Chap 2 : Acid Bases and Salts www.cbse.

online

CHAPTER 2
Acid Bases and Salts

1. ONE MARK QUESTIONS H+(aq) ions in a solution have on pH of solution?

Ans : [CBSE 2013,2009]
Increase in H+ concentration will lead to decrease in
1. Write chemical equation for the reaction of zinc metal pH,
on sodium hydroxide.
Ans : [CBSE 2016] 10. Name a gas evolved when dilute HCl reacts with
Heat sodium hydrogen carbonate. How is it recognised?
Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
2. Three acidic solutions A, B and C have pH = 0, 3 and Carbon dioxide, it turns lime water milky. In this way,
5 respectively. CO2 gas is recognised.
a. Which solution has the highest concentration of
H+ ions? 11. What are olfactory indicators?
b. Which solution has the lowest concentration of Ans : [CBSE 2013]
H+ ions?
Those indicators whose smell changes in acidic and
Ans : [CBSE 2015] basic solutions.
a. The solution with pH = 0 has highest concentration
of H+ ions. 12. Why does 1 M HCl solution have a high concentration
b. The solution with pH = 5 has lowest concentration of H+ ions than 1 M CH3COOH solution?
of H+ ions. Ans : [CBSE 2013,2009]
It is because 1M HCl is a strong acid and it is completely
3. What is meant by p and H in pH?
ionised in aqueous solution whereas CH3COOH is a
Ans : [CBSE 2014] weak acid, so it is only partially ionised.
p stands for ‘potenz’ in German meaning power, H
stands of hydrogen.

4. Define alkalies and give an example.

Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Water soluble bases are called alkalies e.g., NaOH.

5. Mention the range of pH for identification of a base.

Ans : [CBSE 2014]
7.1 to 14 is the pH range for bases.

6. How chloride of lime differs from calcium chloride?

Ans : [CBSE 2014]
CaOCl2 is the chloride of lime whereas CaCl2 calcium
chloride. 13. Write the chemical equation representing the action of
atmospheric CO2 gas on bleaching powder when left
7. What is meant by water of crystallisation in a exposed in open.
substance?
Ans : [CBSE 2013]
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
CaOCl2 + CO2 $ CaCO3 + Cl2
The water molecules associated with a crystalline
solid are called water of crystallisation. 14. How will you test for the gas which is liberated when
hydrochloric acid reacts with an active metal?
8. Write the chemical name and chemical formula of
washing soda. Ans : [CBSE 2012,2009]
Ans : [CBSE 2014] Bring a burning matchstick near the gas. If it is burnt
with ‘pop’ sound, the gas is H2.
Na2CO3.10H2O, sodium carbonate deca-hydrate is
washing soda. 15. How is the pH of solution of an acid influenced when

9. What effect does an increase in concentration of

 it is diluted? family.
Ans : [CBSE 2012] Ans : [CBSE 2011]
pH of the solution increases when it is diluted. NaCl, Na2CO3 are two salts belonging to sodium
family.
16. At what pH rain water is said to be acidic ?
Ans : [CBSE 2012] 26. Which among distilled water, tap water and sea water
is the best conductor of electricity?
When pH < 5.5, the rain water becomes acidic.
Ans : [CBSE 2010, 2011]
17. Which gas is evolved when dilute hydrochloric acid Sea water is a better conductor due to the presence
reacts with zinc metal? Write the molecular formula of ions.
of this gas.
Ans : [CBSE 2012] 27. Name the acids present in (i) nettle sting, (ti) curd.

Dihydrogen gas, H2. Ans : [CBSE 2010]

(i) HCOOH, Formic acid,
18. Dry HCl gas does not change the colour of dry blue (ii) Lactic acid, CH3-CH(OH)-COOH
litmus. Give reason to justify it.
Ans : [CBSE 2012] 28. Name a salt which does not contain water of
crystallisation.
Dry HCl (g) does not form ions, therefore it does not
affect dry blue litmus. Ans : [CBSE 2010]
NaHCO3 is a salt that does not contain water of
19. Why is HCl a stronger acid than acetic acid? crystallisation.
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
29. Write the name and chemical formula of the product
HCl is completely ionised in aqueous solution whereas
formed by heating gypsum at 373 K.
acetic acid is only partially ionised in aqueous solution.
Ans : [CBSE 2010]
20. Name the chemicals used in acid fire extinguisher and Plaster of Paris, CaSO . H2O1
4 2
the gas evolved from it when it is used?
Ans : [CBSE 2012, 2011] 30. The pH of a sample of vegetable soup was found to be
6.5. How is this soup likely to taste?
NaHCO3 (Sodium hydrogen carbonate) and H2SO4
(Sulphuric acid). The gas evolved is carbon dioxide. Ans : [CBSE 2010]
It will be sour in taste.
21. Which is a stronger acid, with pH = 5 or with pH=2?
Ans : [CBSE 2011] 31. Which bases are called alkalies? Give one example of
alkali.
The acid with pH = 2 is a stronger acid.
Ans : [CBSE 2010,2009]
22. A compound which is prepared from gypsum has Those bases which are soluble in water are called
the property of hardening when mixed with a proper alkalies e.g., NaOH, KOH.
quantity of water. Identify the compound and write
its chemical formula. 32. Write the name and chemical formula of the product
Ans : [CBSE 2011] formed by action of chlorine on slaked lime.
CaSO4. 12 H2O (Plaster of Paris), Calcium sulphate Ans : [CBSE 2010]
hemihydrate. CaOCl2, Bleaching powder, Calcium oxy-chloride.

