanitation and housekeeping
procedures, such as in the provision of potable water, removal of industrial wastes and
sewage, food handling , and personal cleanliness.
Agents of Biological Hazards
 Bacteria – simple, one-celled organisms that may or may not be harmful.
 Viruses – organisms that depend on a host cell for development or reproduction
 Fungi – may be small or large parasitic organisms growing in a living or dead
plant or animal
 Rickettsia – rod-shaped microorganisms that are smaller than bacteria and
depend on a host for development or reproduction. Microorganisms transmitted
by fleas, ticks, and lice

Common Health Problems from Biological Hazards

a. Tuberculosis (TB)
b. Tetanus
c. Viral Hepatitis
d. HIV/AIDS

Diseases caused by virus

a. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
b. Hepatitis B Infection
c. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
d. Rabies
4. Ergonomic Hazards. Hazards commonly seen in the workplace, which are improperly
designed tools or work areas, improper lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions or repeated
motions in an awkward position that may be responsible for fatigue, stress and strain and
may lead to accidents in the occupational environment.

Ergonomics is si the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the workers

Effects of Ergonomic Hazards

a. low productivity
b. high rate of errors
c. material wastage and equipment

Health Problems caused by Ergonomics

a. musculoskeletal problems
b. vascular problems
c. visual problems
d. hearing problems
e. skin problem
f. psychological problems

Welding Safety

1. Electric shock – maybe caused by open and not properly insulated cable, workers
are advised to regularly check electrical wiring connection.

Check primary circuit wiring connection

 Check welding cable for crack or cut insulation

Do not put welding cable around the part of your body.

2. Arc rays can damage both eyes and skin, so wear proper protective clothing and filter
lenses.

BURN CAUSED BY LIGHT

 Ultra violet light- can cause first degree or second degree burn to the eyes
and skin
 Infrared – wave that is felt as heat
 Visible light- light that we see
- producer of varying quantities and color

3. Fumes and Gases- Use proper ventilation and position yourself out of the fume flow.
 The bigger diameter of the electrode, the more ventilation is required.

Dangerous powder dust comes from weld fumes filtered during welding

4. Fire and explosion- may result from faulty welding operation .Always understand the
environment where your are welding and never take anything for granted.

Proper procedure for welding in a tank

5. Compressed gas- must be handled in such a way as to prevent personal or

equipment damage.

6. Face and eye protection - must be worn at all times in the workplace. This includes
safety goggles and full -faced mask
 7. Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection.

Wear proper body, face, and eye protection

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best answer and write the
letter only in your answer sheet.

1. Which hazards are due to transfer of energy between an object and a worker?
A. Chemical hazards
B. Physical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Ergonomics hazards

2. Which kind of hazard causes deadening of a welder‟s hand because of unadvisable

position during welding?

A. Chemical hazards
B. Physical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Ergonomics hazards
 3. Impact resulting from being struck by and struck against objects may cause serious
accidents which one is referred to?
A. Chemical hazards
B. Physical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Ergonomics hazards

4. Which process do toxics pass through gastrointestinal organ?

A. Ingestion
B. Inhalation
C. Absorption
D. Injection

5. People who work with animals, animal products or animal wastes have a greater risk
of infection because of .
A. Chemical hazards
B. Physical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Ergonomics hazards

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

WHAT DO YOU NEED TO KNOW?

Read Information Sheet 1.2 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.2.

Information Sheet 1.2

Safety Signs and Symbols

Introduction

Safety symbols are pictures sometimes called safety pictographs, pictograms, or

pictorials. They are used in place of, or as a supplement to written words. These symbols
provide warnings or alerts about a possible hazard.

Because pictures may convey information better than words, graphic symbols are
added to precautionary labels to show major workplace dangers like welding or cutting
hazards.
 The use of symbols on precautionary labels is optional, and is recommended for
the following reasons:
 Symbols may show and help to explain the hazards quickly.
 Symbols can be understood by both readers and non-readers.
 Symbols may be multilingual and usually translate directly into all
languages.

