Answers to Topic 7 Exercises

Exercise 1

1. a) C4H10 b) C4H8 c) C4H8

a) b) c)
H H

H C C H H H
H H H H H

C H H C C H H C C C C
H C C C
H
H H H H H H H H H

(1 other possibility) (one other possibility) (two other possibilities)

2. a) alkane b) alkene c) bromoalkane

Exercise 2

1. a) 2,2-dimethylbutane b) 4-bromobut-1-ene c) but-2-ene

d) chlorodimethylpropane e) methylpropane f) 1,2-
dibromopropane
g) but-1-ene h) methylbut-2-ene

2. a) b) c)
H H
H H
H H H H
C C H
H C C C C H H H
C C H
H
H H
H H C H C C H C C C C
H H
H
H
H H H H H H H

d) e) f)
H
H H
H H H H C
H
C C C C C C H H Cl
H
H H H
H
H
H H
H
C
H C C C Cl
H H C C C C
C H
H H H Cl H H H H
H

g) h)
H
H H

H C H H H
H H

H C C C H H H
C C C C H

H H C C C C C H
C H C H H H
H H H
H H H H H H H H
Exercise 3

1.
CH3 CH2 CH CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 Cl Cl

1-chlorobutane 2-chlorobutane
Cl

CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH CH2 Cl

CH3 CH3
2-chloromethylpropane 1-chloromethylpropane

2.
H H
H H
H
H C C C C H C C C C H
H
H H H H H H H
but-1-ene but-2-ene

H
H
C C C H
H
C H
H H
H
methylpropene

3.
H H H H H
H

H C C C C C C H

H H H H H H
hexane

H H H H H H H H H H

H C C C C C H H C C C C C H

H CH3 H H H H H CH3 H H

2-methylpentane 3-methylpentane
 H H CH3 H H H CH3 H

H C C C C H H C C C C H

H H CH3 H H CH3 H H

2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane

lowest boiling point: 2,2-dimethylbutane

2,3-dimethylbutane
3-methylpentane
2-methylpentane
highest boiling point: hexane

Exercise 4

1. a) mixtures of hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

b)
 crude oil is passed into a fractionating column where it boils
 the column is hotter at the bottom than at the top
 the vapour rises up the column until it condenses
 small hydrocarbons have weak van der Waal’s forces, hence low boiling
points and condense near the top of the column
 large hydrocarbons have strong van der Waal’s forces, hence high boiling
points and condense near the base of the column
c) liquefied petroleum gas camping stoves, gas for cooking
gasoline fuel for cars
naphtha petrochemicals
kerosine fuel for aircraft
diesel fuel for lorries
lubricating oil lubrication
fuel oil fuel for ships
wax candles
tar road surfacing
d) the fractions all have different uses
mixed together they have no useful applications
2. a) thermal cracking: high temperature
high pressure
makes alkenes
catalytic cracking: high temperature
slight pressure
zeolite catalyst
makes motor fuels
makes aromatic hydrocarbons
b) it converts hydrocarbons for which supply exceeds demand
into hydrocarbons for which demand exceeds supply

3. a) C8H18 + 12½O2  8CO2 + 9H2O

b) C8H18 + 8½O2  8CO + 9H2O
C8H18 + 4½O2  8C + 9H2O
c) less energy released, CO is a toxic gas, C particulates are carcinogenic

4. a) CO2, CO, C, NO2 or NO, SO2, unburned hydrocarbons

b) CO2 greenhouse gas
CO reduces ability of blood to carry oxygen
C carcinogen
NO2 or NO cause acid rain/destruction of ozone layer
SO2 acid rain
unburned hydrocarbons greenhouse gases/photochemical smog
c) 2CO + 2NO  N2 + 2CO2