23. What is meant by term pH of solution? The pH of 33. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction
rain water collected from two cities A’ and ‘B’ were between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
found to be 6.0 and 5.0 respectively. The water of indicating the physical state of reactants and the
which city will be more acidic? products.
Ans : [CBSE 2011] Ans : [CBSE 2010]
pH of solution is defined as negative logarithm of H+ Na 2 CO 3 (s) + 2HCl (dill) $ 2NaCl (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l)
ion concentration. It determines the strength of acid
and base. Rainwater with pH = 5 is more acidic. 34. Name the acid and base that have constituted the salt
ammonium nitrate.
24. A few drops of sulphuric acid are added to water Ans : [CBSE 2010]
before electrolysis, why?
Acid: HNO3,
Ans : [CBSE 2011] Base: NH4OH (i.e., Nitric acid, Ammonium hydroxide).
Water is not a good conductor of electricity. Few
drops of sulphuric acid makes it better conductor of 35. Suggest one way to reduce alkaline nature of the soil.
electricity. Ans : [CBSE 2010]
Add ammonium nitrate (Acidic salt) to neutralise
25. Write the names of two salts belonging to sodium
alkaline nature of soil.
36. Oxides of metals are basic while those of non-metals 46. How does the pH change when solution of a base is
are acidic. Explain. diluted?
Ans : [CBSE 2010] Ans : [CBSE 2008]
Metal oxides dissolve in water to form base basic in When solution of a base is diluted, its pH decreases.
nature. On the other hand non-metals dissolve in
water to form acids, acidic in nature. 47. Arrange the following in an increasing order of their
pH values: NaOH solution, Blood, Lemon juice.
37. What is the difference between slaked lime and lime Ans : [CBSE 2008]
water?
Lemon juice < Blood < NaOH solution.
Ans : [CBSE 2010]
The solid Ca(OH)2 is slaked lime whereas clear 48. At what pH in the mouth is tooth decay faster and
solution of Ca(OH)2 in water is lime water. why?
Ans : [CBSE 2008]
38. Write a balanced chemical equation for the
At pH lower than 5.5, tooth decay becomes faster
neutralisation reaction, mentioning the physical state
because calcium phosphate (enamel) reacts with acid
of reactants and products.
and gets corroded.
Ans : [CBSE 2010]
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) $ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS
39. During summer season, a milkman usually adds a very
small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. Give one
reason. 49. A white chemical compound becomes hard on mixing
proper quantity of water. It is also used to maintain
Ans : [CBSE Sample Paper 2009]
joints in fixed position. Name the chemical compound
Baking soda is basic in nature, it will not allow milk and write its chemical formula. Write the chemical
to turn sour due to the formation of lactic acid. equation to show what happens when water is added
to this compound in proper quantity.
40. Curd is not kept in copper and brass utensils, why?
Ans : [CBSE Sample Paper 2018, CBSE 2016]
Ans : [CBSE 2009C]
CaSO4. 12 H2O is the formula of the compound. The
Curd contains lactic acid which can make poisonous name of compound is ‘Plaster of Paris’ (Calcium
compounds with brass and copper vessels. sulphate hemihydrate).
41. Fresh milk has pH = 6. When it changes to curd will
CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O + 32 H 2 O $ CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O
(Plaster of Paris) (Gypsum)
its pH value increase or decrease? 50. Two solutions ‘A’ and ‘B’ have pH value 3.0 and 10.5
Ans : [CBSE 2009] respectively. Which of these will turn
pH value will decrease when milk changes to curd. a. Blue litmus solution to red,
b. Phenolphthalein from colourless to pink? Justify
42. What would be the colour of litmus in a solution of your answer in each case.
sodium carbonate? Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Ans : [CBSE 2009] a. ‘A’ with pH = 3, will turn blue litmus red because
The red litmus will turn blue in Na2CO3 solution. it is acidic in nature.
b. “B’ with pH = 10.5, will turn phenolphthalein
43. What is the colour of litmus in a solution of ammonium colourless to pink because ‘B’ is basic in nature.
hydroxide?
Ans : [CBSE 2009] 51. The pH of soil ‘A’ is 7.5, while that of soil “B is 4.5.
Which of the two soils A or B should be treated with
Red litmus will turn blue green colour in a solution of
powdered chalk to adjust the pH and why?
ammonium hydroxide.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
44. On adding dilute hydrochloric acid to copper oxide Soil ‘B’ is acidic, therefore it needs to be treated with
powder, the solution formed is blue green. Predict the powdered chalk to adjust its pH because chalk is basic,
new compound formed which imparts a blue green which will make soil neutral.
colour to the solution.
Ans : [CBSE 2008] 52. Write the chemical equation to describe how baking
soda is produced on a large scale. Also write the
Copper chloride imparts blue green colour to the
chemical name of the products formed in the reaction.
solution.
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
45. How does flow of acid rain water into river makes the NH 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 + NaCl $ NaHCO 3 + NH 4 Cl
survival of aquatic life in the river difficult? (Sodium hydrogen (Ammonium
carbonate) chloride)
Ans : [CBSE 2008]
Acidic water makes aquatic species uncomfortable. 53. What is chlor-alkali process? Write a balanced
Aquatic species are more comfortable in the pH 7 to chemical equation for the reaction involved in this
7.8.
 process, to justify your answer. Ans : [CBSE 2016]
Ans : [CBSE 2016] a. Green precipitate of Fe(OH)2 will be formed:
When brine solution is electrolysed we get alkali FeSO 4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) $ Fe (OH) 2 . Na 2 SO 4 (aq)
(Green ppt)
(NaOH) and chlorine (Cl2) gas, this process is called
chlor-alkali process. b. White precipitate of Al(OH)3 will be formed:
2NaCl (aq) + 2H 2 O (l) $ 2NaOH (aq) + H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) AlCl (aq) + 3NaOH $ Al (OH) 3 (s) + 3NaCl (aq)
(White ppt)

54. What is meant by the term water of crystallisation? 60. 15 mL of water and 10 mL of sulphuric acid are to be
How would you show that copper sulphate crystals mixed in a beaker
contains water of crystallisation? a. State the method that should be followed with
Ans : [CBSE 2016] reason.
b. What is this process called?
The molecules of water associated with a crystalline
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
substance are called water of crystallisation.
When hydrated copper sulphate is heated its colour a. Acid should be added to the water slowly with
changes from blue to dirty white and water droplets constant cooling because the reaction is highly
are formed. exothermic.
CuSO4.5H2O
Heat
CuSO4 + 5H2O b. This process is called dilution.
If we add little water to anhydrous CuSO4, we get blue
colour again. It is the presence of molecules of water of
crystallisation which was lost on heating.
CuSO4 + 5H2O $ CuSO4.5H2O
(Anhydrous)