Welding and cutting industry has adopted standardized symbols and

uniform methods of use to avoid user confusion and to supplement and reinforce
the written message.

Words

The large word at the top of the label is called the signal word. It is used in
combination with a specific colored background and combined with the safety alert
symbol to indicate the degree of seriousness of a potential hazard. Because of its colored
background, the signal word is usually the first element that you notice when looking at a
safety label. According to International Standard Organization (ISO), there are three (3)
choices for a signal word:

1. DANGER. Used to indicate an imminently hazardous situation which, if

avoided, will result in death or serious injury. The use of this signal word should be
limited to the most extreme situations.
2.

3. WARNING. This indicates a potentially hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, could result in death or serious injury.

4. CAUTION. Used to indicate a potentially hazardous situation which, if not

avoided, may result in minor or moderate injury. CAUTION may also be used
without the safety color symbol (the triangle with exclamation mark) to indicate
property-damage-only.
Color
Since color is typically the first thing that draws the attention of the viewer, the
color-coded surrounding shapes act as a first level of meaning and, as you draw closer to
the sign, you are able to distinguish the specific information conveyed by the graphic
symbol.

Example A is an ISO “Warning Safety Sign”. This type of label is meant to tell
what the hazard is (e.g. “fire hazard”).

Example B is an ISO “Prohibition Safety Sign”. This label tells about an action not
to take in order to avoid a hazard (e.g. “no open flame”).

Example C is an ISO “Mandatory Action Safety Sign”. This label defines an action
that needs to be taken to avoid the hazard (e.g. “read manual”).

Classification of Safety Signs

1. Regulatory Signs- signs contain instructions. Failure to comply with them

constitutes an offense under law, standing orders, company policy, etc.

a. Mandatory signs are regulatory signs which indicate that an instruction must be
carried out. When symbols are used they are white on a blue disc. Text-only
mandatory signs are black on white in a portrait format.
2. Prohibition signs are regulatory signs which indicate that an action or activity is not
allowed. The symbolic shape used on prohibition signs is the red circle and slash over
a black symbol. Prohibition signs may contain only the red circle and text with no
symbol.

3. Warning Signs- signs which warn of a hazard or hazardous condition that is not likely
to be life-threatening. The symbolic shape used on warning signs is black triangle with
yellow interior and black symbol. The word warning is not required to print on the sign,
although it is often used for added impact.

4. Danger Signs- signs which warn of a hazard or hazardous condition is likely life-
threatening. It is recommended that symbols not be used on danger signs.
 5. Fire Signs- advice the location of fire alarms and firefighting equipment. Fire signs
contain a white symbol and/or text on a red background.

6. Emergency Information Signs- indicate the location of, or direction to,

emergency- related facilities (exits, first aid, safety equipment, etc.). These signs feature
a white symbol and/or text on a green background.

7. General Information Signs- communicate information of a general nature in order to

avoid misunderstanding or confusion. These signs often refer to housekeeping, company
practices and logistics.

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.2

Direction; Read and analyze each statement carefully. Choose the best answer and write the
letter only on your answer sheet.

1. Pictures that are used to inform workers on safety practices are .

A. Cautions
B. Warnings
C. Prohibitions
D. Safety signs

2. Signs which indicate that an action is not allowed are .

A. regulatory signs
B. mandatory signs
C. prohibition signs
D. warning signs
 3. Which are used to indicate a potentially hazardous situation which, if not avoided,
may result in minor or moderate injury?
A. Danger
B. Caution
C. Warning
D. Emergency

4. Signs indicate that an instruction must be carried out .

A. regulatory signs
B. mandatory signs
C. prohibition signs
D. warning signs

5. Which used to indicate an imminently hazardous situation which, if avoided, may

result in death or serious injury?
A. Danger
B. Warning
C. Caution
D. Emergency

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

Read the Information Sheet 1.3 very well then find out how much you can remember and how
much you learned by doing Self-check 1.3.

