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Recent Developments and Future Scopes of Electrical Vehicles in Power

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IOCER 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1797 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1797/1/012058

Recent Developments and Future Scopes of

Electrical Vehicles in Power Market on Covid-19
Pandemic situation

Suparna Pal *1, Basudeb Dey2, Bartik Chattopadhyay 3, Sanjay Samanta 4. Deb Sekhar Roy 5 ,Tirthankar
Dutta Roy 6. Suparna Chakraborty 7
1. Asst Prof, EE Dept, JIS College of Engineering, Email Id:[email protected]
*Corresponding Author:-Suparna Pal, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, JIS
College of Engineering, Email Id:[email protected]

Abstract: - The largest source of climate pollution in the world is transportation. To solve the climate
crisis, we need to make the vehicles on our roads as clean as possible. We have only a decade left to
change the way we use energy to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. Emissions from cars and
trucks are not only bad for our planet; they’re bad for our health. Air pollutants from gasoline- and
diesel-powered vehicles cause asthma, bronchitis, cancer, and premature death. The long-term health
impacts of localized air pollution last a lifetime, with the effects borne out in asthma attacks, lung
damage, and heart conditions. As the COVID-19 pandemic — a respiratory disease — continues to
spread, a study by Harvard University found “a striking association between long-term exposure to
harmful fine particulate matter and COVID-19 mortality in the United States” One of the primary
causes of fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) is combustion from gasoline and diesel car engines.
So in this paper we are mainly focused on development of Electrical Vehicles and what are problems
to implementation in India. We have discussed different types of Government policies and future
scope policies which have been taken by government. From this paper researchers will get clear idea
of future of Non Pollutant Vehicles. So this paper is very important in Covid-19 pandemic situations
because we will safe and secure from these types of pandemic disease only if our environment will be
free from air pollution which creates by conventional vehicles.

Keywords: - Environment Effects, Problems of EV, Recent Developments, Problems, Government

policies, New technologies development.

1. Introduction
Rapid urbanization coupled with adoption of mechanized transportation modes has resulted in high
emissions of Green House Gases that goes on to impact Global warming. The IPCC has warned that
world will see catastrophic climate change. India’s per capita emissions are still considered low at 1.9
tonnes (2013) but its total emissions are next to China and the US and is likely to overtake those EU
by 2019 and get first position within 2025. Now it is time to save environment to save our green earth.
For that reasons EV will plays a vital role to reduced emission of pollutant gases from conventional
gases. So lot of developments are going for EV and its charging station that this transportation will
become lifeline of our transportation. This paper will be highlighting about this facts and figures of
development of “EV”. As While comparing the Indian cities for their emission scores, Delhi is on top
as the biggest emitter at over 38.38 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent overall emissions,
followed by Greater Mumbai at 22.7 million tonnes and Chennai at 22.1 million tonnes, Kolkata at
14.8million tonnes, Bangalore at 19.8million tonnes, Hyderabad at 13. 7 million tonnes and
Ahmadabad at 9million tonnes were the other cities whose emissions for the year were calculated
sector wise.[1] As per the statistics of Transport Department (GNCTD), total number of vehicles in
Delhi is more than the combined total vehicles in Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Delhi has 85 private
cars per 1000 population against the national average of 8 cars per 1000 population. In terms of CO2
emissions due to motor vehicles, Delhi emits about 12.4 million tonnes while the city of Bangalore
emits about 8.6 million tonnes. For this statistic it is necessary to switch our transportation to”EV” in
every states of India. Now it comes the requirement of proper design of charging station. If charging
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1797 (2021) 012058 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1797/1/012058

station is not available then implementing and replacing of our old polluted transportation will not be
changed, it will be changed only pen and paper not physically. Research will be going on and in this
paper; we are discussing structural development of EV and new rules and regulations and try to give a
new idea, which can be implemented in EV for practical uses.[1,2,3,4,5]

2. Objectives:-
 Enable faster adoption of electric vehicles in India by ensuring safe, reliable, accessible,
affordable charging infrastructure and reliable eco-system. Due to huge environment pollution
,it is very difficult to get rid of this type of pandemic situation(Just like as Covid19 pandemic),
for that reasons govt has given more focused only on EV .It will develop and growth of Indian
economy by generating employment income opportunities for small entrepreneurs.
 To proactively support creation of EV Charing Infrastructure in the initial phase and
eventually create market for EV Charging business.
 To encourage preparedness of Electrical Distribution system to adopt EV Charging
Infrastructure.

