UNIT - II

APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS

1
 UNIT II APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS

➢Radiation from rectangular apertures,

➢Uniform and Tapered aperture,
➢ Horn antenna ,
➢Reflector antenna ,
➢Aperture blockage ,
➢ Feeding structures ,
➢Slot antennas ,
➢Microstrip antennas – Radiation mechanism –Application ,
➢Numerical tool for antenna analysis
RADIO SPECTRUM
 Visible spectrum
• Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or
simply light.

• A typical human eye will respond to wavelengths from about 390 to 700 nm.
In terms of frequency, this corresponds to a band in the vicinity of 430–770
THz.
 APERTURE ANTENNA
➢Most common at microwave frequencies (300MHz-300GHz)

➢ They may take the form of a waveguide or a horn whose

aperture may be square, rectangular, circular, elliptical, or any
other configuration

➢We will analyze radiation characteristics at far field

Rectangular Aperture
Circular Aperture
 FIELD EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE:
HUYGEN’S PRINCIPLE
• Introduced in1936 by A. Schelkunoff, which is a morerigorous
formulation of Huygen’s Principle which states that

“Every point on a wave-front may be considered a source of

secondary spherical wavelets which spread out in the
forward direction at the speed of light. The new wave-front
is the tangential surface to all of these secondary wavelets.”

➢A principle by which actual sources, such as antenna and

transmitter, are replaced by equivalent source.
FIELD EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE:
HUYGEN’S PRINCIPLE
 Radiation from Apertures

➢ Aperture antennas constitute a large class of antennas, which

emit EM waves through an opening (or aperture).

➢ The pupil of the human eye is a typical aperture receiver for

optical radiation.

➢ At radio and microwave frequencies, horns, waveguide

apertures, reflectors and microstrip patches are examples of
aperture antennas.
 Introduction
• Aperture antennas are commonly used at UHF and above
where their size is reasonable
(UHF-300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz(GHz))

• Their gain increases as

• For an aperture antenna to be efficient and to have high

directivity, it has to have an area

• Thus, these antennas are impractical at low frequencies.

APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS
AND SLOT ANTENNAS
APERTURE AND SLOT ANTENNAS
Uniqueness Theorem
Equivalence Principles
Application of the Equivalence Principle to Aperture
Problems
➢The equivalence principle is widely used in the analysis of
aperture antennas
➢To calculate exactly the far field, the exact field distribution at
the (infinite) aperture is needed.
➢ In the case of exact knowledge of the aperture field distribution,
all three approaches given above produce the same results.
➢However, the aperture field distribution is usually not known
exactly and approximations are used.
➢Then, the three equivalence-principle approaches produce
slightly different results, the consistency being dependent on
how accurate our knowledge about the aperture field is.
 The Uniform Rectangular Aperture on an
Infinite Ground Plane
• A rectangular aperture is defined in the xy plane as shown below.

• If the field is uniform in amplitude and phase across the aperture,

it is referred to as a uniform rectangular aperture. Let us assume
that the aperture field is y-polarized
➢According to the equivalence principle, we assume an
electric wall at z=0, where the equivalent magnetic current
density is given by

➢Applying image theory, we double the equivalent source

radiating in open space,
Here is a view of the sinv/v function (E-plane pattern)
RECTANGULAR APERTURE
DIRECTIVITY
 CIRCULAR APERTURE

(Uniform illumination)
• In this case we use cylindrical coordinates
CIRCULAR APERTURE WITH
UNIFORM ILLUMINATION

Do ap

C
Horn Antennas
 Horn Antennas

❖ Invented in late 1800’s. Studied in 1930’s

❖ Most widely used microwave antenna
❖ Used as feed element
❖ Radio astronomy
❖ Satellite tracking
❖ Communication dishes
❖ Universal standard for calibration and gain measurement
of other antennas.

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 Radio astronomy

• Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial

objects at radio frequencies.