Information Sheet 1.3

Occupational Safety and Health Standards

Introduction

Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) are mandatory rules and standards set and
enforced to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
OSH Standards aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must
be granted to every worker in relation to dangers of injury, sickness, or death that may arise by
reason of his or her occupation. The provision of OSHS by the government is an exercise of
police power, with the intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of workers.
Coverage and Scope of OSHS

All establishments, workplaces, and undertakings are covered, including agricultural enterprises
whether operating for profit or not, except:

1. Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.

2. Those directly engaged in land, sea and air transportation (however, their dry
dockets, garages, hangers and maintenance, and repair shops and offices are
covered.
3. The activities of a lessee regarding the safety of a mining claim or lease, including
mines safety, mineral conservation, and pollution in establishments or work
places falling under the mining industry.

Minimum Standards on Safety and Health in the Workplace

The OSHS require every company to keep and maintain its workplace free from work hazards
that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers or damage to property.

The following must be provided by the employer;

 Appropriate seats, lighting, and ventilation.

 Adequate passageways, exits, and firefighting equipment
 Separate toilet facilities and lockers for men and women.
 Appropriate safety clothing like protective gear, masks, helmets, safety boots, coats,
or goggles.
 Medicines, medical supplies, or first-aid kits.
 Free medical and dental services and facilities.

Safety Measures to be Observed within the Premises of Establishments

 Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger signs and
safety instructions of standard colors and sizes visible at all times.
 Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the drivers of motorized vehicle
such as STOP, YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the
compound of the establishment to increase safety especially during the night.
 Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated workplaces. For as
practicable and feasible reasons, they shall be provided with facilities for safe and
convenient movement within the establishment.
 Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of
buildings, yards, machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and the orderly
arrangement of process operations, storage and filing materials.
 Adequate dressing rooms, lockers rooms, comfort rooms and lavatories separate
for male and female workers shall be provided
Responsibilities of Employers and Employees under OSHS

Duties of Employers
 Adopt administrative policies on safety in accordance with the provisions of the
standards.
 Report to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative the
policies adopted and the safety organization established.
 Submit to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative once
every three months a report on the safety performance, safety committee
meetings and its recommendations and measures taken to implement the
recommendation.
 Act on recommended safety measures and provide access to appropriate
authorities.

Duties of Employees
 Follow safety policies.
 Report unsafe conditions and practices to the supervisor.
 Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee, when called upon to do
so.
 Cooperate with the Health and Safety Committee.
 Assist government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection.

Rule 1100: Gas and Electric Arc Welding and Cutting

Operations 1100.01: General Provisions:

1. Welding or cutting operations shall not be permitted in rooms or areas containing

combustible materials or in proximity to explosives or flammable liquids, dusts,
gases, or vapors, until all fire and explosion hazards are eliminated.
2. Welding or cutting operations on containers filled with explosives or flammable
substance is prohibited. Welding closed containers that have held explosive or
flammable substance shall only be undertaken after the containers have been
thoroughly cleaned and found completely free of combustible gases or vapors of
the containers are filled with inert gas or with water.
3. Welding and cutting operations carried out or done in places where persons
other than the welders work or pass shall be enclosed by means of suitable
stationary or portable screens. Screens shall be opaque, of sturdy
construction to withstand rough usage of a material which will not readily be
set on fire by sparks or hot metal at least 2 meters (6.5 feet) high, and
preferably painted with light flat paint.
4. A portable fire extinguisher shall be provided at the place where welding and
cutting operations are being undertaken.
5. Before welding and cutting operations are allowed in large establishments, the
area shall be inspected by the safety man. He shall issue a written permit or
authorization for welding and cutting, indicating there in the precautions to be
followed to avoid fire or accidents.