55. Mention the pH of aqueous solution of the following

salts as 7, more than 7, less than 7.
KCl, Na2CO3, NH4C1, NaNO3 (Sodium nitrate)
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
KCl and NaNO3 has pH = 7
Na2CO3 has pH > 7
NH4Cl has pH < 7

56. You have two solutions A and B. The pH of solution

‘A’ is 6 and the pH of solution ‘B’ is 8. Which solution 61. Name the acid present in the following:
has more hydrogen ion concentration? Which one of a. Tomato,
this is acidic and which one is basic? b. Vinegar,
Ans : [CBSE 2016] c. Tamarind
‘A’ has more H+ ion concentration. Ans : [CBSE 2015]
‘A’ is acidic while ‘B’ is basic. a. Tomato contains oxalic acid.
b. Vinegar contains acetic acid.
57. Give suitable reasons to justify the following statement:
c. Tamarind contains tartaric acid.
An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is neutral but
an aqueous solution of sodium metal is basic. 62. Explain how antacid works.
Ans : [CBSE 2016] Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Sodium chloride is made up of a strong base, NaOH Antacids are weakly basic in nature. They neutralise
and a strong acid, HCl. Therefore, its aqueous solution excess of HCl present in our stomach and gives us
is neutral in nature. relief from hyper-acidity.
Sodium metal reacts with water to form NaOH(Base)
and H2 gas: 63. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbon are taken in test
2Na (s) + 2H 2 O (l) $ 2NaOH (aq) + H 2 (g) tube ‘A’ and ‘B’. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to
test tube A’ while acetic acid (CH3COOH) is added
58. What is the action of litmus on to test tube ‘B’. In which test tube, will fizzing occur
a. dry ammonia gas more vigorously and why?
b. solution of ammonia gas in water? Ans : [CBSE 2015]
Ans : [CBSE 2016]
The fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube ‘A’
a. There is no effect of dry litmus on dry ammonia because HCl is a strong acid and reacts faster than
gas. acetic acid which is a weak acid.
b. Solution of ammonia will turn red litmus blue.
64. State what does pH of solution signify? Three solutions
59. State the observations you would make on adding A, B and C have pH values of 6, 2 and 10 respectively.
sodium hydroxide to an aqueous solution of Which one of these solutions is highly acidic? Which
a. ferrous sulphate, solution will turn red litmus blue?
b. aluminium chloride. Ans : [CBSE 2015]
 pH of solution signifies the nature of the solution i.e., place when it is heated.
it is weakly acidic, strongly 1 acidic, neutral, weakly Ans : [CBSE 2013, 2008(C)]
basic, strongly basic.
‘X’ is NaHCO3, sodium hydrogen carbonate. It is used
‘B’ with pH = 2 is strongly acidic.
in cooking and for curing acidity in stomach.
‘C’ with pH = 10 will turn red litmus blue. Heat
2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 +H2O
65. Define an acid and a base. Name one weak acid and
one strong acid. 72. Crystals of a substance changes their colour on heating
in a closed vessel but regained it after sometime, when
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
they were allowed to cool down.
Acid is a substance which gives H+ ions in an aqueous a. Name one such substance.
solution. b. Explain the phenomenon involved.
Base is substance which gives OH- ions in the aqueous Ans : [CBSE 2012]
solution.
CH3COOH is a weak acid, H2SO4 is a strong acid. a. CuSO4.5H2O (Hydrated copper sulphate)
Heat
b. CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O
Blue (Dirty white)
66. What is universal indicator? State the purpose for
which this indicator is used. The colour changes due to the loss of molecules
of water of crystallisation. Colour is regained by
Ans : [CBSE 2015]
absorbing water molecules from the atmosphere
Universal indicator is a mixture of a number of containing water vapours.
indicators. It is used to determine pH of a solution.
73. (a) Write the name given to the bases that are highly
67. Name the natural source of each of the following acid: soluble in water. Give an example.
a. Citric acid, (b) Why does bee sting causes pain and irritation?
b. Oxalic acid, Rubbing of baking soda on the sting area gives
c. Lactic acid, relief. How?
d. Tartaric acid. Ans : [CBSE 2012]
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
(a) Highly soluble bases are called alkalies e.g., KOH.
a. Citric acid—Lemon, Orange. (b) Bee sting contains HCOOH, formic acid which
b. Oxalic acid—Tomato, Guava causes irritation. Baking soda (basic) neutralises
c. Lactic acid—Curd, Sour milk HCOOH, therefore it gives relief from pain on
d. Tartaric acid—Tamarind rubbing it on sting area,
68. Explain why sodium hydroxide solution cannot be 74. The pH of the mouth of a person is lower I than 5.5.
kept in aluminium containers? Write the equation for What changes will occur in his mouth? How these
the reaction that may take place for the same. changes can be controlled? Write any two measures.
Ans : [CBSE 2014] Ans : [CBSE 2012, 2011, 2010]
It because ‘Al’ reacts with NaOH to form sodium Acid will be formed in the mouth which causes tooth
meta-aluminate and hydrogen gas: decay.
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O $ NaAlO2+3H2 a. Wash your mouth with water after every meal.
b. Brush your teeth after meal. Toothpastes are basic
69. A student detected the pH of four unknown solutions in nature and it will neutralise the acid formed in
A, B, C and D as follows: 11, 5, 7 and 2. Predict the mouth.
nature of these solutions.
Ans : [CBSE 2013] 75. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give one example.
pH = 11 is basic Ans : [CBSE 2011 ]
pH = 5 is acidic The reaction in which acid reacts with a base to form
pH = 7 is neutral salt and water is called neutralisation reaction e.g.,
pH = 2 is strongly acidic KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) $ KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
70. Give two uses of baking soda and washing soda each. 76. Write the chemical name of Plaster of paris. Write
Ans : [CBSE 2013] a chemical equation to show the reaction between
Plaster of paris and water.
Use of baking soda:
a. It is used in making of bread, biscuits, cakes. Ans : [CBSE 2011]
b. It is used as an antacid. CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O (Calcium sulphate hemihydrate)
Use of washing soda:
a. It is used as a cleansing agent. CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O + 32 H 2 O $ CaSO 4 $ 2H 2 O
b. It is used to remove hardness of water.
77. State in brief the preparation of washing soda from
71. A compound ‘X’ of sodium is commonly used for baking soda. Write balanced chemical equation of the
making crispy pakoras. It is also used for curing reaction involved.
acidity in the stomach. Identify ‘X’. Write the formula Ans : [CBSE 2011]
and its chemical name. State the reaction which takes When sodium hydrogen carbonate (Baking soda)
 is heated sodium carbonate is formed which on oxychloride
crystallisation forms washing soda: Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 $ CaOCl2 + H2O
(Dry slaked lime)
Heat
2NaHCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O It is used as a disinfectant i.e., it makes water fit for
(Baking soda)
drinking.
Na CO + 10H 2 O $ Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O
2 3
(Washing soda) 84. What are olfactory indicators? Dry HCl gas does not
78. What is colour of FeSO4.7H2O crystals? How does this change the colour of dry blue litmus. Give reason.
colour change upon heating? Give a balanced chemical Ans : [CBSE 2011]
equation for the change.
Ans : [CBSE 2011] Olfactory indicators: They give different smell in acids
and bases.
FeSO4.7H2O is pale green in colour. It becomes dirty
white on heating. Dry HCl(g) does not form ions, so there is no
FeSO4.7H2O $ FeSO4 + 7H2O effect on litmus.
If it is heated strongly Fe2O3 and SO2, SO3 gases will
be formed .
Heat
2FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3