3. Research and Analysis:-

Indian Govt has taken lot of policies on EV. After researching we seen that govt has taken lot of
policies like
 The Ministry of Power has issued Guidelines and Standards for setting up Charging
Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles [Ministry of Power (MoP) Guidelines dated 14.12.2018]
for charging infrastructure to be installed at every Public Charging Station (PCS). '
 Guidelines and Standards notified by Ministry of Power, dated 14 December 2018 for
"Charging Infrastructure for EVs" (at Annexure II),
 Guidelines issued by Ministry of Power(MOP) in Model BBL-2016
So in this paper we are analysis of govt policies and generate new real time some methodology, if
We implement in society, a new revolution will be come on EV.[6,7,8,9]

4. Electrical vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE):-

An EVSE is a wall mounted box that supplies electric energy for recharging of EV batteries. Also
EVSE have a safety lock-out feature that does not allow current to flow from the device until the plug
is physically inserted into the car. EVSEs can be customized with added features like authentication,
integrated payment gateways, software for remote monitoring. As electric vehicle charging technology
continues to advance, several standards and guidelines have become widely accepted across the
industry. This section paper gives a brief overview of charging infrastructure technology, standards,
and terminology in modern years. This research is totall based on Indian EV market.

II (Research and Analysis of EV policies)

5. Research of Different types of EV:-

Our country has given more focused in EV. If research will stay only pen and paper that never
be improved our society /country .For that reasons what we have seen that we have to more
focus on Charging of EV. Nowadays our automobile sector invest huge capitals their business in
EV (Tata ,Mahindra,Teyota,Hero, Honda, Hundai etc). Union Road Transport Minister Nitin
Gadkari (Webinar :-“India’s Electric Vehicle Roadmap Post COVID-19”,15-16th June)stated
that India will be a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles within the next five years, adding
that several countries do not want to deal with China after the COVID-19 crisis which can be an

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opportunity for India. The minister addressed to Indian automotive companies to boost their
electric vehicle technology and also to focus on finding alternatives to lithium-ion battery tech to
help make India the next global manufacturing hub for electric vehicles because China is the
top in terms of electric vehicle production in the world with it producing over 80 percent of all
EVs globally. The country has the fourth largest reserves of lithium in the world hence giving it
a monopoly in the lithium-ion cell market. Lithium-ion battery packs are currently used the
most for powering from small electric two-wheelers to electric commercial vehicles. So Govt has
taken a policies of EV National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 (2013 taken), National
Energy Security Plan, Parish Agreement etc by targeting year 2030.We know that this a new
Concept, so we have tried to do integrated and collaborative research with different agencies
which reflects in this paper.[10,11,12,13,14]

6. Electric Vehicles in Indian Market:-

The automobile industry and Indian car manufacturers are working on Make in India mission of
electric Vehicles under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan by GOI.EV industry in India will
produce more number of bikes, electric cars and electric three-wheelers over the next two decades.
According to NEMM plan India is much more focused on hybrid and EV in country with an aim to
reduced fuel consumption, pollution of Environment. Automobile sector as well as environment can
be survived if focused only on EV. Some companies are already started their business on EV, just like

6(a) Different types of Electric Vehicals

6.1 Tata Electric:-

Tata Motors launched Hybrid and electric Star bus from manufacturing facility in Pune under its zero
emission mass transport solution. Tata offers a wide range of electric vehicles and contributing to the
electric vehicle industry in India with Tata Tigor electric car, Ultra Electric bus, Star bus Hybrid
Electric Buses for cleaner and greener public transportation.

6.2 Mahindra Electric:-

Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited is based in Bangalore, sells electric vehicles in the segments of
passenger and cargo as well as into the manufacturing of compact electric vehicles.