• Radio astronomy is conducted using large radio antennas referred

to as radio telescopes, that are either used singularly, or with
multiple linked telescopes utilizing the techniques of radio
interferometry and aperture synthesis.
 Horn Antenna

❖Horn antennas are very popular at UHF (300 MHz-3 GHz) and
higher frequencies

❖Horn antennas often have a directional radiation pattern with a

high antenna gain, which can range up to 25 dB in some cases,
with 10-20 dB being typical

❖Horn antennas have a wide bandwidth, implying that the input

impedance is slowly varying over a wide frequency range
 Horn Antenna
❖The gain of horn antennas often increases (and
the beamwidth decreases) as the frequency of operation is increased

❖This is because the size of the horn aperture is always measured in

wavelengths; at higher frequencies the horn antenna is "electrically
larger"; this is because a higher frequency has a smaller wavelength

❖Since the horn antenna has a fixed physical size (say a square aperture
of 20 cm across, for instance), the aperture is more wavelengths across
at higher frequencies

❖And, a recurring theme in antenna theory is that larger antennas (in

terms of wavelengths in size) have higher directivities

❖Horn antennas have very little loss, so the directivity of a horn is roughly
equal to its gain
 Types

1. H-plane
2. E-plane
3. Pyramidal
4. Conical

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Observe that the flare angles ( and ) depend
on the height, width and length of the horn
antenna.
 Θ=2 tan-1(a/2L)

Some times ,ah(Different notation) Some times (Θ/2) Θ

Calculation of L: Then Θ= tan-1(a/2L)
(L+δ)2=L2+(a/2)2
L2+2L δ+ δ2=L2+a2/4;
If δ2 is too small,
2L δ=a2/4
L=a2/8 δ
• HPBW(For Pyramidal Horn)
• ΘE=(56λ/a )deg= (56λ/aEλ )deg
• Θh=(67λ/w)deg=(67λ/aHλ)deg
• ΘE, Θh are HPBW in E and H planes.
• Where a=h=height of the horn mouth
• w=width of the horn mouth

Directivity and Power Gain:

D=7.5 h.w/λ2=7.5 A/ λ2

Where A=h.w=
Area of the pyramidal horn aperture.

GP=4.5 h.w/λ2=4.5 A/ λ2
 Directivity in terms of Effective Aperture,
• D=4πAe/λ2= 4π.εap.Ap/ λ2

• Ae …Effective Aperture
• Ap ….Physical Aperture
• εap… Aperture Efficiency(Ae/ Ap)

• For a Rectangular horn Ap=aE.aH

• For a Conical Horn Ap= πr2 Where r=Aperture Radius
• Assumed that aE,aH or r are atleast 1λ and taking εap=0.6
• D=7.5 Ap / λ2
• D=10 log [7.5 Ap / λ2] dBi

• For a pyramidal(rectangular) horn

• D=10 log [7.5 aEλ.aHλ/ λ2]

• Where aEλ=E-Plane Aperture in λ
aHλ=H-Plane Aperture in λ
 Uses

• Horn antennas are extensively used at microwave frequencies

under the condition that power gain needed is moderate

• For, high power gain the horn antenna dimensions becomes large

• So, other antennas like lens or parabolic reflectors are preferred

than horns
Other types
• Conical Horn Antennas
(Achieved High Gain and Directivity)
• Ridge Horns
(Increases the useful bandwidth by lowering the cutoff
frequency of the dominant mode)
• Septum Horns
(Reduced side lobes,Both aperture and field distributions have
the ratios 1:2:1 like Binomial Series ratio)
• Corrugated Horns
(Achieved high aperture efficiency and High impedance)
• Aperture Matched Horn
(To improve Patternmimpedance and Bandwidth
Characteristics)
 Ridge Horns

Septum Horns
 Aperture Matched Horn
Corrugated Horns
/Curved Edge Horn
 Ex:1
• a)Determine the length L,H-plane aperture and flare angles θE and
θH of a pyramidal horn for which the E-plane aperture aE=10λ.The
horn is fed by a rectangular waveguide with TE10 mode. Let δ=0.2
λ in the E-plane and 0.375λ in the H-plane (b)What are
Beamwidths?(c)What is the directivity?