79. Classify the following salts into acidic, basic and

neutral salts: Potassium sulphate, ammonium chloride,
sodium carbonate, sodium chloride
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
Acidic: Ammonium chloride,
Basic: Sodium carbonate,
Neutral: Potassium sulphate, sodium chloride.

80. A student dropped few pieces of marble in dilute HCl

contained in a test tube. The evolved gas was passed
through lime water.
85. Answer the following:
a. What change would be observed in lime water?
a. Why is Plaster of paris written as CaSO 4 $ 12 H 2 O
b. Write a balanced chemical equation for the above
? How is it possible to have a half water molecule
change.
attached with CaSO4?
Ans : [CBSE 2011] b. Why is sodium hydrogen carbonate an essential
a. Lime water will turn milky. ingredient in antacids?
b. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) $ CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) Ans : [CBSE 2011,2010]
81. A white powder is added while baking breads and a.It has one molecule of water associated with 2
while making cakes to make them soft and fluffy. molecules of CaSO4. Water molecules are present
What is the name of that powder? What are the as water of crystallisation.
main ingredients in it? What are the functions of each b. It is a mild base and it can neutralise hyper acidity
ingredient? without harming our body.
Ans : [CBSE 2011,2010] 86. What happens when chlorine is passed over slaked
The powder is baking powder. It consist of sodium lime at 313 K? Write chemical equation of the reaction
hydrogen carbonate and tartaric acid. involved and state two uses of the product.
NaHCO3 gives CO2 on heating which makes the Ans : [CBSE 2010]
bread cake soft and fluffy. Tartaric acid neutralises Bleaching powder, CaOCl2 is formed:
Na2CO3 which is bitter in taste. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2
3313 K
CaOCl2 + H2O
a. It is used as an oxidising agent.
82. HCl and HNO3 show acidic characteristics in aqueous
b. It is used as a disinfectant.
solution while alcohol and glucose solutions do not.
Give reasons. 87. What is meant by ‘water of crystallisation’ of
Ans : [CBSE 2011] a substance? Describe an activity to show that
HCl and HNO3 form H or H3O ions in aqueous
+ + blue copper sulphate crystals contains water of
solution whereas alcohol and glucose do not dissociate crystallisation.
into ions. Ans : [CBSE 2009]
HCl + H2O $ H3O+ + Cl- The molecules of water associated with a crystalline
HNO3 + H2O $ H3O + NO + - substance are called ‘water of crystallisation.’
3
CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O $ CuSO 4 + 5H 2 O
83. What is bleaching powder chemically? Give a reaction When hydrated copper sulphate is heated its colour
for its preparation. State one of its use. changes from blue to dirty white and water droplets
Ans : [CBSE 2011] are formed. If we add little quantity of water to
anhydrous CuSO4, we get blue colour again. It is those
Bleaching powder is chemically CaOCl2, calcium
 presence of molecules water of crystallisation which chemical equation for its formation. List its two uses.
was lost on heating. Ans : [CBSE 2018]
Activity: To study the effect of heat on hydrated
The salt is NaHCO3, sodium hydrogen carbonate.
crystalline salts.
NH 3 (g) + CO 2 (g) + NaCl (g) + H 2 O (l) $ NaHCO 3 (s) + NH 4 Cl
i. Take 2 g of CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O in a test tube.
Uses:
ii. Observe the initial colour of the salt.
a. It is used as an antacid.
iii. Heat the test tube at top of burner carefully as
b. It is used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
shown in the diagram.
iv. Record your observations. No salt has pH = 14. NaHCO3 has pH = 8.4.
v. Cool the crystals and add few drops of water.
vi. Record your observations again. 92. (a) Why does aqueous solution of an acid conduct
Observations: Blue colour of CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O is changed electricity?
to dirty white anhydrous CuSO4 and water droplets (b) How does the concentration of H3O+ ions change
were formed. On adding water, blue colour of salt was when a solution of an acid is diluted?
restored. (c) Which one has a higher pH, a concentrated or a
Conclusion: CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O is a hydrated salt which dilute solution of hydrochloric acid?
loses water of crystallisation, which on heating (d) What would to be the gas evolved on adding
becomes dirty white and regains its colour when it dilute to hydrochloric acid to
comes in contact with water. (i) Solid sodium carbonate placed in a test tube?
Chemical reactions involved: (ii) Zinc metal in a test tube?
Heat Ans : [CBSE 2018(C)]
CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O (S) CuSO 4 (s) + 5H 2 O (l)
(Blue) (Dirty white) a. It contains ions which carry current.
CuSO 4 (s) + 5H 2 O (l)
Heat
CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O b. H3O+ ions will decrease when it is 7 diluted.
(Blue) c. Dilute solution has higher pH than concentrated.
88. Write the chemical formulae of washing soda and d. (i) CO2 gas will be formed:
baiting soda. Which one of these two is an ingredient Na2CO3 + 2HCl $ 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
of antacids? How does it provide relief in stomachache? (ii) Hydrogen gas will be formed:
Ans : [CBSE 2000] Zn + 2HCl $ ZnCl2 + H2
Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O is washing soda, NaHCO3 is baking 93. pH has a great importance in our daily life. Explain
soda. NaHCO3 is an ingredient of antacid. It neutralises by giving three examples.
hyper acidity in stomach and gives relief. Ans : [CBSE Sample Paper 2018]
89. What is baking powder? How does it make the cake a. pH of our stomach is 2.0 and it is needed for the
soft and spongy? digestion of proteins in our body.
Ans : [CBSE 2008] b. Blood has pH = 7.36 to 7.42 which must be
maintained for proper health.
Baking powder is made up of NaHCO3 and tartaric
c. pH of soil is determined and suitable chemicals
acid. NaHCO3, on heating gives CO2 which makes the
are added so as to make it suitable for growth of
cake soft and spongy.
crops.

