Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Reinforced Concrete Design

Bill Mosley
John Bungey
&
Ray Hulse

Analysis of the section

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Concrete stress-strain relationship
f ck 0.85 f ck
Design stress =   0.567 f ck
2
Stress N/mm c 1.5
Parabolic 0.85f ck
curve c

0.0020 0.0035

Strain
Figure 4.1: Parabolic-rectangular stress-strain curve for concrete in compression (Class < C50) 3

Analysis of the section

Steel stress-strain relationship
f yk
s f 
Tension and  y   yk 
Es
compression
 s 
2
Stress N/mm

For fyk = 500N/mm2

200kN/mm
2
 y  0.00217

Strain

Figure 4.2: Short-term design stress-strain curve for reinforcement

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Distribution of strains and stresses

 cc s = 0.8x
d'
A' s x
neutral
d axis
 sc
As

 st (a) (b) (c)

triangular rectangular equivalent

parabolic rectangular

Section Strains Stress Blocks

Figure 4.3: Section with strain diagrams and stress blocks

5

Analysis of the section

 cu2
d  x d
 st   cu 2   and x 
d'  x   st
A' s 1
 cu 2
x

d
 sc for  cu 2  0.0035
(d-x)

As and  cc  0.00217

 st ( f yk  500 N / mm 2and class  C50 )

d
To ensure yielding of the tension steel x   0.617 d
0.00217
1
0.0035
EC2 places limit x  0.45 d
6
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Bending and equivalent stress block

0.0035 0.85fck/  = 0.567f
c ck
b

s/2
x s=0.8x
Fcc
neutral
d axis z = la d

As
Fst
 st

Section Strains Stress Block

Figure 4.4: Singly reinforced section with rectangular stress block 7

Analysis of the section

For equilibrium: M  Fcc  z  Fst  z (4.5)

and F  stress  area  0.567 f ck  bs

cc
substitute z  d  s/2 (4.6)

to give: M  0.567 f ck bs  z  1.134 f ck b(d  z )z (4.7)

2
Re-arrange and substitute K  M / bd f ck
2
to give ( z / d )  ( z / d )  K / 1.134  0
(4.8)
solve z  d [0.5  (0.25  K / 0.1.134)]

from (4.5) Fst  ( f yk /  s ) As  ( f yk / 1.15 ) As  0.87 f yk As

M
As  (4.9) 8
hence: 0.87 f yk  z

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section


maximum value of z/d according
to the Concise Code and previous
UK practice

l a = z/d

Compression
 reinforcement
required (at Mbal )

30% (UK Annex)

30% EC2




   
2
K = M/bd f ck

The % values on the K axis mark the limits for singly reinforced sections
with moment redistribution applied (see Section 4.7 and Table 4.2)

Figure 4.5: Lever-arm curve

x  0.45 d z  0.820 d M  0.167 f ck bd 2 9

Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Design: Ex 4.1
M
b= 260 K
bd 2 f ck
185  10 6
  0.147  0.167
260  440 2  25
 Compression steel not required
d = 440

Lever Arm :
K
z  d {0 .5  0 . 25  }
As 1 . 134
0 . 147 2
 440 { 0 . 5  0 . 25  }  373 mm
1 . 134

fck  fyk M 185kNm As 

M

185  10 6
 1140 mm 2
0.87 f yk z 0.87  500  373

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.2
0.567f
ck
b = 300

x s
Fcc
d = 520 neutral
axis z

2
A s = 1470 mm
Fst

Equilibrium : Fcc  Fst

0.567 f ck bs  0.87 f yk As
0.567  25  300  s  0.87  500  1470
 s  150 mm and x  s / 0.9  150 / 0.8  188 mm  0.617 d
Hence steel has yielded
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Analysis of the section

Singly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.2
0.567f
ck
b = 300

x s
Fcc
d = 520

neutral
axis z

2
A s = 1470 mm
Fst

Moment of Resistance of the section :

M  Fst  z  0.87 f yk As ( d  s / 2)  0.87  500  1470(520  150 / 2)  10 6
 284 kNm

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Rectangular Section - compression steel

0.0035 0.567fck
b

Fsc
d'
A's s=0.8x
x = 0.45d Fcc
neutral
d
axis zbal
 sc
As
Fst
 st

Section Strains Stress Block

Figure 4.8: Section with compression reinforcement

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13

Analysis of the section

2
For a singly reinforced section : M  0.167 f cu bd
If the design moment exceeds this figure then x<0.45d to
ensure yield and a ductile failure

Therefore:
z  d  sbal / 2  d  0.8 xbal / 2  d  0.8  0.45 d / 2  0.82d

For equilibrium: Fst  Fcc  Fsc

So with reinforcement at yield:

0.87 f yk As  0.567 f ck bs  0.87 f yk As'

and with s  0.8  0.45 d  0.36 d

(4.13)
0.87 f yk As  0.204 f ck bs  0.87 f yk As' 14
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

and taking moments about the centroid of the

tension steel:

M  Fcc  zbal  Fsc ( d  d ' )

 0.204 f ck bd  0.82d  0.87 f yk As' ( d  d ' )
(4.14)
 0.167 f ck bd 2  0.87 f yk As' ( d  d ' )

Re-arrange to give:
M  0.167 f ck bd 2 (4.15)
As' 
0.87 f yk As' ( d  d ' )

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15

Analysis of the section

Multiply both sides of equation 4.13 by
z=0.82d:

0.167 f ck bd 2
As   As' (4.16)
0.87 f yk zbal
and with K=0.167 and K=M/bd2fck:
( K  K bal ) f ck bd 2 K bal f ck bd 2 (4.17)
As'  As   As'
0.87 f yk ( d  d ' ) 0.87 f yk z
(4.18)

For f y  500 N / mm and  sc   y  0.00217 the

2

compression steel will have yielded only if:

(4.20)
d' d' (4.21)
 0.38  0.171 wi th x  0.45 d
x d 16
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Design Charts
4.0
12
2.0
1.5
10 1.0
x/d = 0.45
fck = 30, fyk= 500, d'/d = 0.10
M/bd (N/mm )

8 0.5
2

100 A's /bd

0
6
2

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

100 A s /bd

Figure 4.9: Typical design chart for doubly reinforced beams 17

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Analysis of the section

Doubly Reinforced Beam Design: Ex 4.3

b = 260
M 285  10 6
K   0.226  0167
d' = 50 bd f ck 260  440 2  25
2

A's  Compressio n steel is required

d = 440

d'/d  50 / 440  0.11  0.171

 Compressio n steel has yielded
As ( K  K bal ) f ck bd 2
As' 
0.87 f yk ( d  d ' )
2
f ck  25 f yk  500 M  285 kNm  (0.226  0.167 )25  260  440  438 mm 2
0.87  500  ( 440  50)
K f bd 2 0.167  25  260  440 2
As  bal ck  A's   438  1777mm 2
0.87 f yk zbal 0.87  500(0.82  440 )
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Doubly Reinforced Beam Analysis: Ex 4.4

0.567f ck
b = 280

Fsc
d' = 50
A' = 628 s=0.8x
s Fcc
d = 510

A s = 2410
Fst

Section Stress Block

f ck  25 f yk  500 M  ? kNm
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19

Analysis of the section

Equilibrium : Fst  Fcc  Fsc
0.87 f yk As  0.567 f ck bs  0.87 f yk As'
0.87  f yk ( As  As' )
so s 
0.567 f ck b
0.87  500(2410  628 )
  195 mm
0.567  25  280
 s  195 mm and x  s / 0.8  195 / 0.8  244 mm  0.617 d
Hence tension steel has yielded
Also d ' / x  50 / 225  0.22  0.38
Hence compression steel has yielded as assumed
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

0.567f ck
b = 280

d' = 50
Fsc
A' = 628 s=0.8x
s Fcc

d = 510
A s = 2410
Fst

Section Stress Block

Taking moments about the tension steel

M  Fcc ( d  s / 2)  Fsc ( d  d ' )
 0.567 f ck bs( d  s / 2)  0.87 f yk As' ( d  d ' )
 0.567  25  280  195(510  195 / 2)  0.87  500  620(510  50 )
 443  10 6 Nm  443kNm 21

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Analysis of the section

Flanged sections (1) - stress block
0.567f
within flange
ck
bf

s/2
hf x s=0.8x
neutral axis Fcc

d z

As
Fst
bw

Section Stress Block

Calculate K  M / b f d 2 f ck
Use equation 4.8 or lever - arm curve to calculate z
z  d  0 .5 s or s  2( d  z )
M
If s  flange thickness stress block in flange and : As 
0.95 f yk z 22
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Flanged sections (2) - stress block below flange
bf = 400 0.567fck

Fcf
hf = 100
s
x
sw
d = 350 neutral Fcw
axis z1
z2

As
Fst
bw = 200

Section Stress Block

(1) Calculate M f with s  h f

(2) If M  M f then stress block is in the flange
(3) Design by :
(a) using an exact method (see example 4.6) or
(b) conservati ve condition x  0.45d (see example 4.8) 23

23

Analysis of the section

Moment Redistribution and the design equations (1)
EC2 restricts the depth of the neutral axis according to the
amount of redistribution. For Class<=C50:
(  k1 )
xbal  d  0.45d 
k2
moment at section after redistribu tion
  1.0
moment at section before redistribu tion
Depth of stress block : sbal  0.8 xbal
Lever arm : zbal  d  sbal / 2
The previously derived design equations can be used providing
that a modified value of Kbal is used in the equations.
Kbal can be shown to be given by:
K bal  0.454(  k1 ) / k 2  0.182[(  k1 ) / k 2 ]2 24