• (Refer:bAWP BY John.D.Krauss )
•Reflector Antenna
 Reflector Antenna
❖Reflector antenna such as parabolic antenna are composed of
primary radiator and a reflective mirror
❖Focal length to Aperture ratio is known as “f/D ratio”
(f/D=0.25 to 0.5)
❖Parallel Rays --- “Collimated ”
 Parabolic Reflector Antenna
❖The geometrical properties of parapola provide
excellent microwave reflector that lead to the
concentrated beam of radiation

❖Primary antenna is used at the focal point of the

parabolic reflector antenna instead of isotropic
antenna.

❖ The isotropic antenna would radiate and receive

radiation from all directions resulting in spillover.

❖Primary antenna should be designed to “illuminate”

just the reflector uniformly.
 Characteristics
 Effective area of Primary antenna: Ae I Ap
 Aperture Efficiency or Illumination Efficiency I

 Physical area of the reflector Ap 

 D2
 Gain I D / 2 4
 Loss in efficiency due to due to radiation in
undesired direction--Spillover loss
 Focal point errors
 Feed horn sidelobes
 Imperfections in parabolic surface
 Feedline line
Spill over Loss
 Focal Point
The point at which the RF signals meet after reflecting off of the
parabolic curve of the antenna.
 Calculating the Focal Point
 In order to determine the optimal location for the antenna feed, or
receiver, you must calculate the focal point.
 Using the following formula:
 F= D2 / 16d
 Where

 F = focal point
 D = Diameter of the dish
 d = depth of dish
 Calculating the Focal Point

 If you have a Parabolic Dish antenna that is 12” in diameter

and 3” deep where would the focal point be located?

 Use the formula: F= D2 / 16d

 12” squared = 144”,
 144” divided by (16 x 3”) or 48”
 144/48”=3”
 The focal point is 3”.
 Characteristics

 Aperture: A   r2
r= radius of the diameter

 Larger dish has more gain than smaller

 Clear line of sight is important

The half power graph showing the angle between the half power
point on either side of maximum
 Calculations

• Physical area: Ap 
D2 D= Diameter
4

• Effective area: Ae i * Ap = illumination efficiency

c
• Wavelength:

f
4Ae
• Gain: Gi 
2
• 3db beamwidth:  3dB  70  Degrees
D
• If the feed or primary antenna is isotropic,
BWFN=(140λ/D)deg.

• For a large uniformly illuminated rectangular aperture,

BWFN=(115λ/L)deg. L – Length of the aperture.

▪ For a large circular Aperture,

HPBW=(58λ/D)deg .

The directivity of the large uniformly illuminated aperture, D=(4  A/2) if

A   D2 /4, Then D=  2(D/  2 9.87 ( D/  2
• The power gain of the circular aperture paraboloid,w.r.to halfwave
dipole :
• Capture Area :A
• Actual area of the mouth: A0
Gp=(4  A0/2) = (4  KA/2) = 6.389 (D/  2  6 (D/  2
K 0.65
•Aperture blockage
• Aperture blockage:
The effect of antenna parts lying in the path of rays arriving
at or departing from a radiating element or the aperture of
an antenna
• Feeding structures
 Parabolic reflector feed types

• Focal feed - often also known as axial or front feed system

• Cassegrain feed system
• Gregorian feed system
• Off Axis or offset feed
Focal feed system
Cassegrain feed system
Gregorian parabolic reflector feed
Off axis or offset parabolic reflector antenna feed
 Basic Parabolic Antenna Types