94. Answer the following questions:

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS a. State the colour of phenolphthalein in soap
solution.
b. Name the by-product of chlor-alkali process which
90. 2 mL of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a few is used for the manufacture of bleaching powder.
pieces of granulated zinc metal taken in a test tube. c. Name one indicator which specifies the various
When the contents are warmed, a gas evolves which is levels of H+ ion concentration.
bubbled through a soap solution before testing. Write Ans : [CBSE 2016]
the equation for the chemical reaction involved and a. Phenolphthalein will turn pink in soap solution.
the test to detect the gas. Name the gas which will b. Chlorine is the by-product of chlor-alkali process
be evolved when the same metal reacts with dilute which is used in the manufacture of bleaching
solution of a strong acid. powder.
Ans : [CBSE 2018] c. Universal indicator specifies the various levels of
Zn (s) + 2NaOH
Worm
Na ZnO + H 2 H+ ion concentration.
2 2
(Sodium zincate)

Test: Bring a burning splinter near the gas. If it burns 95. a. Define a universal indicator. Mention its one use.
with ‘pop’ sound, the gas liberated is hydrogen. b. Solution ‘A’ gives pink colour when a drop of
Zn + H2SO4(dil) $ ZnSO4(aq) + H2 phenolphthalein indicator is added to it. Solution
Hydrogen gas will be evolved by reaction of the same ‘B’ gives a red colour when a drop of methyl
metal with dilute H2SO4, strong acid. orange is added to it. What type of solutions are
‘A’ and ‘B’ and which of these will have higher
91. The pH of a salt which is used to make tasty and pH?
crispy pakoras is 14. Identify the salt and write a c. Name one salt whose solution has pH greater than
 7 and one salt with pH less than 7.
CuSO 4 (s) + 5H 2 O (l) $ CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O
Ans : [CBSE 2016] Blue