Earlier Reva electric company was acquired by Mahindra & Mahindra and today the company has
launched Mahindra e2o, electric hatchback e2oPlus, eVerito sedan, commercial electric e-Supro and
upcoming electric version of the KUV100.

6.3 Ashok Leyland Electric:-

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Ashok Leyland is one of the largest bus manufacturer in the world and market leader of trucks in
India. The company has already launched fully electric bus called Circuit in India, advanced non-plug-
in version of HYBUS, Electric Euro 6 Truck and announced iBUS.

6.4 Olectra – BYD Green E-Bus:-

Olectra Greentech is one of the market leaders of manufacturing electric buses, designed with BYD
for Indian roads. The electric bus manufacturer BYD venture with Olectra has introduces electric
buses in Hyderabad, Pune, Telangana and Delhi plus continue to electrify Indian E-BUS market.

6.5 Ola Electric:-

Ola has launched multimodal electric vehicle project in Nagpur under the Mission Electric and also
running electric public transport vehicles in India. The home-grown company is also plans for
launching 10,000 e rickshaws in India as well as invest in setting up charging stations of electric
vehicles in major Indian cities.

6.6 KONA Electric:-

Kona Electric vehicle by Hyundai is India’s first fully electric SUV priced at 25.3 lakh (ex-showroom,
India). The SUV is loaded with Android Smartphone connectivity, Google navigation system and
USB entertainment features along with wireless phone charging. Hyundai is not only offering power
packed driving experience of KONA Electric SUV but also planning to install EV charging facilities
in India by Partnering with IOCL at fuel stations.

6.7 Hero Electric:-

Hero Electric is the biggest manufacturer of electric scooters in India with a vision of providing
electric mobility to nation. The market leader of the Indian Electric industry in Two Wheeler segment,
offering wide range of electric vehicles to Indian such as Photon, flash la, optima and hero electric
nyx.

6.8 Emflux Motors:-

producing high performance electric motorcycle named as Emflux One, The superbike hasn’t
launched yet in the country but expected to launching in India around December 2019.

6.9 Okinawa Electric :-

Okinawa Auto-tech is a popular Indian electric two wheeler manufacturing company with an aim of
contributing absolutely zero emission to the green society and new technologies in Indian automobile
industry

6.10Menza Motors
A Menza motor is an electric automobile company based in Ahmadabad city has launched its first
electric motorcycle, the Lucat in India.

6.11 Lohia Auto

Lohia Auto is one of the leading e-rickshaw companies in India along with Mahindra, TVS, Bajaj and
Atul Auto. Electric Rickshaw has become very popular In India .There are other companies also
launching e-scooters and electric bikes in India such as Another Energy, Okinawa Electric, Atom
Electric, Emflux Electric, 22 KYMCO iFlow, YOBykes, TVS Electric and Menza Motors ,turers are
Bajaj E Rickshaw, Mahindra electric e-Alfa Mini rickshaw etc.[15,16,17,18,19]

7. Upcoming Electric Cars in India

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Electric cars are becoming more popular in India with energy stored in rechargeable batteries as well
as plug in electric variety of charging stations. Nissan Leaf and Tesla are the top two best selling
electric car in the world, here is the list of upcoming electric cars in India.
 Tata Altroz EV
 Mahindra eKUV100
 Maruti Suzuki WagonR EV
 Nissan Leaf EV
 MG eZS
 Tesla Model S
 Audi e-Tron
 Ford Aspire EV
But EV will be popular among the peoples only when proper EV charging system will be established
everywhere of country where it is required just like liquid fuel filling stations. So now our research
will be focused on EVEC.

III-(Research on:-Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE))

8. The main requirement of develop and practical implementation and popular of EV, we have to main
focused on Charging station and battery chargers. In this paper we have to focus on charging station.
After research we seen that maximum EV used in 3W, which are charged by private home based slow
charges which creates uneconomical to owners.