Standard Focal Plane

Parabolic Antenna
Antenna

Shielded GRIDPAK®
(Radomes) Antenna
Antenna
Standard Parabolic Antenna

• Basic Antenna
• Comprised of
– Reflector
– Feed Assembly
– Mount
Shielded Antenna

• Absorber-Lined Shield
• Improved Feed System
• Protection Against Ice, Snow and
Dirt
• Better against the wind
Focal Plane Antenna

• Deeper Reflector
• Edge Geometry
• Slightly Lower Gain
GRIDPAK® Antenna

• Grid Reflector
• Low Wind load
• Below 2.7GHz
 Antenna Efficiency

Well-designed antennas have

efficiency ratings of 45 - 65%

Efficiency Factor Affected By :

• Signal Strength,
• Blockage & Obstructions
• Reflector Surface

Efficiency can never be 100%

 Other types of Parabolic reflectors

• Cut paraboloid or Truncated paraboloid reflector

• Parabolic Cylinder Reflector with line source of 8
dipoles
• Pill box or Cheese antennas
Cut paraboloid or Truncated paraboloid reflector

Pill box or Cheese antennas

•Slot antennas
• Slot radiators or slot antennas are antennas that are used in the
frequency range from about 300 MHz to 25 GHz

• They are often used in navigation radar usually as an array fed by a

waveguide.

• Slot antennas are an about λ/2 elongated slot, cut in a conductive

plate (Consider an infinite conducting sheet), and excited in the
center.
• This slot behaves according to Babinet's principle as resonant
radiator

• This principle relates the radiated fields and impedance of an

aperture or slot antenna to that of the field of a dipole antenna

• The polarization of a slot antenna is linear

• The fields of the slot antenna are almost the same as the dipole
antenna, but the field’s components are interchanged: a
vertical slot has got an horizontal electric field; and the vertical
dipole has got a vertical electrical field
Babinet’s principle
Babinet Principle to find complementary impedances.

It states (in optics) that when a field behind a screen

with an opening is added to the field of a complementary
structure (that is a shape covering the screen hole), then the
sum is equal to the field where there is no screen.

• The end result of practical interest for antenna engineers is

the following formula:
 Application to antennas
Any slot in a ground plane of large dimension will have the same
behavior that the equivalent metallic antenna in free space except
that the E and H fields are reversed.

E H
 Slot Antennas
They are very low-profile and can be conformed to basically any
configuration, thus they have found many applications, for
example, on aircraft and missiles.
 Antenna Equivalent circuit

Slot waveguide antenna array: widely used for radar

 SLOT ANTENNAS
Illustration of Babinet’s principle
Dual of the dipole
/2 /4
(a) (b)

Same behavior than the dipole antenna but changing the laws for E
and H (therefore V and I). By the way, inversion of impedance
varaitions.

with Impedance of the slot

Impedance of the equivalent dipole
Impedance of vacuum (377 ohms)
 Application of slot antennas
➢The application of slot antennas can be versatile.
➢They can replace dipoles.
➢Slot antennas are often used
at UHF and microwave frequencies instead of line antennas
when greater control of the radiation pattern is required.
➢ Slot antennas are widely used in radar antennas, for the sector
antennas used for cell phone base stations,
➢are often found in standard desktop microwave sources used
for research purposes.
➢A slot antenna's main advantages are its size, design simplicity,
and convenient adaptation to mass production using either
waveguide or PC board technology.
•Microstrip antennas
 Micro-strip Patch Antenna

➢What is Micro-strip Antenna ?

A Micro-strip patch antenna
consists of a radiating patch on
one side of a dielectric
substrate which has a ground
plane on the other side.

➢Invented by Bob Munson in

1972 (but earlier work by
Dechamps goes back to1953).
 MICROSTRIP OR PATCH ANTENNA

• Consists of thin metallic strip called patch.