1100.02: Personal Protective Equipment:

1. All workers or persons directly engaged in welding or cutting operations shall

be provided with the following personal protective equipment:
 a. goggles, helmet, or head shields fitted with suitable filter lenses and
hand shields, and
b. suitable aprons

2. All personnel directly assisting in welding or cutting operations shall be

provided with goggles or other protective clothing, as may be necessary.

1100.03: Welding or Cutting in Confined Spaces:

Inherit of any fumes, gases, or dusts by persons welding or cutting in confined spaces
shall be prevented by the provision of:

1. Local exhaust and general ventilation system to keep fumes, gases, or dusts
within allowable concentrations or threshold limit values.
2. Approved types of respiratory protective equipment

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

Directions: Read and analyze each statement carefully. Choose the best answer and write the
letter only on your answer sheet.

1. Safety standards are mandatory rules set and enforced to eliminate or reduce,
A. welding defects
B. welding injuries
C. welding problems
D. hazards in the workplace

2. The governments purpose of creating Occupational Safety and Health Standards is

to .
A. produce quality output
B. produce safety personnel
C. promote welfare and well-being of workers
D. protect the rights of the workers against abusive employers

3. Under Rule 1100.01 of the gas and electric arc welding operations, welders
are .
A. provided with PPE by employers
B. provided with exhaust and ventilated system
C. protected from any violations against their rights
 D. prohibited from working in areas prone to combustible materials
4. Rule 1100.02 states that workers must be
A. provided with PPE by employers
B. provided with exhaust and ventilated system
C. protected from any violations against their rights
D. prohibited from working in areas prone to combustible materials

5. Concerning welding or cutting in confined spaces under Rule 1100.03, welders are
A. provided with PPE by employers
B. provided with exhaust and ventilated system
C. protected from any violations against their rights
D. prohibited from working in areas prone to combustible materials

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Use personal protective clothing and devices.

Definition of Terms
Bacteria – simple, one-celled organisms that may or may not be harmful..
Biological hazards- hazards caused by living organisms which include insects, molds,
fungi, viruses, and bacterial contamination.
Ergonomic hazards- hazards are commonly seen in the workplaces which are
improperly designed tools or work areas
Fuel - any substance, which will combine in the presence of heat-that is, a fuel is
“something that will burn”.
Initial triage and tagging- sorting patients into categories of priority for care and
transport based on the severity of injuries and medical emergency.
Leather jacket-is made of chrome leather and prevents the entry of sparks between the
clothes and body.
Mandatory signs- regulatory signs which indicate that an instruction must be carried
out.
Materials handling- a technique which include the art of lifting, placing, storing or
movement of materials through the use of appropriate handling equipment and men.
Physical Hazards- hazard due to the transfer of energy between an object and a
worker.
Prohibition signs- are regulatory signs which indicate that an action or activity is not
allowed.
Protective sleeves are made from leather to protect the arms.
Regulatory Signs- signs contain instructions that need to be complied with them constitutes
an offense under law, standing orders, company policy.
Safety inspection- the process of locating and reporting existing and potential
condition that may cause accidents.
Safety Shoes- safety shoes have heat-resistant soles and impact-resistant toes. Warning
Signs- signs which warn of hazard or hazardous condition that is likely to be life-threatening.
Welding gloves/gauntlet- made of chrome leather and protects the hands from heat, spatter,
and radiations.
Welding shield/helmet- used to protect our face and eyes from the arc rays and
heat, and the spatter from the molten metal.
Welding spats- made of chrome leather and protects the feet from spatter.

Acronyms

OSHS- Occupational Safety and Health Standards

PPE- Personal Protective Equipment

Pretest LO2

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Personal protective clothing/equipment (PPE) as per job requirements are

identified.
Proper wearing of PPE is properly observed in accordance with workplace safety
policies.
 Information Sheet 2.1

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

The observation of health and safety precautions in welding operation is of greatest importance.
Your life and that of the others are more important than the job you are doing.