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Moment Redistribution and the design equations (2)

Values of k1 and k2 are given as follows:

EC2: k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25

UK Annex: k1 = 0.40 and k2 = 1.00

This leads to some differing interpretations of

the values to be used between EC2 and the
UK National Annex:

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25

Analysis of the section

Redistribution  xbal / d z bal / d K bal d'/ d

per-cent

According to EC2, k1 = 0.44 and k2 = 1.25

0 1.0 0.448 0.821 0.167 0.171
10 0.9 0.368 0.853 0.142 0.140
15 0.85 0.328 0.869 0.129 0.125
20a 0.8 0.288 0.885 0.116 0.109
25 0.75 0.248 0.900 0.101 0.094
30b 0.70 0.206 0.917 0.087 0.079
According to EC2, UK Annex, k1 = 0.4 and k2 = 1.0
0 1.0 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
10 0.9 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
15 0.85 0.45 0.82 0.167 0.171
20a Class A 0.8 0.40 0.84 0.152 0.152
25 0.75 0.35 0.86 0.137 0.133
30b Class B/C 0.70 0.30 0.88 0.120 0.114
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Bending plus Axial Load 0.0035 0.567fck
Assumed to act at b
mid-height of section Fsc
d'
M A's s/2
x s = 0.8x
N d
 sc Fcc
h
neutral
axis
As
s = 0.8x < h Fs
s

(a) s = 0.8x < h

0.002 0.567f ck
b

d'
Fsc
M A's 3h  sc
7
N h d
x s
Fcc
s
As
s = h, 0.8x > h Fs

Section Strains Stresses

(b) s=h : 0.8x > h
27
Figure 4.18: Bending plus axial load with varying positions of the neutral axis

27

Analysis of the section

Basic Equations and Design Charts

The applied force N  must be balanced by the forces

developed within the cross-section, therefore
N  Fcc  Fsc  Fs
In this equation, Fs will be negative whenever the position
of the neutral axis is such that the reinforcement As is in
tension, as in figure 4.18a. Substituting into this equation
the terms for the stresses and areas

N  0.567 f ck bs  f sc As'  f s As (4.35)*

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

The design moment M must be balanced by the moment of resistance of the
forces developed within the cross-section. Hence, taking moments about the mid-
depth of the section
h s h  h 
M  Fcc     Fsc   d '   Fs   d 
2 2 2  2 
or
h s h   h
M  0.567 f ck bs    f sc As'   d '   f s As  d   (4.36)*
2 2 2   2
For a symmetrical arrangement of reinforcement As  As  Asc / 2 and d'  h-d ,
'
 
equations 4.35 and 4.36 can be rewritten in the following form
Difficult to solve directly
N 0.567s f sc As f A
   s s
bhf ck h f ck bh f ck bh (4.37)
M 0.567s  s  f A d  f A d 
  0.5    sc s   0.5   s s   0.5  (4.38)
bh 2 f ck h  2h  f ck bh  h  f ck bh  h 
29

29

Analysis of the section

Solution
1.4
of the Equations – Design Charts
1.2
10
0A
sf
1.0 yk /b
N/bhf c k (N/mm )

1.0 h
fc
2

k b
0.8
0.8 d'
As /2
0.6 h
0.6
As /2
0.4
d'
0.4
0. 2

0.2

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

2 2
M/bh f c k(N/mm )
30
Typical column design chart
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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

Modes of failure - Interpretation of the Design Charts
 s  0.00217  y for grade 500 steel
At this stage, both layers of steel will have yielded

No

N0  0.567 f ck bh  0.87 f yk As'  As  x  xbal and N  N bal .

s  sc   y “Balanced Failure” -

compression failure
tension steel yields and
x r  2.63d '
concrete
N simultaneously crushes
xbal  0.617 d
xs  h r
N  N bal , M  M bal
Nbal b
and f s  0.87 f yk .

tension
failure
Tension steel yields
O M bal and concrete then
M crushes
Bending plus axial load chart with modes of failure 31

31

Analysis of the section

See:
 Example 4.10: non-symmetrical section note use of
plastic centroid
 Example 4.11: non-rectangular section
 Homework example: symmetrical rectangular section
(elastic centroid = plastic centroid)

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

EC2 - key differences

33

Analysis of the section

BS8110 EC2 (National Annex)

<=C50
Concrete Design Cube strength Cylinder Strength
based on:
Denoted by: fcu fck
Design strength 0.45fcu 0.567fck
Stress block depth 0.9x 0.8x
Limiting x/d 0.5 0.45
Limiting z/d 0.775 0.82
Limiting Kbal 0.156 0.167
Limiting d’/d 0.185 0.171
(0% redistribution)
Moment x<(b-0.4)d (  k1 )
redistribution
xbal  d  0.45 d 
k2

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Reinforced Concrete Design to EC2 Mosley, Bungey & Hulse

Analysis of the section

End of chapter 4

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