• Thickness of patch ( t << λ0 )
• Low profile
• Simple and inexpensive
• Patch radiates first because of fringing fields.
• Mechanically robust to mount

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 Different Parameters of Micro-strip Antenna

➢L = Length of the Micro- strip

Patch Element

➢W = Width of the Micro- strip

Patch Element

➢t= Thickness of Patch

➢h = Height of the Dielectric

Substrate.
Introduction
➢In its most basic form, a Microstrip patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one
side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side

➢For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constant is
desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better radiation .

➢ In genaral Micro strip antennas are also

known as
“ PRINTED ANTENNAS ”.
➢ These are mostly used at microwave
frequencies.
➢ Because the size of the antenna is directly
tied the wavelength at the resonant
frequency.
➢ Micro strip patch antenna or patch antenna
is a narrowband wide-beam antenna.
Structure of a Microstrip PatchAntenna
➢ The patch usually fed along the
centerline to symmetry and thus
minimize excitation of undesirable
modes.

➢ Micro strip antennas are easy to fabricate

and comfortable on curved surface .

➢ The directivity is fairly insensitive to the

substrate thickness.

➢ Micro strip patch antennas patches are in

variety of shapes ,such as rectangular ,
square , triangular and circulator …etc.
 Patch Shapes Are:
(a) Single radiatingpatches

(b) Single slotradiator

(c) Microstrip traveling waveantennas

Comb MTWA

Meander Line Type MTWA

Rectangular Loop Type MTWA

Franklin – Type MTWA

The open end of the long TEM line is

terminated in a matched resistive load.
(d) Microstrip antennaarrays
Substrates are:

➢ The most commonly used substrates are,

1)Honey comb(dielectric constant=1.07)
2)Duroid(dielectric constant=2.32)
3)Quartz(dielectric constant=3.8)
4)Alumina(dielectric constant=10)

➢ A thicker substrate will increase the radiation power,reduce

conductor loss and improve Band width.
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed
antennas
Charaterstics Microstrip patch Microstrip slot Printed diploe
antenna antenna antenna

Profile Thin Thin Thin

Fabrication Very easy Easy Easy
Polarization Both linear& Both linear& Linear
circular circular
Dual freq operation Possible Possible Possible
Shape Any shape Rec &circle Rec &tiangular
Spurious radiation Exists Exists exists
 Advantages

➢ Low fabrication cost, hence can be manufactured in large

quantities.
➢ Easily integrated with microwave integrated circuits (MICs).
➢ Capable of dual and triple frequency operations.
➢ Supports both, linear as well as circular polarization.
➢ Low cost , Less size , Low Mass .
➢ Mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces.
➢ High Performance
➢ Light weight and low volume.
 Disadvantages
➢ Narrow bandwidth associated with tolerence problem
➢ Lower Gain(Nearly 6db) .
➢ Large ohmic losses in feed structure of arrays.
➢ Excitation of surface waves .
➢ Most microstrip antennas radiate into half-space .
➢ Relatively low efficiency (due to dielectric and conductor losses) .
➢ relatively high level of cross polarization radiation
➢ Spurious feed radiation (surface waves, strips, etc.)
➢ Inherently low impedance bandwidth.
➢ Low efficiency .
➢ Extraneous radiation from feeds and junctions .
➢ Low power handling capacity.
 Remedies

➢ Low power and low gain can overcomeby arraysconfiguration.

➢ Surface wave associated limitations suchas poor efficiency,increased
mutualcoupling, reduced gain and radiation patterncan overcome.
➢ Theband width can increase up to60%by using some special
techniques.
 Applications

➢ Used in mobile satellite communication system.

➢ Direct broad cast telivision(DBS).
➢ Wire less LAN’S.
➢ Feed elements in coaxial system
➢ GPS system.
➢ Missiles and telementry
➢ UHF Patch Antennas for Space
 Why we use Microstrip Patch Antennas ?
➢ Used for some reasons:
➢ Flat surface makes them ideal for mounting on airplane
➢ Impedance matching fairly simple
➢ Microstrip patch antennas have a very high antenna quality factor(Q).
➢ Q represents the losses associated with the antenna and a large Q leads to narrow
bandwidth and low efficiency.