1. Welding shield/helmet is used to protect our face and eyes from the arc rays and heat, and
the spatter from molten metal. The arc is viewed through a filter which reduces the intensity
of radiation but allows a safe amount of light to pass for viewing the weld pool and end of the
electrode.

1.1 Helmet type welding shield is more convenient to use because it allows
both hands to work freely.

1.2 Hand-held shield allows only one hand to work freely.

2. Leather jacket is made of chrome leather and prevents the entry of sparks between
our clothes and body.

3. Leather apron is made of chrome leather and provides a welder with complete
protection of his chest to mid calf from sparks and hot metal.

4. Welding gloves/gauntlet is made of chrome leather and protects our hands from
heat, spatter, and radiations.

Source:http://img.diytrade.com/cdimg/340379/1362621/0/1133753301/Welding_gloves.jpgz

5. Face shield is best for general protection because it can be worn under an arc
welding helmet.
6. Leggings are made from leather to protect the legs and feet.

7. Protective sleeves are made from leather to protect the arms.

8. Protective cover all are made from light asbestos coated with aluminum to protect
the whole body during welding.

9. Welding cushions are made from leather for sitting and kneeling beside the work
piece as protection against cold.

10. Welding spats are made of chrome leather and protects our feet from spatter.

11. Safety Shoes- have heat resistant soles and impact resistant toes. Some safety
shoes have metal in soles, while others protect workers from different types of electrical
hazards.
12. Safety goggles- are used when grinding and chipping off slag.

13. Earmuffs- are used for ear coverings and are connected by a flexible band and
worn as protection against extreme noise.

14. Earplugs- is a pair of device that is meant to be inserted in the ear canal to
protect the wearer's ears from loud noise or intrusion

15. Respirators- is an apparatus worn over the mouth and nose or the entire face to
prevent the inhalation of dust, smoke, or other noxious substances.

Full face respirator

 How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 1.1

Identification:
Directions: Observe carefully the illustration below. Name the different safety equipment worn
by the worker.

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

Read the Information Sheet 2.2 very well then find out how much you can remember and how
much you learned by doing Self-check 2.2.

Information Sheet 2.2

Proper Use of Personal Protective Equipment

The primary approach in any safety effort is to maintain or change the physical
environment so that accidents would not occur. However, it is necessary for economic reasons
or in temporary or changing conditions to safeguard personnel by equipping them individually
with specialized personal protective equipment (PPE). Although the use of PPE is an important
consideration in the development of a safety and health program, it should not be used
permanently for maintaining a safe and healthy work environment. In general, government
regulations list the use of PPE as a case of last resort. Analyzing accident situations is done to
determine whether PPE can prevent a recurrence. When work conditions cannot be made more
safely clearly PPE is necessary.

Proper Training

To obtain the worker‟s complete compliance with the requirements to wear the PPE, the
following factors must be considered:

1. the extent to which the personnel who must wear the equipment understand its
necessity
2. the ease and comfort with which it can be worn with a minimum of interference with
normal procedures
3. the available economic, social, and disciplinary sanctions which can be used to
influence the attitudes of the workers

Head Protection

Safety hats should be inspected prior to their use.

 Inspect suspension systems that show evidence of materials cracking, tearing, fraying
or other signs of deterioration. Suspension should provide a minimum clearance of 1
to 1.25 inch between the top of the worker‟s head and the inside crown of the hat.
 Check any signs of cracks of perforations of brim or shell, deformation of shell, or
evidence or exposure to excessive heat, chemicals or radiation.
 Remove any accumulation of conductive material on or inside the shell that cannot be
removed prior to use.

Objects should not be placed inside the safety hat between the shell and the suspension
device. This space is designed so an impact will not transmit to the head of the worker.

Safety hats should be kept free of abrasions, scrapes, and nicks and should not be
deliberately dropped, thrown, or otherwise abused because they will lose their protective
qualities.

Ventilation should not be drilled in safety hats.