8.1 Charging speeds-

Charging power, which determines the time required to charge a vehicle, Can vary by orders of
magnitude across charge points, as shown in the table 1.
A small household outlet may charge as slowly as 1.2 kW, while the most advanced rapid charging
stations can charge at up to 350 kW. Charging infrastructure is broadly broken into three categories
based on speed: Level 1, Level 2, and direct current (DC) fast charging (sometimes referred to as
Level 3).(Source: "Emerging Best Practices for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure", Oct' 2017)

Table-8.1(a) Charging Process

Private Charging batteries of privately AC "Slow" Charging:
Charging owned cars through domestic The home private chargers are generally used with
charging points. Billing is 230V/15A single phase plug which can deliver a maximum
mostly part of home/domestic of up to about 2.5KW of power. The EVSE supplies AC
metering current to the vehicle's onboard charger which in turn
converts the AC power to DC allowing the battery to be
charged.

Public For charging outside the home The power drawn by these chargers may need to be
Charging premises, electric power needs to be managed from
billed and payment time to time.
needs to be collected
DC "Fast" DC current is sent to the electric car's The fast chargers would generally be used as a top-up,
Charging battery directly via the charge port. rather than fully charging vehicles. These are
FC chargers (usually Important for cab companies and corporate users who have
50 KW or more) can supply 100 or a fleet of electric cars.
more kilometres of range per hour
of charging
IOT based Highly economic, reliable, secure Any where ( still in research )
Auto and fast charger(Solar Power)
charger

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8.2(b) EVs charging "modes" and 'availability'

Vehicles Type Slow charging(Private) Fast charging Public Charger
2 Wheelers(2W) Y N Yes/Limited
3Wheelers(3W) Y N Yes/Limited
PVs(Cars) Y Y Yes
PVs(Buses) N Y Yes

8.3(c) charging options for EV types (by ownership)

Vehicles Type Private CS Public CS Place of Charging

2 Wheelers(2W) SC/BS SC Public CS Predominant place of charging

3Wheelers(3W) SC/BS SC Point of residence / Work

PVs(Cars) SC/BS FC Residence/ Point of work/ other public

places

PVs(Buses) x FC/BS Bus Terminals/Depots

9. Govt initiatives on EVCS:-

Policies development for Public charging Infrastructure (PCI) for long distance
After research some policies can be implemented
Public charging stations for long distance EV s and /or heavy duty Evs (Like trucks, busses etc) shall
have the following minimum requirements:-
 At least two chargers of minimum 100 KW (with 200-1000 V) charging infrastructure
required in every EVCS.
 Onboard charging of Fluid Cooled Batteries
 Swapping facilities for batteries should be there
 FCS also implemented in every liquid fuel filling station.

9.1 Location of Public Charging stations

 At least one charging Station should be available in a grid 3KM X3 KM.
 One fast charging station is set up at every25Km on both sides of highways roads.
 Priority should be given existing in retails outlets(ROs) of Oil Marketing companies(OMCs)
for Fast Charging station
 New entrepreneur should be given preference for LFCSEV

9.2 Maintained Data base

 Central Electricity Authority (CEA) shall create and maintain a national online database of all
the public Charging Stations through DISCOMs.
 Big data and cloud computing should be implemented for proper monitoring for security
purposes.

9.3 Tariff for supply of electricity to EV Public Charging Stations:

 The tariff for supply of electricity to EV Public Charging Station shall be determined by the
appropriate commission, provided however that the tariff shall not be more than the average
cost of supply plus 15 (fifteen) percent.

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 The tariff applicable for domestic consumption shall be applicable for domestic
charging.[20,21]
9.4 Priority for Roll out of EV Public Charging Infrastructure

 After extensive research and consultations with State Governments and different
Department/Agencies of Central government, phasing as follows arc laid down as national
priority for rollout of EV Public Charging Infrastructure:
Phase l (1-3 Years):
 All Mega Cities with population of 4 million plus as per census 2011, all existing
expressways connected to these Mega Cities & important Highways connected with each of
these Mega Cities shall be taken up for coverage
Phase Il (3-5 Years):
 Big cities like State Capitals, UT headquarters shall be covered for distributed and
demonstrative effect Further, important Highways connected with each of these Mega Cities
shall be taken up for coverage.
 The above priorities for phasing of rollout shall be kept in mind by all concerned, including,
different agencies of Central/State Governments while framing of further policies/guidelines
for Public Charging Infrastructure of Evs, including for declaring further incentives/subsidies
for such infrastructure and for such other purposes
9.5 List of Corridors where govt has taken initiatives for fast charging
 Mumbai –Pune Express,Ahmedabad-Vadodara Expressway,Delhi-Agra Yamuna
Expressway,Delhi –Jaipur,Bengaluru-Mysore,Bengaluru-Chennai,Surat-Mumbai
Expressway,Eastern Periheral Expressway,Delhi-Agra NH2 expressway,5 connected
highways to each megacity
 Megacities are
Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmadabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Surat, Pune