a. Universal indicator is mixture of indicators used b. Na2CO3.10H2O, washing soda (Sodium carbonate
to find pH of solution. It is used to measure levels decahydrate) has 10 molecules of water of
of H+ ion concentration. crystallisation. CaSO4.2H2O, gypsum, chemically
b. ‘A’ is basic in nature, ‘B’ is acidic in nature. ‘A’ calcium sulphate dihydrate has 2 molecules of
will have higher pH than ‘B’. It should be greater water of crystallisation.
than 7.
100. You are provided with magnesium ribbon and sulphur
c. Na2CO3 is the salt whose pH is more than, CuSO4
powder. Explain with the help of activity that metal
is the salt whose pH is less than 7.
oxides are basic and oxides of non-metals are acidic
96. a. Define pH scale. Draw a figure showing variation in nature.
of pH with change in concentration of H+(aq) and Ans : [CBSE 2014]
OH-(aq) ions. Bum magnesium ribbon with the help of tongs to
b. Mention the pH of acidic, basic and neutral form white ash. Dissolve the ash in hot water. Add
solutions respectively. red litmus which turns blue, showing that MgO is a
Ans : [CBSE 2016] basic oxide.
a. pH scale is a scale which is used for measuring 2Mg(s) + O2(g) $ 2MgO(s)
hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. MgO(s) + H2O(Hot) $ Mg(OH)2(aq)
Heat sulphur taken in a iron spatula and pass the gas
through water. Add blue litmus into it. It will turn red
showing SO2 is an acidic oxide.
S + O2 $ SO2
SO2 + H2O $ H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid)
b. pH < 7 is for acidic solution, pH > 7 basic solution, 101. List two differences between acids and bases on the
pH = 7 for neutral solution. basis of chemical properties.
97. a. Define olfactory indicators. Name two substances Ans : [CBSE 2013]
which can be used as olfactoiy indicators.
b. Choose strong acids from the following: Acids Bases
CH3COOH, H2SO4, H2CO3, HNO3 1. Acids turn blue litmus Bases turn red litmus
Ans : [CBSE 2015] red. blue.
a. Olfactory indicators: They give different smell in 2. Acids liberate CO2 Bases do not react
acidic and basic medium e.g., onion, clove, vanilla. with metal carbonates with metal carbonates
b. HNO3 and H2SO4 are strong acids among the given and hydrogen and hydrogen
acids. carbonates. carbonates.
98. Explain the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on the
following with suitable chemical equations: 102. A substance ‘X’ is used as antacid reacts with
a. Magnesium ribbon, hydrochloric acid to produce a gas W which is used in
b. Sodium hydroxide, fire extinguishers:
c. Crushed egg shells. a. Name the substance X and ‘Y’.
b. Write a balanced equation of the reaction between
Ans : [CBSE 20151
X and hydrochloric acid.
a. Mg(s) + 2HCl(dil) $ MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) Ans : [CBSE 2013]
b. NaOH(aq) + HCl(dil) $ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
c. CaCO 3 ^ s h + 2HCl ^dilh $ CaCl 2 ^gh + CO 2 ^gh + H 2 O ^ l h a. ‘X’ is NaHCO3 (Sodium hydrogen carbonate). ‘Y’
is CO2 gas, which is used in fire extinguishers.
99. a. The blue colour of crystals of a substance on b. NaHCO 3 (s) + HCl (aq) $ NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)
heating in a closed test tube gets changed but the
colour was regained after sometime on cooling. 103. “Sodium hydrogen carbonate is a basic salt.” Justify
Name that substance and write its chemical the statement. How is it converted into washing soda?
formula. Explain the phenomenon involved. Explain.
b. Write name and chemical formulae of two such Ans : [CBSE 2012]
compounds whose one unit is associated with 10 NaHCO3 is a salt of NaOH which is a strong base and
and 2 water molecules respectively. H2CO3 (Carbonic acid) which is a weak acid, therefore
Ans : [CBSE 2015] it is a basic salt. It can be converted into washing soda
a. Hydrated copper sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O is the by heating followed by crystallisation:
Heat
name and chemical formula of that substance. 2NaHCO 3 (s) Na 2 CO 3 (s) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O (l)
It loses water of crystallisation on heating and Na2 CO3 + 10H2 O $ Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O
(washing soda)
regains these molecules of water on exposure to
the atmosphere: 104. Describe an activity with diagram to illustrate that
CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O
Heat
CuSO 4 + 5H 2 O the reaction of metal carbonates or metal bicarbonates
Blue (Dirty while)
 with acid produces carbon dioxide. Write the relevant b. D is strongly alkaline,
equations of all the reactions that take place. Name c. ‘C’ is strongly acidic,
any two forms in which calcium carbonate is found in d. A is weakly acidic,
nature. e. ‘E’ is weakly basic. D<E<B<A<C is the
Ans : [CBSE 2012] increasing order of H+ ion concentration.
Activity: To show reaction of metal carbonates and 107. You have been provided with three test tubes. One
metal hydrogen carbonates with dilute acids. of them contains distilled water and the other two
1. Take marble chips in Woulfe bottle. contains an acidic solution and a basic solution
2. Set the apparatus as shown in the diagram. respectively. If you are given only red litmus, how will
3. Add dilute HCl with the help of thistle funnel. you identify the contents 5 of each test tube?
4. Collect the gas and pass through lime water and Ans : [CBSE 2011 ]
bring a burning matchstick near the gas.
5. Observe what happens. Add red litmus to each of them. The test tube in
Observation: Lime water turns milky. The burning which it turns blue contains the base.
matchstick gets extinguished. Add blue litmus to the remaining two test tubes.
Conclusion: Metal carbonates react with dilute acids The one in which it turns red contains the acid. The
to liberate carbon dioxide. other one in which blue litmus and red litmus do not
Repeat the experiment with NaHCO3 taken in change contains distilled water,
Woulfe bottle.
Observation: 108. While constructing a house, a builder selects marble
CO2 gas will be evolved which turns lime water milky. flooring and marble table top for the kitchen where
Conclusion: Metal hydrogen carbonates give CO2 with vinegar and lemon juice, tamarind etc., and more
dilute acids. often used for cooking are to be kept. Will you agree
to this selection and why?
Ans : [CBSE 2010]
No, he has taken wrong decision. Marble will react
with vinegar and other acids and get corroded.
CaCO 3 + 2CH 3 COOH $ (CH 2 COO) 2 Ca + H 2 O + CO 2

109. Name the products formed in each case when:

a. Hydrochloric acid reacts with caustic soda.
b. Granulated zinc reacts with caustic soda.
c. Carbon dioxide is passed through lime water.
Ans : [CBSE 2009]
a. NaOH + HCl $ NaCl + H 2 O
Sodium chloride Water

b. Zn + 2NaOH $ Na 2 ZnO 2 + H 2 (g)

soudium zincate Hydrogen
c. Ca (OH) 2 + CO 2 (g) $ CaCO 3 (s) + H 2 O (l)
NaHCO3 + HCl $ NaCl + H2O + CO2 Calcium carbonate Water