Eye and Face Protection

Eye protectors must meet the minimum requirements:

 Provide adequate protection against the particular hazards for which they are
designed
 Be reasonably comfortable when worn under the designated conditions
 Fit snugly without interfering with the movements or vision of the wearer
 Be durable.
 Be capable of being disinfected.
 Be kept clean and in good repair
 Design, construction, testing, and use of eye and face protection must be in
accordance with ANZI Z8.1-1989. The fitting of goggles and safety spectacles should
be performed by someone skilled in the procedure. Prescribed safety spectacles
should be fitted only by a qualified optical person. Safety spectacles require special
frames. Combinations of normal street wear frames with safety lenses are not in
compliance with the required standards for eye protectors.

Ear Protection

The prevention of excessive noise exposure is the only way to avoid hearing damage.
Engineering and administrative control must be used if the sound levels are exceeded. If such
controls fail to reduce the sound levels within the level specified, personal hearing protection
must be used. Molded earplugs should be individually fitted by a professional.

Some earplugs are disposable, to be used one time and then thrown away. The non-
disposable type should be cleaned after each use for proper protection.

Earmuffs must make a perfect seal around the ear to be effective. Glasses, long
sideburns, long hair and facial movements, such as chewing may reduce protection. Special
equipment is available for use with glasses or beards.
Foot and Leg Protection

For protection of feet and legs from falling or rolling objects, sharp objects,
molten metal, hot surfaces, and wet slippery surfaces, workers should use
appropriate foot guards, safety shoes, boots and leggings.

Never wear open-toed footwear while working with hot metal or welding apparatus.

Safety Belts, Lifelines and Lanyards

Lifelines, safety belts, and lanyards are used only for safeguarding
employees. Any lifeline, safety belt, or lanyard are actually subjected to in-serving
loading, as distinguished from static load testing shall be immediately removed from
service and shall not be used again for employee safeguarding.

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 2.2

Multiple Choices:

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Choose the answer that will best
complete the statement.

1. Safety belts were designed to safeguard workers .

A. by carrying heavy load
B. by holding hot metals
C. from noise exposure
D. from falling
 2. Safety hats should be free from abrasions, cracks, or frayings and should not be
deliberately dropped or thrown because .
A. a space should be designed to protect.
B. ventilation should be drilled in them.
C. they will lose their protective quality.
D. their appearance and style should be modern.

3. Earmuffs and earplugs are effectively used .

A. for engineering and administrative control.
B. for workers to look fashionable.
C. to match the glasses and hair style of workers.
D. to avoid hearing damage.

4. The main purpose of wearing eye and face protection is to .

A. keep clean and be in good condition.
B. be capable of being disinfected.
C. fit snugly without interference of eye movement.
D. provide adequate protection against hazards.

5. A responsible worker shows awareness about safety except

A. Awareness to the limited application of PPE
B. Awareness to the unlimited application of PPE
C. Person who wears PPE understands its necessity
D. Influence the attitudes of the workers about safety

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

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LEARNING OUTCOME 3
Identify safety and health requirements and policy

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Safe handling of tools, equipment and materials is properly observed in accordance with OHS
requirements and industry/company policies.
Safety label and tag of tools and equipment are strictly followed.
 Information Sheet 3.1

Pre-use Inspection and Checking Procedures

INTRODUCTION

Safety and health inspection is a central part of most safety, health and
environmental protection programs, such practices a reliable way for identifying and
eliminating conditions that could contribute to accidents, illnesses, or environmental
damages.

Safety inspection is a tool in the prevention of accident. If regular inspection

of existing potentially unsafe conditions is not done, accidents in the workplace are
likely to happen.