10. An Overview of EV progress in West Bengal:-

i) West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee has said the state government has been emphasising on e-buses
to protect the environment and reduce air pollution. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has
said the state government has been emphasising on electric buses (E-Buses) and ferries as modes of
transportation to protect the environment and reduce air pollution. The West Bengal Transport
Corporation (WBTC) has recently introduced a fleet of e-buses to connect the city to its suburbs and
the department has plans to have as many as 5,000 e-buses by 2030, an official said.
ii) These buses would help in bringing down the per annum carbon dioxide emissions by 7,82,560
tonnes, In September, it was reported that the West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Company
(WBSEDCL) had forwarded a proposal to the Ministry of Power for setting up of 241 electric
vehicles (EV) charging stations in West Bengal at an upfront installation cost of Rs 125 crore.
According to the proposal, nearly half of these charging stations (116) will come up in the state and
national highways at a distance of around 25 km each.
iii) In August, we reported that the West Bengal Urban Development Ministry is planning to introduce
a new policy for electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in the state. And that the state government is
also planning to introduce 500 electric buses under the second phase of the FAME (Faster Adoption
and Manufacturing of Hybrid & Electric Vehicles in India) scheme

IV (Data Analysis)

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11. A research statistics are given below how maximum states are changing their policies in
transportation by adopting EV plan.

11.1:- Commissions of purchasing EV in India

Name of Cities Purchase of EV Plan Name Commission Investment

(EV completion (cores)
Buses)(Tentative) (Tentative)
Delhi 1000 FAME 2016-2022-2025 300
Mumbai 10000 FAME 2016-2022-2025 500
Kolkata 5000 FAME 2016-2022-2030 350
Chennai 5500 FAME 2016-2022-2030 400
Pune 200 FAME 2016-2022-2025 120
Ahmedbad 1500 FAME 2016-2022-2025 250
Surat 500 FAME 2016-2022-2025 200

11.2:- World markets EV scenarios

Country % of EV % of EV Investment Future
of total of total (trillion) Growth
Vehicles Vehicles (Investment
(2020) (2025) of Total
Finance
USA 2.1 10.5 4 75%
UK 2.5 11.2 5 65%
China 4.4 12 2 85%
India 1.2 15 1.7 74%

11.3 World Market EV senario

11.4:- Distribution Chart of Hybrid and Electrical Vehicals in India.

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Distribution of Hybrid and ElectricalVehicals

40000
20000
0

Numbers of Vehicals

11.5:-Chart of EV Sales in India (Tentive)

EV Sales in India (Tentive)