Na2CO3 + 2HCl $ 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

105. What is neutralisation reaction? Give two examples. FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans : [CBSE 2011]
The reaction in which acid reacts with base to form
110. a.Define indicator. Name two indicators obtained
salt and water is called neutralisation reaction e.g.,
from plants.
NaOH + HCl $ NaCl + H2O
b. Write a balanced chemical equation for the
2KOH + H2SO4 $ K2SO4 + 2H2O
reaction taking place when sodium oxide reacts
CaCO3 (Marble), CaCO3(Chalk) are the two forms in
with water. How will this solution behave towards
which calcium is found in nature.
phenolphthalein and red litmus paper?
106. Five solutions A, B, C, D, and E showed pH as 4, 7, c. State what happens when sodium hydroxide
1, 11 and 9 respectively when tested with universal solution reacts with hydrochloric acid.
indicator. Which solution is Ans : [CBSE 2016]
a. Neutral, a. Indicator is a substance which give different
b. Strongly alkaline, colour or odour in acid and base e.g., litmus and
c. Strongly acidic, turmeric are indicators obtained from plants.
d. Weakly acidic, b. Na2O(s) + H2O(l) $ 2NaOH(aq)
e. Weakly alkaline. Solution will turn phenolphthalein pink and red
Arrange the pH in increasing order of H+ ion litmus paper blue.
concentration. c. Sodium chloride and water are formed:
Ans : [CBSE 2011] NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) $ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
a. ‘B’ is neutral,
111. State the reason for the following statements: and H2CO3 is added in test tube ‘B’ in equal amounts:
a. Tap water conducts electricity whereas distilled a. Identify the test tube showing vigorous reaction.
water does not. b. Give reason to support your answer.
b. Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not turn blue c. Name the gas liberated in both the test tubes.
litmus red whereas dilute hydrochloric acid does. How will you prove its liberation?
c. During summer season, a milkman usually adds a d. Write chemical equations for both the reactions.
very small amount of baking soda to fresh milk. e. Out of two acids taken above, which one will have
d. For dilution of an acid, acid is added to water and lower pH value and lower H+ ion concentration
not water to acid. respectively?
e. Ammonia is a base but it does not contain Ans : [CBSE 2014]
hydroxyl group.
a. ‘A’ will show vigorous reaction.
Ans : [CBSE 2015] b. H2SO4 is a strong acid, it reacts faster than H2CO3,
a. Tap water contains ions which makes it a good a weak acid.
conductor whereas distilled water does not contain c. H2 gas. If we bring a burning splinter near the gas,
any ions. it will burn with ‘pop’ sound.
b. Dry HCl gas does not dissociate into ions, so it d. Mg + H2SO4 $ MgSO4 + H2
has no effect on the litmus. Hydrochloric acid Mg + H2CO3 $ MgCO3 + H2
form ions, so it turns blue litmus red. e. H2SO4 will have lower pH. H2CO3 will have lower
c. Baking soda prevents the formation of lactic acid H+ ion concentration,
when milk turns sour.
d. Acid is added to water slowly because the reaction 115. Write chemical equations when zinc granules react
is highly exothermic. If water is added to acid, with
then glass container may break due to lot of heat a. Sulphuric acid,
evolved. b. Hydrochloric acid,
e. NH3 dissolves in H2O forming NH4OH, therefore c. Aluminium chloride,
it acts as base: d. Sodium hydroxide,
NH3 + H2O $ NH4OH $ NH4 + OH- e. Nitric acid
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
112. a.State the chemical properties on which the
a. Zn(s) + H2SO4(dil.) $ ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
following uses of baking soda are based:
b. Zn(s) + 2HCl(dil) $ ZnC(aq) + H2(g)
(i) as an antacid,
c. Zn(s) + AlCl3(aq) $ No reaction
(ii) as a soda acid fire extinguisher,
d. Zn(s) + 2NaOH(aq) $ Na2ZnO2(aq) + H2(g)
(iii) to make bread and cake soft and spongy.
e. 3Zn (s) + 8HNO 3 (dil) $ 3Zn (NO 3) 2 (aq) + 2NO (g) + 4H 2 O (l)
b. How is washing soda obtained from baking soda?
Write the relevant balanced chemical equation. 116. The metal salt ‘A’ is blue in colour. When salt ‘A’ is
Ans : [CBSE 2015] heated strongly over a burner, then a substance ‘B’
a. (i) It is basic in nature. present in it is eliminated and a white powder ‘C’ is
(ii) It liberates CO2 with acid which extinguishes left behind. When a few drops of a liquid ‘D’ is added
fire. to powder ‘C’, it becomes blue again.
(iii) It releases CO2 gas on heating which makes a. Identify A, B, C and D.
bread and cake soft and spongy. b. Write the chemical equations involved.
b. Washing soda is obtained by heating baking soda c. Give an example of the salt which also shows the
followed by crystallisation: above property.
2NaHCO3(s) $ Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O Ans : [CBSE 2014]
Na 2 CO 3 + 10H 2 O $ Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O a. ‘A’ is CuSO4.5H2O, ‘B’ is H2O, ‘C’ is CuSO4
(Washing
(Washing soda)
soda)
(ahydrous).
Heat
113. Write balanced chemical equations for the following: b. CuSO 4 $ 5H 2 O (s) CuSO 4 (s) + H 2 O (l)
(Blue)
a. Bleaching powder is kept open in air. (White) B