Elements of Effective Safety and Health Inspection Programs

An effective safety and health inspection program requires the following:

1. Sound knowledge of the facility. Familiarity with the facilities of the

establishment is an effective tool in determining things are to be inspected
and how often these things should be inspected.
2. Knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes. The reference of
all safety and health rules and regulations of the company should always
be the established local legislations and codes. These standard regulations
will be our guide in assessing whether our workplace is safe or not.
3. Systematic inspection system. In occupational safety and health, time is
very important. An established inspection system will facilitate inspection
activities and will allow the designated safety inspector to improve the
workplace based on identified hazards as early as possible.
4. Method of reporting, evaluating and using the data. Evaluation of
effectiveness of the program is a must to determine whether a program is a
success or a failure. Inspection should be documented. Reports prepared
and submitted and other safety and health data are vital in evaluating the
program.

Safety and Health Inspection Cycle

1. Purpose

The primary purpose of inspection is to detect potential hazards so they

can be corrected before an accident occurs. Inspection should be conducted in
an organization to locate and report existing and potential unsafe conditions or
activities. It is important that every potential hazard found in workplaces must
be corrected to ensure that no one will be injured , or one will be exposed to
 any diseases and that working environment will not be contaminated by
hazardous chemicals emitted in the process.

2. Inspection Priorities

Who will conduct the inspection?

a. Safety professionals. They spearhead the inspection activity

b. Company or facility management. They demonstrates commitment
to maintain a safe working environment.
c. First – line Supervisors or Foreman. Continually monitoring the
workplace.
d. Employees. They inspect the workplace and any tools, equipment,
and machinery that will be used. Any defects that the employee is
not authorized to correct should be reported immediately to the
supervisor.
e. Maintenance personnel. He is responsible for locating and correcting
hazards.
f. Joint Safety and Health Committee. It conducts regular inspection
as part of its functions.

Items to be inspected are as follows;

a. Environmental factors
b. Hazardous supplies and materials
c. Production and related equipments
d. Power source equipment
e. Electrical equipment
f. Hand tools
g. Personal Protective Equipment
h. Personal service and first aid facilities
i. Fire protection and emergency response equipment
j. Walkways and roadways
k. Elevators, electric stairways and manlifts
l. Working surfaces
m. Materials handling equipment
n. Transport equipment
o. Warning and signaling devices
p. Containers
q. Storage facilities and area both indoor and outdoor
r. Structural openings
s. Building and structures
t. Miscellane

ous Conditions need

to be inspected:

Unsafe conditions inspected should be described specifically and

clearly. Usually, conditions to look for can be indicated by such words as
“jagged”, “exposed”, “broken”, “frayed”, “leaking”, “rusted”, “corroded”,
 „missing”, “vibrating”, “loose”, or “slipping”. Sometimes exact figures are
needed, for example, the maximum pressure in a boiler or the percent spread
of a sling hook.

3. Schedule of
Evaluation

Inspection can be classified as one of two types – continuous or interval

inspection, which should be discussed each using the key points such as the
following:

a. Continuous
Inspection

It involves noting an apparently or potentially hazardous conditions or

unsafe procedure that needs to be corrected it immediately or reported at
once to initiate corrective action. It is sometimes called informal inspection
because it does not conform to a set of schedule, plan, or checklist.

b. Interval Inspection

Planned inspections at specific intervals are what most people regard

as “real” safety and health inspections. They are deliberate ,and follow a
systematic procedure that permits examination of specific items or
conditions. They interval inspections may be periodic, intermittent, or
general.

4. Conducting Inspection

In conducting an inspection, some of the general considerations are the following;

- Must not interrupt normal operations
- Review all accidents and previous inspection report made.
- Awareness of any potential hazards
- Wearing of Personal Protective Equipment
- Formulation

of checklist Reporting

and Recording

Checklists serve as reminders of what to look for and as records of what have
been covered. They can be used to structure and guide inspection. They also
allow on- the-spot recording of all findings and comments before they are
forgotten. In case an inspection is interrupted, checklists provide a record of
what has and what has not been inspected. Otherwise, an inspection may
miss items or conditions that should be examined. Good checklists also help
in follow-up work to make sure hazards have been corrected or eliminated.
 The format of a checklist should include columns to indicate either
compliance or date is taken action date. Space should also be provided to
cite the specific violation, a way to correct it, and a recommendation that the
condition receives more or less frequent attention. Whatever the format of the
checklist, space should be provided for the inspector‟s signature and the
inspection date.

