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Unit 11 - Pythagoras and Similarity

1) The Pythagorean theorem states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two other sides. It can be used to determine the length of the hypotenuse or another side of a right triangle when the other two sides are known. 2) Two triangles are similar if their angles are equal and the lengths of the corresponding sides are proportional. The scale factor relates the lengths of corresponding sides. Similar triangles have the same shape but may differ in size. 3) For similar shapes, the ratio of any pair of corresponding linear dimensions is always the same. The ratios of areas and volumes of similar shapes can be determined based on the

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Raffaella Laxalde
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157 views3 pages

Unit 11 - Pythagoras and Similarity

1) The Pythagorean theorem states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two other sides. It can be used to determine the length of the hypotenuse or another side of a right triangle when the other two sides are known. 2) Two triangles are similar if their angles are equal and the lengths of the corresponding sides are proportional. The scale factor relates the lengths of corresponding sides. Similar triangles have the same shape but may differ in size. 3) For similar shapes, the ratio of any pair of corresponding linear dimensions is always the same. The ratios of areas and volumes of similar shapes can be determined based on the

Uploaded by

Raffaella Laxalde
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 11

PYTHAGORAS AND
TRIANGLES
11.1 – PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

States that in right-angled triangle, the square of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of two shortr sides

- Hypotenuse: longest side that does not touch right angle


- a 2=b2 +c 2  the square of hypotenuse is subject
- Procedure
o Equation
o Substitute values and carry out powers
o Equal the sum to power of subject
o Subject equals square root of the sum
o Calculate subject

- Checking for right angles triangles


o Formula
o Substitute values of a, b and c - calculate
 a 2+b 2=¿32 + 22 = 13
 c 2=¿ 42 = 16 ≠ 13
o “Pythagoras theorem is not satisfied so the rectangle is not right angled”

- Fin distance between points using Pythagoras theorem (if points are vertices of angle dif to right angle)
o Calculate height  difference btw y-co-ordinates  AB = x – y = z units
o Calculate base  difference between x-co-ordinates  AC = x – y = z units
o BC2 = z2 + z2
o ... BC= m units

11.2 – UNDERSTANDING SIMILAR TRIANGLES

- Mathematically similar: objects that have exactly the same shape and proportions but may be dif in size. The
ratio of corresponding sides is equal and the corresponding angles are equal.
- Corresponding sides: in a triangle, the sides of the enlarged triangle will join the same angles than the sides of
the original triangles.
- Corresponding angles are equal.
- 2 ways of calculating:
1) Scale factor: ratio that compares measurements of 2 similar shapes.
length A
o scale factor=
length B
o You can divide the greater by the smaller or vice versa, but if the number is greater than 1, make sure
you use multiplying the sides of smaller shape to bigger and to divide from bigger to smaller. If it is
smaller than one, to divide from smaller shaper or multiply from bigger shape.
2) Ratio equation
length A shape A Length B shape A
a. =  write formula putting actual letters of sides
Length A ' shape B length B' shape B
b. Then replace for lengths and put an x on the missing side
- Explain similarity and work out missing side
o Calculate missing angles in each
 ABC = 180° - BAC – BCA = …
 “As both triangles have the same angles, they are similar”
DE EF DF
o Since triangles similar  = =
AB BC AC
x 4
o So: = =3 → x=24
8 5
- Another example – finding height
o Angle … = angle … (x3 angles)
o Similar
height 3 0.9∗3
o = →height =
0.9 1.2 1.2

11.3 – OTHER SIMILAR SHAPES

- Identifying similar shapes – use ratios


o h/b = y h/b = z
o y ≠z
h h
o ≠  “the ratio of corresponding sides are not equal, therefore the shapes are not similar”
b b

- Area of similar shapes


o In similar figures. Were ratio of corresponding sides is a:b, ratio of areas is a 2:b2  scale factor of areas =
(scale factor of lengths)2
o Example
Area A
 scale factor of areas=
Area B
 Scale facor of areas=(scale factor of lengths)2
o Example exercise
 Ratio 3:5
Area 1 52
 =
Area 2 32
Area1 25
 =
900 cm2 9
25
 Area1= . 900
9
 Two similar rectangles – find ratio smaller to larger
 Ratio of sides = x:y
 Ratio of areas = (x)2: (y)2
 … simply
- Similar solids
o Same shape, corresponding angles are equal, all corresponding linear measures (edges, diameters, radii,
heights and slant heights) are in same ratio
o Ratio compares measurements on two shapes – called scale factor
o Scale factor of volumes = (scale factor of lengths) 3
o Scale factor of areas = (scale factor of lengths)2
o If two solids similar
 Ratio of volumes equal to the cube of ratio of corresponding linear measures (edges, diameter,
32
a
etc)  Volume A + Volume B = ()
b
 Ratio os surface Area equal to square of ratio of corresponding linear measures  Area A +
2
a
Area B = ()
b
 Exercises
216
 Scale factor of areas = =9
24
 (scale factor of lengths)2 = 9
 Scale factor of lengths = √ 9=3
 X=3xy=…
 Another exercise
 Crate – volume y – dimensions are doubled
Original volume Original dimensions 3 3

New Volume
= (
new dimensions )
 because volume

Y 1 3

New Volume 2
= ()  doubled, so ratio 1:2

 ….
- When a cone is cut horizontally  smaller cone and solid called frustum formed

11.4 – UNDERSTANDING CONGRUENCE

- 2 congruent shapes
o Corresponding angles equal in length
o Corresponding angles equal
o Shapes have same area
o When making a congruency statement, name shape so corresponding vertices on same order
 ABC is congruent to DEF
- Congruent triangles
o Two sides and included angle (angle that sits btw two given sides) equal
 SAS – Side Angle Side
o Three pairs of equal sides
 SSS- Side Side Side
o Two Angles and included side (side placed between two angles) equal
 ASA – Angle Side Angle
o If you have right angled triangles, angle does not need to be included to be congruent. Triangles must
have same lenth of hypotenuse and one other side equal
 RHS – Right-angle Side Hypotenuse
o Exercise
 Length PQ = Length ST
 Angle PQR = Angle STV
 Length QR = Length TV
 Condition is SAS  triangles are congruent

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