b. Blue crystals of copper sulphate are heated. c. FeSO4.7H2O is a salt which also shows this
c. Chlorine gas is passed through dry slaked lime. property.
d. Carbon dioxide gas is passed through lime water.
e. NaOH solution is heated with zinc granules. 117. a.Write the chemical name and chemical formula of
Ans : [CBSE 2014] washing soda.
b. How is chlorine obtained from sodium chloride?
a. CaOCl2 + CO2 $ CaCO3 + Cl2
Heat Give equations for the reactions involved.
b. CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O c. Give an example of the salt which also shows the
c. Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 $ CaOCl2 + H2O above property.
d. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 $ CaCO3 + H2O
Ans : [CBSE 2014]
e. Zn + 2NaOH $ Na2ZnO2 + H2
a. Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O , Sodium carbonate decahydrate.
114. Equal length of magnesium ribbon are taken in two b. NaCl + H 2 O + NH 3 + CO 2 $ NaHCO 3 + NH 4 Cl
test tubes A and B. H2SO4 is added to test tube ‘A’ Heat
2NaHCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2
 Na 2 CO 3 + 10H 2 O $ Na 2 CO 3 $ 10H 2 O relevant chemical equation.
CO2 gas is passed through ammonical brine to get (b) While diluting an acid, why is it recommended
back NaHCO3. NaHCO3 on heating again gives that the acid should be added to water and not
Na2CO3 which on crystallisation gives washing water to the acid?
soda. Ans : [CBSE 2012]
c. Na2CO3 is salt of NaOH (Strong base) and
a. ‘X’ is NaOH. It is a base which is hygroscopic
H2CO3(Weak acid), therefore it is a basic salt. It
i.e., absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and
is used for softening hard water.
turns sticky. It is also formed by the electrolysis of
118. a.Identify the acid and the base whose combination aqueous solution of brine by chlor alkali process:
Heat
forms the common salt that you use in your food. 2NaCl (aq) + 2H 2 O (l) 2NaOH (aq) + H 2 (g
Write its chemical formula and chemical name of Neutralisation reaction will take place between
the salt. NaOH and HCl:
b. What is rock salt? Mention its colour and the NaOH + HCl $ NaCl + H2O
reason due to which it has this colour. b. It is because the process is highly exothermic. If
c. What happens when electricity is passed through we add H2O to acid, the glass container may break
brine? Write chemical equation for it. due to excess heat evolved.
Ans : [CBSE 2013] 121. a.Explain the following chemical properties of acids
a. NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) and HCl (Hydrochloric with the help of balanced chemical equations only:
acid) form common salt. NaCl is common salt, (1) when an acid reacts with a metal carbonate,
sodium chloride. (2) when an acid reacts with a metal bicarbonate,
b. Rock salt is sodium chloride found in the form of (3) when an acid reacts with a metal oxide.
rocks. It is yellowish in colour due to the presence b. You are given three solutions A, B and C with pH
of impurities. values, 2,10 and 13 respectively. Which solution
c. Sodium hydroxide, H2 gas and chlorine gas will has the highest hydrogen ion concentration among
be formed: the three and state the nature ‘acidic or basic’ of
2NaCl (aq) + 2H 2 O (l) $ 2NaOH (aq) + H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) each solution.
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
119. a.Explain why is hydrochloric acid a strong acid and
acetic acid, a weak acid. How can it be verified? a. (1)Na2CO3 + H2SO4(dil) $ Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
b. Explain why aqueous solution of an acid conducts (2) 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4(dil) $ Na2SO4+ H2O + CO2
electricity. (3) MgO + H2SO4 $ MgSO4 + H2O
c. You have four solutions A, B, C and D. The pH of b. ‘A’ has more H+ ion concentration among the
solution A is 6, B is 9, C is 12 and D is 7. three.
(1) Identify the most acidic and most basic A’ is acidic.
solutions respectively. ‘B’ is basic.
(2) Arrange the above four solutions in the ‘C’ is strongly basic.
increasing order of H+ ion concentration.
122. a.A metal compound ‘X’ reacts with dilute H2SO4
(3) State the change in colour of pH paper on
to produce effervescence. The gas evolved
dipping in solution C and D.
extinguishes a burning candle. If one of the
Ans : [CBSE 2012] compound formed is calcium sulphate, then what
a. Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid because it is is ‘X’ and the gas evolved? Also write a balanced
completely ionised in its aqueous solution. Acetic chemical equation for the reaction which has
acid is only partially ionised. HCl reacts with occurred.
Mg vigorously whereas acetic acid reacts less b. (i) Name one antacid. How does it help to relieve
vigorously. indigestion in stomach?
b. Aqueous solution of acid contain ions which carry (ii) A farmer treats the soil with quicklime or
current, it conducts electricity. calcium carbonate. What is the nature of the
c. (1) With pH = 6 ‘A’ is most acidic, soil? Why does the farmer treat the soil with
With pH = 12, ‘C’ is most basic. quicklime?
(2) C < B < D < A is the increasing order of H+ Ans : [CBSE 2012]
ion concentration.
This is is calcium carbonate
(3) pH paper will turn blue in ‘C’ with pH = 12,
CaCO 3 (s) + H 2 SO 4 (dill) $ CaSO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) + CO 2 (g)
basic pH paper will turn green in D with pH
The gas evolved is carbon dioxide (CO2).
= 7, neutral.
b. (i) NaHCO3(baking soda) is an antacid. If
120. (a) Dry pellets of a base ‘X’ when kept in open neutralises excess of HCl in stomach and
absorbs moisture and turns sticky. The compound gives relief.
is also formed by chlor-alkali process. Write the (ii) The nature of soil is acidic. The farmer treats
chemical name and formula of X. Describe chlor- the soil with quicklime (basic in nature) to
alkali process with balanced chemical equations. neutralise the acidity of soil and make it fit
Name the type of reaction occurs when X is for crops.
treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. Write the
123. a. Tooth enamel is one of the hardest substance in
 our body. Explain the changes in pH of mouth
which indicates tooth decay. How does tooth
paste help in preventing it?
b. What is the nature of salt if pH of its aqueous
solution is greater than 7? Name the acid and
base that would be used to prepare the following
salts:
(i) Potassium sulphate, (ii) Ammonium chloride
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
a. Tooth enamel is made up of Ca3(PO4)2 calcium
phosphate. pH = 5.5 causes tooth decay because
Ca3(PO4)2 reacts with acid. Tooth paste are basic,
neutralises the acid in mouth and prevents tooth
decay.
b. The salt is basic if pH > 7.
(i) KOH and H2SO4 are needed to prepare K2SO4.
(ii) NH4OH and HCl are needed to prepare
NH4Cl.

124. (a) A salt is produced by reaction between an acid

and a base. Identify the acid and base from which
the following salts have been formed:
(i) Na2SO4, (ii) NH4Cl, (Hi) KNO3, (iv) NaCl
(b) Which one of these will have pH less than 7 and
why?
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
(a) (i) Na2SO4 is prepared from NaOH and H2SO4
(ii) NH4Cl is formed by NH4OH and HCl.
(iii) KNO3 is formed by KOH and HNO3.
(iv) NaOH is formed by NaOH and HCl.
(b) NH4Cl has pH less than 7 because it is a salt of
weak base NH4OH and strong acid, HCl, therefore
the salt is acidic.

125. What are strong acids and weak acids? In the following
list of acids, separate strong acids from weak acids:
hydrochloric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid,
formic acid, sulphuric acid.
Ans : [CBSE 2012]
Strong acids are those acids which are completely
ionised in aqueous solution e.g.-,
HCl(aq) $ H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
Weak acids do not ionise completely in aqueous
solution:
CH3COOH(aq) CH 3 OO- (aq) + H+ (aq)
Strong acids: Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid, Sulphuric
acid.
Weak acids: Citric acid, Acetic acid, Formic acid.