Inspection Report – Every inspection must be documented in a clearly

written inspection report furnished y the inspector. Without a complete and
accurate report, the inspection would be a little more than an interesting
sightseeing tour. Inspection reports are usually of three types:

1. Emergency – made without delay when a critical or catastrophic

hazard is probable.
2. Periodic – covers those unsatisfactory non-emergency conditions
observed during the planned periodic inspection. This report should
be made within 24 hours of the inspection.
3. Summary – lists of all items of previous periodic reports for a given
time.

Generally, inspection reports are sent to the head of the department or

area where the inspection was made. Copies are also given to executive
management and the manager to whom the department head reports.

5. Implementation

Upon implementation of the inspection report, make sure that

recommendations proposed by the inspector will be given priority depending
on the hazards found in the area.
In making recommendations, inspectors should be guided by four (4) rules:
1. Correct the cause whenever possible. If all the resources needed to
correct the cause are already available, improve the working
condition.
2. Immediately correct everything possible. All possible causes of
accident should be corrected at once to prevent their recurrence.
This will definitely be done if all measures are in place.
3. Report conditions beyond one‟s authority and suggest solutions.
Safety is everybody‟s job. Anyone should be involved in the
prevention of accident. If you identify hazards in your place or work,
report them at once to your supervisor. Give recommendation to
correct the situation.
4. Take intermediate action as needed. Time is an essence as far as
safety is concern. If unsafe condition was identified and corrective
measure is at hand. Improve it at once.

6. Monitoring

Monitoring is a management prerogative. Management must realize that

employees are keenly interested in the attention paid to correcting faulty
conditions and hazardous procedures. Recommendations approved and
 supported by management should become part of the organization‟s
philosophy and program. At regular intervals, supervisors should report
progress in complying with the recommendations to the safety department, the
company safety and health committee, or the person designated by
management to receive such information. Inspectors should periodically check
to see what progress toward corrective actions is being made. Unsafe
conditions left uncorrected indicate a breakdown in management
communications and program applications.

Sometimes management will have to decide among the several courses

of action. Often these decisions will be based on cost effectiveness. For
example, it may be cost- effective as well as practical to substitute a less toxic
material that works as well to the highly toxic substance presently in use. On
the other hand, replacing a costly but hazardous machine may have to wait
until funds can be allocated. In this case, the immediate alternative taken or
proposed must be communicated to all persons involved.

How Much Have You Learned?

Self-Check 3.1

Multiple Choices:

Direction: Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose the best answer
and write the letter only in your answer sheet.

1. A tool in the prevention of accident to locate and report existing and potential
unsafe conditions that, if left uncontrolled, have the capacity to cause accident in
the workplace
a. Safety tools
b. Safety inspection
c. Safety procedures
d. Safety equipments

2. Evaluation of effectiveness of the program is a must to determine whether a

program is a success or a failure.
a. Systematic inspection system
b. Sound knowledge of the facility
c. Method of reporting, evaluating, and using the data
d. Knowledge of relevant standards, regulations and codes

3. When to inspect tool rooms?

a. General inspection
b. Periodic inspection
c. Intermittent inspection
d. Continuous inspection
4. When conducting safety and health inspection, general consideration must be
observed except
a. Duration of inspection
b. Awareness of potential hazards
c. Review of previous inspection report
d. Must not interrupt normal operation

5. An employee is authorized to practiced safety except

a. Repair defective tools
b. Report unsafe conditions
c. Identify and repair defective tools
d. Guards and warning signs are in place

Refer to the Answer Key. What is your score?

Congratulations! You did a great job! Rest and

relax a while then move on to the next lesson.
Good luck!