➢ can be reduced by increasing the thickness of the dielectric substrate. But as the
thicknessincreases, an increasing fraction of the total power delivered by the source
goes into a surfacewave
➢ Calculating Patch Length:-
o
PL 3.009"
2 r
 UHF Patch Antennas for Space
➢ Antenna Development Corporation, Inc.(AntDevCo)
employees have designed and manufactured
spacecraft microstrip patch antennas for many small
spacecraft programs.
➢ These antennas are capable of supporting high data
rates to at least 10 Watts of transmitted power.
➢ Applications include GPS, USAF SGLS, NASA SN
(Including TDRSS forward/return pairs), radar
➢ transponder, and the NASA DSN.
➢ The antennas can be supplied with LHCP, RHCP, or
linear polarization .
UHF Patch antenna
Radiation patterns of a rectangular microstrip patch antenna

The directivity of a microstrip antenna as a function of dielectric constant computed :-

Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth
➢ The easiest way to increase the bandwidth of an MSA is to :
1) Print the antenna on athicker substrate.
However, thick substrates tend to trap surface wave modes , especially if thedielectric constant
of the substrate is high.
❖Finally if the substrate is very thick, radiating modes higher than the fundamental will be excited.
2) Decrease the dielectric constant ofthe substrate.
However, this has detrimental effects on antenna size reduction since the resonant length of an MSA
is shorter for higher substrate dielectric constant..
❖ In addition, thedirectivityof the MSAdepends on the dielectric constant of the substrate.
3)Stacktwopatcheson top of eachotherseparatedbya dielectricsubstrateor spacers.
The application involved two identical circular patches stacked on top of each other. Thelower patch
was fed using a coaxial probe feed, and the top patch was electromagnetically coupled to the lower one
.

A stacked circular patch EMC-MSA fed using a coaxial probe.

Comparing the different feed techniques
 Feeding Techniques
➢ Microstripfeed
➢ Coaxial feed
➢ Proximity coupled microstrip feed
➢ Aperture coupled microstrip feed
➢ Coplanar wave guide
➢ Line Feed
➢ 1-MicrostripLineFeed:
➢ In this type of feed technique, a conducting strip
isconnecteddirectlytotheedgeofthe microstrip
patch.
➢ This kind of feed arrangement has the advantage
thatthefeedcanbeetchedonthe samesubstrate
toprovideaplanarstructure.
2-Coaxial Feed:-
➢The Coaxial feed or probe feed is a very common
technique used for feeding Microstrip
patch antennas.

➢The main advantage of this type of feeding

scheme is that the feed can be placed at any
desired location inside the patch in order to match
with its input impedance.
This feed method is easy to fabricate and has Probe fed Rectangular MicrostripPatch
low spurious radiation. Antenna from top

➢However, its major disadvantage is that it Coaxial

Ground Plane Connector Substrate Patch provides
narrow bandwidth and is difficult to model since a
hole has to bedrilled in the substrate . and the
connectorprotrudes outside the ground plane, thus
not making it completely planar for thick substrates .

Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennafrom side

view
3-Aperture Coupled Feed
➢In this type offeed technique, the radiating patch and the microstrip feed line
are separated by the ground plane .

➢Coupling between the patch and the feed line is made through a slot
or an aperture in the ground plane.
➢The coupling aperture is usually centered under the patch, leading to lower
cross polarization due to symmetry of the configuration.

➢The amount of coupling from the feed line to the patch is determined by the
shape, size and location of the aperture.

Aperture-coupledfeed
4-Proximity Coupled Feed

➢This type of feed technique is also called as“the

electromagnetic coupling scheme”.