Year Number of Vehicales(Thousand)BEV

5.5
4.5
3.9
2 3.1
0.6 1.1 2030
0.4 0.9
2025
2017 2018 2020
2013 2014 2015 2016

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

11.6 Global Growth of EV

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V Future Aspects

12. Scopes (Advantages):-

 Electric Vehicles are around 3-5 times more efficient than internal combustion Vehicles in
utilising energy.
 Electric Vehicles save energy by regenerative braking .Around 30-70% of the energy used for
propulsion can be recovered with higher percentages applicable to stop and go city driving.
 Air qualities of different megacities are no longer healthy due automobile related pollution and it
also creates green house gas effects also. Solution is only replacement of automobile industry by
EV because EV run on electricity produced from non-polluting sources of energy like hydro,
solar, wind, tidal and nuclear; they reduce emissions due to vehicles almost zero.
 The need to be independent off a fossil-fuel based economy. India import crude oil imports for
2014-15 was 112 billion dollars (Approximately 7, 00,000 cores rupees and 2017-18 is 48, 00,000
core rupees. So India can become a global provider for clean mobility solutions and processes that
are affordable and scalable that is EV Industry.
 EV reduces noise pollution which is a nuisance in metro cities.
 Through smart charging, EV can help to balance the balance supply variations in the electricity
grid and provide a buffer against electricity supply failures.
 Electric vehicles have much fewer moving parts as compared to vehicles with IC engines. Thus
being simpler, they are cheaper and easier to maintain.
 Electric motors can deliver high torque at low speeds. As a result; electric vehicles deliver much
better performance while starting Off and on slopes than IC engine-power vehicles.
 Huge business can be established in Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Vehicles in Automobile Industry
thus increasing our GDP.
13. Limitations:-

Switching to our automobile industry in clean, clear, green industry is today’s first priority to
survive and save green environment, green earth, and its creatures. Only solution to switchover
Electrical Vehicles Industry but some problems are still remaining.

 Lack of Charging Infrastructure:-The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in India has
not been fully developed .So practical implementation is essential otherwise our dream will be
only dream to save our earth from pollutions.
 Cost: - The cost of EVs is very high mainly due to the cost of Li-ion cells. The battery packs
are imported and a cost a lot, about $275/KWh in India. Then GST 28% is applicable which
increases cost of batteries. So lot of research is required in battery efficiency and FSEV. Most
of EV (4W) cost between Rs 6-50 lakhs(depends of company, facilities),3W(0.6 -2.5lakhs).So
Govt needs to take some action plan just like solar industries to reduce this cost.

 Lack of renewable energy and grid infrastructure: - In India electricity is mainly produced by
burning coal, which produces a great amount of greenhouse emissions. With the introduction
of EVs and charging infrastructure, the electricity demand will go up a lot and the whole point
of introducing EVs to reduce GHG emissions would be ineffective, if all this electricity was
produced by burning coal. Moreover, India’s Distribution companies hold debts and are
unable to suffice the energy requirement of the whole country adequately. If EVs were to enter
this equation, the sudden increase in electricity requirement would put extra load on these
companies. Moreover, there are a lot of factors that would go into deciding pricing of the
electricity as well the demand on the EV.[21-28]

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14. Conclusion

To develop EV industries in India proper planning is require with practical implementation

with in target year. So we can concluded here by highlighting government initiatives
The Indian government is gunning for its goal of making 30% of Indian vehicles electric by 2030.
The steps taken in 2019 to promote electric vehicles in the country include: Special policy measures
such as slashing GST on EVs to 5% versus 28% for combustion engine.
 The Indian government has set ambitious targets to accelerate the adoption of electric
vehicles (EVs). By 2023, it wants all three-wheelers to run on batteries. By 2025, the rule will
be applicable to most two-wheelers.
 Overall, India's transition to electric mobility is not only about fighting air pollution and
reducing our dependence on import-dependent fossil fuel, it's also about augmenting jobs,
growing the economy, creating the necessary infrastructure for supporting ICE and BS VI and
retaining a competitive global advantage
 In the report, BNEF outlines that electric vehicles (EVs) will hit 10% of global passenger
vehicle sales in 2025, with that number rising to 28% in 2030 and 58% in 2040. According to
the study, EVs currently make up 3% of global car sales.
 Even if your city is using a lot of dirty energy, EVs are MUCH more efficient than gasoline
powered vehicles. So, even if you EV is charged with coal, the overall net emissions will be
lower because the EV motors are more efficient.[25-28]

VI. References & Acknowledgement

15. References:-

1. Amendments in Model Building Bye-Laws (MBBL - 2016) for Electric Vehicle Charging
Infrastructure
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/
3. EV policies of West Bengal Goverenments-Review
4. www.google.com/growth of Electric Vehicals.
5. Review reports of automobile industries
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18. "GreenFacts summary of the IARC Evaluation of Static and Extremely Low-Frequency
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Acknowledgement:-

We are thankful to state govt and central Government offices that are helping us lot to make this
research study. We are also thankful to our departmental faculties and staff, higher
management and our honourable Charmain, Director, Principal, Deans, Register for their
support.

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