➢Two dielectric substrates are used such that the feed line is between the two substrates and
the radiating patch is on top of the upper substrate.
➢The main advantage of this feed technique is that it eliminates spurious feed radiation and
provides very high bandwidth due to overall increase in the thickness of the microstrip patch
antenna

➢This scheme also provides choices between two different dielectric media, one for thepatch
and one for the feed line to optimize the individualperformances

➢ Matching can be achieved by controlling the length of the feed line and the width-to-line ratio
of the patch

▪The major disadvantage of this feed scheme is that it is difficult to fabricate because of the
two dielectric layers which need proper alignment.
▪Also, there is an increase in the overall thickness of theantenna.
Patch Antenna
 Working Principle
Micro strip patch antennae radiate primarily because of the fringing
fields between the patch edge and the ground plane.

Z
➢Excitation guides the
Z Direction de rayonnement
electromagnetic energy source to
X privilégiée
Y the patch, generating negative
charges around the feed point and
h positive charges on the other part
X
of the patch.

➢This difference in charges

creates electric fields in the
antenna that are responsible for
radiations from the patch antenna.
Three types of electromagnetic waves are radiated.

The first part is radiated into space, which is ‘useful’ radiation.

The second part is diffracted waves, which are reflected back

into space between the patch and the ground plane, contributing
to the actual power transmission.

The last part of the wave remains trapped in the dielectric

substrate due to total reflection at the air-dielectric separation
surface. The waves trapped in the substrate are generally
undesirable.
 Microstrip Patch Design

Design Parameters:
Frequency (f)
Lambda (c/f)
Patch depth (d)
Patch width (w)
Substrate (ɛr)
Substrate Height (h)

113
➢The characteristic Impedance of the patch Antenna is
ZC=Z0t/l *√εr Where l –Length of the patch
t-Thickness of the patch
n=l/t—Parallel field transmission lines.

➢D=4π/ΩA=4π/π=4=6.021dB.

➢Radiation Conductance G=1/90*(w/λ)2

Where w<<λ
G=1/120*(w/λ)
Where w>>λ
w-width of the patch

➢Very Narrow Bandwidth is major limitation of Microstrip Antenna.

 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

• Frequency of operation(f0): 9-11 GHz

• Dielectric constant ( εr): 2.2

• Dielectric substrate: TACONIC

• Height of dielectric substrate(h): 2.87mm

115
Software used to design Micro-strip Patch Antenna

➢HFSS is commercial finite element method

solver for electromagnetic Structures from Anasys
Corp.
➢HFSS stands for High Frequency
➢Structural Simulator.
➢It is one of the Several commercial tools used
for antenna design .

➢It was developed by Prof. Zontal Cendes and

his students at Carnegie Mellon Univ. in the year
1989.
 The Design Specifications

➢Dielectric constant(εr)=2.2 ≤ εr≤ 12.

➢Frequency (fr) = 1.85 to1.90 GHz

➢Height (h) = 0.003 λo≤h≤0.05 λo

➢Velocity of light (c) =3×10^8 ms-1 .

width (W) = W< λo , ,

➢Practical
where λo is the free- space wavelength

➢Practical Length (L) = 0.3333λo< L < 0.5 λo

Calculation of Parameters:-

c= 3.8 x 10^8 m/sec

εr =11.9
fo= 1.85 GHz
Therefore,
W=31.9 mm
εr =11.9
h = 1.59 mm
W= 31.9 mm
Therefore ,
is euqal to 10.7611
εr =11.9
h=1.59 mm
W = 31.9 mm
Therefore ,
The value of is 6.72x10-1 mm
fo= 1.85 GHz

= 10.7611

c= 3x108 m/sec
therefore , the value of is 24.7 mm & value of L will be 23.36
mm.
 APPLICATIONS

•Used in air borne and spacecraft applications.

•Highly suitable for x-band applications.

•In satellite and military systems.

•Numerical tool for antenna analysis
• ICANT,
• RANT 3D and
• The early development of TOPICA
(TOrino Polytechnic Ion Cyclotron Antenna) code.